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Aftermath of a boiler explosion on a railway locomotive circa 1850.
Boiler explosions are catastrophic failures of boilers. As seen today, boiler explosions are of two kinds. One kind is over-pressure in the pressure parts of the steam and water sides. The second kind is explosion in the furnace. Boiler explosions of pressure parts are particularly associated with steam locomotives. Locomotive boilers are of a construction with a very small hand-fed furnace, a boiler barrel containing boiling water under pressure, and tubes containing superheated gases from the fire (a fire tube boiler). In these, the latter type of explosion from the furnace side is practically unknown. There can be many different causes, such as failure of the safety valve or corrosion of critical parts of the boiler. Corrosion at the edges of lap joints was a common cause of early boiler explosions.
Contents
1 Locomotive boilers
2 Steamboat boilers
3 Use of boilers
4 Modern boilers
5 Explosions
6 Locomotive boiler explosions in the UK
7 List of locomotive boiler explosions
8 See also
9 Bibliography
10 References
11 External links
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Locomotive boilers
These boilers are of a smoke tube type with wood, coal or oil used as fuel. The water feed is by means of steam-powered injectors or boiler feedwater pumps. For storage of fuel and water a separate tender is often provided, adding to the length of the locomotive. This tender usually has a sloping floor for easy flow of fuel toward the locomotive cab and firebox therein. There is a safety valve included on the steam side and also one or more gauges to warn of low water levels. Any failure of these would result in an explosion of the pressure parts with consequent injury to operating personnel, apart from the damage to equipment. The consequences are more severe due to the restricted working space and constant movement of the locomotives.
Safety valves are provided to operate the pressure parts within safe limits. The water level alarms are provided for corrective action by the locomotive drivers.
Steamboat boilers
The steamboat Sultana was destroyed in an explosion on 27 April 1865, resulting in the greatest maritime disaster in United States history. An estimated 1,700 passengers were killed when one of the ship's four boilers exploded and the Sultana sank not far from Memphis, Tennessee. The boiler was thought to be the victim of bad construction. Sometimes known as 'the leaky woes'Another US Civil War Steamboat explosion was the Steamer "Eclipse" on January 27, 1865, which was carring members of the 9th Indiana Artillery. One official Records report mentions the disaster reports 10 killed and 68 injured [1]; a later report mentions that 27 were killed and 78 wounded [2]. Fox's Regimental Losses reports 29 killed. See [3]; the 9th Indiana's Artillery History is [4].
Use of boilers
The stationary steam engines used to power machinery first came to prominence during the industrial revolution, and in the early days there were many boiler explosions from a variety of causes. One of the first investigators of the problem was William Fairbairn, who helped establish the first insurance company dealing wth the losses such explosions could cause. He also established experimentally that the hoop stress in a cylindrical pressure vessel like a boiler was twice the longitudinal stress. Such investigations helped him and others explain the importance of stress concentrations in weakening boilers.
Modern boilers
The following information is given for comparison only. These are mainly land based industries for driving steam turbines working as prime movers.
Modern boilers are more sophisticated and larger, constructed for stationary use. These boilers are both water tube and high-pressure types. These types are more sophisticated with all necessary protections, primarily used in land based industries and thermal power stations, particularly of power-generating utilities. The installation in these provides sufficient space for operator movement for them to be in a safe place in case of emergency, such as boiler or furnace explosions, as compared to early locomotive boilers.
Explosions
In steam locomotive boilers, as knowledge was gained by trial and error in early days, the explosive situations and consequent damage due to explosions were inevitable. However, improved design and maintenance markedly reduced the number of boiler explosions by the end of the 19th century. Further improvements continued in the 20th century.
On land-based boilers, explosions of the pressure systems happened regularly in stationary steam boilers in the Victorian era, but are now very rare because of the various protections provided, and also because of regular inspections compelled by governmental and industry requirements. Furnace...(and so on)