Reflectometer

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Some scientific instruments commonly designated Reflectometer are:

Vector Network Analyser (VNA) garmin streetpilot 7200

Spectrophotometer: in optics, an instrument for measuring the reflectivity or reflectance of reflecting surfaces navman icn 510

Optical time domain reflectometer magellan gps navigation system

Reflectometer (electronics): In electronics, a directional coupler containing matched calibrated detectors in both arms of the auxiliary line, or a pair of single-detector couplers oriented so as to measure the electrical power flowing in both directions in the main line

Time-domain reflectometer

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Chinchilla rabbit

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Standard Chinchilla

A Standard Chinchilla

Weight: 5-7 lb. r7 tp taylor made

ARBA-accepted varieties: Standard american flyer luggage

This breed originated in France and was first introduced after the First World War. The coat color is distinctive: the undercolour of the fur should be slate blue at the base, the middle portion pearl grey, merging into gray and tipped with black--much like the chinchilla, the hair-producing rodent after which this breed is named. escada sport

American Chinchilla

Weight: 9-12 lb.

ARBA-accepted varieties: Standard

The American Chinchilla or "Heavyweight Chinchilla" is larger than the Standard Chinchilla but otherwise identical. Standard Chinchillas bred for large size produced this breed. Chinchilla Rabbits originated in France and were bred to standard by M. J. Dybowski. They were introduced to the United States in 1919.

Bred to be a meat rabbit, the American Chinchilla Rabbit is a stocky, hardy pet. American Chinchilla Rabbits do not require regular grooming. Adult American Chinchilla Rabbits weigh different for each sex. Males (Bucks)- 9-11#, and Females (Does) 10-12#. These stocky rabbits have a slight curve to their medium length bodies, beginning at the nape of their necks and following through to the rump. They carry their ears straight erect. In show, type is judged to be more important than color. American Chinchilla Rabbits are a six-class breed in show. (Any rabbit that matures over 9 pounds is a 6-class breed, maturation weights under 9# are 4-class breeds.) The American Chinchilla Rabbit was bred from large Standard Chinchilla Rabbits in order to produce a meatier rabbit. They were originally called Heavyweight Chinchilla Rabbits.

American Chinchilla Rabbits will be disqualified in show for having a body type that resembles a Flemish Giant Rabbit. Junior and intermediate American Chinchilla Rabbits may be shown in age classifications higher than their own if they are overweight. Bucks and does under six months and nine pounds are considered juniors. Intermediate American Chinchilla Rabbits are bucks and does six to eight months of age. Bucks weigh less than eleven pounds and does less than twelve. Senior bucks and does are over eight months of age and bucks weigh between nine and 11 pounds. Doe American Chinchilla Rabbits weigh between ten and 12 pounds.

American Chinchilla Rabbits are good breeders, with an average litter of 7-10 babies.

Giant Chinchilla

Giant Chinchilla

Weight: 12-16 lb.

ARBA-accepted varieties: Standard

The Giant Chinchilla is a result of crosses between Chinchilla and Flemish Giant breeds; it originates in the United States. This breed is used primarily as a commercial meat rabbit. Other chinchillas include the Standard and the American Chinchillas.

External links

The Giant Chinchilla Rabbit Association

Categories: Rabbit breedsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from March 2008 | All articles lacking sources

Seinfeld

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Overview

Seinfeld stood out from the many family and group sitcoms of its time. None of the principal Seinfeld characters were related by blood or type but remained close friends throughout the seasons. The episodes of most sitcoms like Family Ties, Who's the Boss? and Full House revolve around a central theme or contrived comic situations, whereas many episodes of Seinfeld focused on minutiae, such as waiting in line at the movies, going out for dinner, buying a suit and, basically, dealing with the petty injustices of life. The view presented in Seinfeld is arguably consistent with the philosophy of nihilism, the idea that life is pointless.

Tom's Restaurant, a diner at 112th St. and Broadway in Manhattan, was used as the exterior image of Monk's Cafe in the show. trackball wireless mouse

The show's main characters and many secondary characters were modeled after Seinfeld's and David's real-life acquaintances. Other recurring characters were based on well-known, real-life counterparts such as Jacopo Peterman of the J. Peterman catalogue (nominally based on John Peterman), and George Steinbrenner, the owner of the New York Yankees. shutter floor screen

With every Seinfeld episode, the structure is mainly the way the principal characters' storyline is set. A story thread is presented at the beginning of each episode, which involves the characters in separate and seemingly unrelated situations. Rapid scene-shifts between story lines bring the stories together toward the end of the episode. Despite the separate plot strands, the narratives reveal the creators' "consistent efforts to maintain the intimacy" between the small cast of characters. wireless presenter laser pointer

The show kept a strong sense of continuityharacters and plots from past episodes were frequently referenced or expanded upon. Occasionally, story arcs would span multiple episodes and even entire seasons. For example, Jerry's girlfriend appears in "The Stake Out" and he ends the relationship when things do not work out in "The Stock Tip". Other examples were Kramer getting his jacket back and Elaine heading the "Peterman catalog". Larry David, the show's head writer and executive producer for the first seven seasons, was praised for keeping a close eye on minor details and making sure the main characters' lives remained consistent and believable. Curb Your Enthusiasm would further expand on this idea by following a certain theme for each season in the series.

The show stood apart from other group sitcoms of the time, in that the principal characters would never learn their moral lessons throughout the seasons. In effect, they were indifferent to the outside world and can be callous towards their guest characters and relatives, indeed sometimes to each other; a mantra of the show's producers was: "No hugging, no learning." There were also very few happy endings, except when they came at somebody else's expense. More often, situations resolved with characters getting a justly deserved "comeuppance."

Main characters

Jerry Seinfeld (Jerry Seinfeld)erry is the show's central character. He is a stand-up comedian who is often portrayed as "the voice of reason" amidst all the insanity generated by the people in his world. The character is a slight germophobe and a neat freak, as well as an avid Superman and breakfast cereal fan. Jerry's apartment is the center of a world visited by his eccentric friends George, Elaine, and Kramer. Plot lines often involve Jerry's romantic relationships. He typically finds small, silly reasons to stop dating women; in one episode, he breaks up with a woman because she eats her peas one at a time; in another, it is because, although a beautiful model, she has overly-large "man hands."

George Costanza (Jason Alexander)eorge is Jerry's best friend. He is cheap, dishonest, petty and often envious of others' achievements. He is often portrayed as a loser who is insecure about his capabilities. He frequently complains and lies about his profession, relationships, and almost everything else, which usually creates trouble for him later. He often uses an alias ("Art Vandelay") when lying or concocting a cover story. George was once succinctly described by Elaine as a "short, stocky, slow-witted, bald man." Despite these shortcomings, George managed to date numerous women and achieved a successful career as Assistant to the Traveling Secretary for the New York Yankees. He fantasizes and occasionally pretends to be an architect and once pretended to be a marine biologist.

Elaine Benes (Julia Louis-Dreyfus)laine is Jerry's ex-girlfriend. She is intelligent and assertive, but superficial. She sometimes has a tendency to be very honest with people, which often gets her into trouble. She often gets caught up in her boyfriends' habits, her eccentric employers' unusual demands, and the unkindness of total strangers. A recurring theme for Elaine is her frustrating inability to find Mr. Right; she also goes through an on/off relationship with David Puddy throughout Seasons 6 and 9. One of Elaine's trademark moves is her forceful shove while screaming "get out" when she receives good or shocking news. Another is her memorable "little kicks". She is the only woman who is able to get along as one of the boys.

Cosmo Kramer (Michael Richards)ramer is Jerry's "wacky neighbor". His trademarks include his humorous upright pompadour hairstyle, vintage clothing and his energetic sliding bursts through Jerry's apartment door. At times, he acts naive, dense, and almost child-like, yet randomly shows astonishing insight into human behavior. Indeed, his oddities aside, Kramer is often the only main character acting with any sort of apparent conscience, and is typically the only one to lobby for maintaining social decorum in order to appease acquaintances. Although he never holds a steady job, he often invents wacky schemes which usually work at first but eventually fail in the end. Among these are coffee table books about coffee tables (for which he appeared on Live with Regis and Kathie Lee), and a brassiere for men called the "Bro" (or Manssiere suggested by Frank Costanza).

Secondary characters

Main article: Minor characters in Seinfeld

There are numerous recurring minor characters in Seinfeld. The most prominent are:

Newman (portrayed by Wayne Knight)n overweight and despicable, though curiously well-educated, postal worker. He is known as Kramer's accomplice and Jerry's nemesis and is a neighbor of both (Apartment 5E). He usually goes out of his way to make Jerry's life miserable. He also loves eating and being obnoxious in Jerry's apartment. He is the most frequently recurring character, from his first appearance in the show's third season through to the last episode.

Morty Seinfeld (originally portrayed by Phil Bruns, replaced by Barney Martin) and Helen Seinfeld (portrayed by Liz Sheridan)hey are Jerry's parents, who live in Florida. Morty is a retired raincoat salesman, the inventor of a beltless trenchcoat and famous for obstinately sticking to his convictions; Helen cannot understand why anyone would not like her son. They always feel that Jerry is not making enough money and try to help him out financially by sending him "fifty dollars." These two characters are based on Jerry Seinfeld's real-life parents.

Frank Costanza (originally portrayed by John Randolph, replaced by Jerry Stiller) and Estelle Costanza (portrayed by Estelle Harris)hey are George's eccentric parents. George usually blames them for his current mental state and failure to succeed in life. They are known for their violent tempers, often leading to yelling and constant verbal fights. They make many appearances from season 4 to 9. John Randolph's scenes as Frank Costanza in the episode The Handicap Spot were reshot for syndication with Jerry Stiller in the role.

Susan Ross (played by Heidi Swedberg)eorge's fiance and a former NBC executive. She first appeared in season 4 as an NBC executive overseeing Jerry and George's pilot. She and George dated for a while until she broke up with him because he got her fired. She returned in season 7 when she and George got engaged. In the last episode of this season, she dies as a result of licking toxic envelopes while making invitations to her and George's wedding. She is the most frequent recurring female character in seasons 4 and 7 and has a brief appearance again in a flashback sequence in the season 9 episode titled "The Betrayal."

George Steinbrenner (voiced by Larry David, portrayed by Lee Bear, who is only seen from behind)e is George's boss and owner of the New York Yankees. Steinbrenner's face is never shown on the show. He is parodied for his arrogance and lack of touch with the realities of running of a baseball team. A recurring gag is for him to call George into his office, then proceed to ramble on about inane topics as George slowly walks out the door. In "The Invitations," the real George Steinbrenner makes a cameo appearance and goes out with Elaine. The scenes were cut due to time constraints and are available on the season 7 DVD. He frequently appears from the finale of season 5 to 9.

Jacopo Peterman (played by John O'Hurley)e is one of Elaine's eccentric bosses. Peterman owns The J. Peterman Company and Elaine works on the catalog published by the company. Using the florid style of a treasure hunting adventurer, he typically announces his journeys to exotic locations in search of unique clothing. In the beginning of Season 8, he walks out on the company and escapes to Burma, appointing Elaine as the President of the company. He eventually returns later in the same season. He is frequently seen making an appearance from the finale of season 6 to season 9.

David Puddy (portrayed by Patrick Warburton)uddy is Elaine's on-again, off-again boyfriend. He is a competent auto mechanic, but also an airhead with numerous quirks, most notably his squinting, staring, and insatiable appetite for high fives. He is known for his short, unapologetic delivery and unflinching assuredness. His trademark catch phrase is "Yeah, that's right." He is seen in seasons 6 and 9.

Jackie Chiles (portrayed by Phil Morris)ackie is Kramer's lawyer. He has a secretary named Suzy and sets up appointments for his clients with an unseen "Dr. Bison." He also speaks with a rapid-fire delivery and tends to overuse grandiose adjectives like 'preposterous' and 'outrageous'. Chiles is a caricature of Johnnie Cochran. He is seen occasionally in seasons 7 to 9

Notable guest appearances

See List of Seinfeld minor characters for a complete list of celebrities who played themselves and other guest stars in minor roles.

Besides its regularly recurring characters, Seinfeld featured numerous celebrities who appeared as themselves or as girlfriends, boyfriends, bosses and other acquaintances. Many of those who made guest appearances would become household names later in their careers, or were comedians and actors who were well-known for previous work.

Characteristics

Theme

Seinfeld violated several conventions of mainstream television. The show, often described as about "nothing," became the first television series since Monty Python's Flying Circus to be widely described as postmodern. Several elements of Seinfeld fit in with a postmodern interpretation. The show is typically driven by humor interspersed with superficial conflict and characters with strange dispositions. Many episodes revolved around the characters becoming involved in the lives of others to typically disastrous results. However, regardless of the damage they caused, they never gained anything from the experience and continued to be selfish, egocentric people. On the set, the notion that the characters should not develop or improve throughout the series was expressed as the "no hugging, no learning" rule. Unlike most sitcoms, there are no moments of pathos; the audience is never made to feel sorry for any of the characters. Even Susan's death in the series elicits no genuine emotions from anyone in the show.

The characters were "thirty-something singles with no roots, vague identities, and conscious indifference to morals." Usual conventions, such as isolating the characters from the actors playing them and separating the characters' world from that of the actors and audience, were broken. One such example is the story arc in which the characters promote a television sitcom series named Jerry. The show within the show, titled Jerry was much like Seinfeld, in which Seinfeld played himself, and that the show was "about nothing." Jerry was launched in the Season 4 finale, but unlike Seinfeld, it was not picked up as a series.

Plotlines

Many Seinfeld episodes are based on its writers' real life experiences. For example, "The Revenge" is based on Larry David's experience at Saturday Night Live. "The Contest" and "The Phone Message" are also based on David's experiences. "The Smelly Car" is based on Peter Mehlman's lawyer friend, who couldn't get a bad smell out of his car. "The Strike" is based on Dan O'Keefe's dad, who made up his own holidayestivus. Other stories take on a variety of different turns. "The Chinese Restaurant" consists of the main characters simply waiting for a table throughout the entire episode. "The Boyfriend," revolving around Keith Hernandez, extends through two episodes. "The Betrayal" is famous for using reverse chronology. Some stories were inspired by headlines and rumors, which are explained in the DVD features "Notes About Nothing," "Inside Look," and "Audio Commentary." In "The Maestro," Kramer's lawsuit is roughly similar to the McDonald's coffee case. "The Outing" is based mainly on rumors that Larry Charles hears about Jerry Seinfeld's sexuality.

Catchphrases

Many terms coined, popularized, or repopularized during the series' run have become part of popular culture. Notable catchphrases include "Yada yada yada", "shrinkage", "These pretzels are makin' me thirsty", "master of your domain", "Anti dentite", "Double dip", "No soup for you!", and "Not that there's anything wrong with that".

Other popular terms that also made the transition into slang were directed at secondary characters, including such descriptives as "sponge worthy", "re-gifter," "man hands," "close-talker," "low-talker" and "high-talker."

As a body, the lexicon of Seinfeldian code words and recurring phrases that evolved around particular episodes is referred to as Seinlanguage, the title of Jerry Seinfeld's best-selling book on humor.

Progression

Main article: List of Seinfeld episodes

Seasons 1 to 3

The show premiered as The Seinfeld Chronicles on July 5, 1989. After it aired, a pickup by NBC did not seem likely and the show was actually offered to Fox, which declined to pick it up. However, Rick Ludwin, head of late night and special events for NBC, diverted money from his budget, and the next four episodes were filmed. These episodes were highly rated as they followed Cheers on Thursdays at 9:30 p.m., and the series was finally picked up. At one point, NBC considered airing these episodes on Saturdays at 10:30PM, but instead gave that slot to a short-lived sitcom, FM. The series was renamed Seinfeld after the failure of short-lived 1989 ABC series The Marshall Chronicles. For the first three seasons, Jerry's stand-up act would bookend an episode, for a while even functioning as cut scenes during the show. After airing in the summer of 1990, the series' second season was bumped off its scheduled premiere of January 21, 1991 due to the start of the Persian Gulf war. It settled in a regular time slot on Wednesdays at 9:30PM and eventually flipped with veteran series Night Court to 9:00PM.

Seinfeld was championed by television critics in its early seasons, even as it was yet to cultivate a substantial audience. Early episodes such as "The Chinese Restaurant," "The Pony Remark," "The Parking Garage," and "The Subway," tended to be more realistic than the later ones, and dealt with the minutiae of daily life, such as getting stuck on the subway or waiting to be seated at a Chinese restaurant. An episode in Season 2, titled "The Bet" written by Larry Charles, showed Elaine buying a gun from Kramer's friend. This episode was, however, not filmed because the content was deemed unacceptable and was hastily replaced by the episode "The Phone Message."

Seasons 4 to 5

Season 4 marked the sitcom's entry into the Nielsen ratings Top 30, coinciding with several popular episodes, such as "The Bubble Boy," "The Outing," "The Airport," and "The Junior Mint." This was the first season to use a story arc, in which Jerry and George try to create their own sitcom, Jerry. Also at this time, Jerry's standup slowly declined with the middle standup no longer part of the episodes that preceded it.

Much publicity followed the controversial episode, "The Contest," an Emmy Award-winning episode written by co-creator Larry David, whose subject matter was considered inappropriate for primetime network television. To circumvent this taboo, the word "masturbation" was never used in the script itself, instead substituted by a variety of oblique references. Midway through that season Seinfeld was moved from its original 9 p.m. time slot on Wednesdays to 9:30 p.m. on Thursdays, following Cheers again, which gave the show even more popularity. NBC moved the series after Ted Danson had announced the end of Cheers and Seinfeld quickly surpassed the ratings of the 9:00 p.m. Cheers reruns that spring. The show won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1993, beating out its family-oriented competitor Home Improvement, which at the time was a big hit for NBC's rival ABC.

Season 5 was also a ratings-hit as it consisted of many popular episodes such as "The Mango," "The Puffy Shirt," "The Lip Reader" with Marlee Matlin in the title role, "The Marine Biologist," "The Hamptons," and "The Opposite." Another story arc has George returning to live with his parents. In the midst of the story arc, Kramer creates and promotes his coffee table book. The show was again nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series, but lost to the Cheers spin-off Frasier, which was only in its first season. Seinfeld was nominated for the same award every year for the rest of its run but would keep losing to Frasier.

Seasons 6 to 7

With Season 6, Andy Ackerman replaced Tom Cherones as the director of the show. The series remained well-regarded and produced some of its most famous episodes, such as "The Fusilli Jerry," "The Chinese Woman," "The Jimmy," "The Face Painter," and "The Switch," when Kramer's mother revealed that his first name is Cosmo. Story arcs used in this season were Elaine working as a personal assistant to her eccentric boss Justin Pitt as well as George's parents' temporary separation. This was also the first season in which Seinfeld reached Number 1 in the Nielsen Ratings. Jerry's standup further declines with the end standup no longer in use as the storylines for all four get more dense.

In Season 7, a story arc involved George getting engaged to his former girlfriend, Susan Ross, whose last appearance was in Season 4. He spends most of the season regretting the engagement and trying to get out of it. Garnering its highest ratings yet, Seinfeld went on to produce some of its most famous episodesamely "The Soup Nazi," "The Secret Code," "The Maestro," and "The Rye" among others.

Following the anthrax scare of 2001, the episode, "The Invitations" was temporarily not shown in syndication due to the concern that it might seem objectionable and insensitive to portray Susan's death due to licking toxic envelopes.

Seasons 8 to 9

The show's ratings were still going very strong in its final two seasons (8 and 9), but its critical standing suffered. Larry David left at the end of Season 7 (although he would continue to voice Steinbrenner), so Seinfeld assumed David's duties as showrunner, and, under the direction of a new writing staff, Seinfeld became more of a fast-paced show. The show no longer contained extracts of Jerry performing stand up, and storylines occasionally delved into fantasy, an example being "The Bizarro Jerry," when Elaine is torn between exact opposites of her friends or when Jerry dates a woman who has the now-famed "man hands." Some notable episodes from season 8 include "The Little Kicks" showing Elaine's horrible dancing, "The Yada Yada," "The Chicken Roaster," and "The Comeback." A story arc in this season involves Peterman's trip to Burma and Elaine writing Peterman's biography which leads to Kramer's parody of Kenny Kramer's Reality Tour seen in "The Muffin Tops."

Season 9 included episodes such as "The Merv Griffin Show," "The Butter Shave," "The Betrayal" (scenes shown in reverse order chronologically), and "The Frogger" with a memorable moment with George pushing the "Frogger" machine across the street. The last season included a story arc in which Elaine has an on/off relationship with David Puddy. Despite being offered to return for a tenth season, Seinfeld decided to end the show after its ninth season.

A major controversy caused in this final season was the accidental burning of a Puerto Rican flag by Kramer in "The Puerto Rican Day." This scene caused a furor in the Puerto Rican community, and as a result NBC showed this episode only once.

Series finale

Main article: The Finale (Seinfeld)

After nine years on the air, NBC and Jerry Seinfeld announced on December 25, 1997, that the series would end production the following spring in 1998. The announcement made the front page of all the major New York newspapers, including the New York Times. Jerry Seinfeld was even featured on the cover of Time magazine's first issue of 1998.

The series ended with a 75-minute episode (cut down to 60 minutes in syndication, in two parts) written by co-creator and former executive producer Larry David, which aired on May 14, 1998. Before the finale, a 45-minute retrospective clip show, "The Chronicle," was aired. However, in syndication, it was expanded to 60 minutes.

It was also the first episode since the finale of Season 7, "The Invitations," to feature opening and closing stand-up comedy acts by Jerry Seinfeld. The finale was filmed in front of an audience of NBC executives and additional friends of the show. The press and the public were shut out of the shoot for the sake of keeping its plot secret, and all those who attended the shoot of the final episode signed written "vows of silence." The secrecy only seemed to increase speculation on how the series would end. Various accounts suggested that Jerry and Elaine get married while more cynical fans favored Julia Louis-Dreyfus' suggestion that the foursome die in a car accident. The producers of the show tweaked the media about the hype, spreading a false rumor about Newman ending up in the hospital and Jerry and Elaine sitting in a chapel, presumably to marry.

The episode enjoyed a huge audience, estimated at 76 million viewers (58 percent of all viewers that night) making it the third most watched finale in television history, behind M*A*S*H and Cheers. However, the finale received mixed reviews from both critics and fans of the show. The actual finale poked fun at the many rumors that were circulating, seeming to move into several supposed plots before settling on its true storyline lengthy trial in which Jerry, George, Elaine and Kramer are prosecuted for violating a "Good Samaritan law" and are sentenced to jail. The last conversation in this final episode repeats the very first conversation from the pilot episode, discussing the positioning of a button on George's shirt. In the finale, the characters vaguely recall having the conversation before.

According to Forbes magazine, Jerry Seinfeld's annual earning from the show in 2004 was $267 million. He was reportedly offered $5 million per episode to continue the show into its tenth season but he refused. As of July 2007, he is still the second highest earner in the television industry, earning $60 million a year. The show itself became the first television series to command more than $1 million a minute for advertising mark previously attained only by the Super Bowl.

Syndication

The show currently airs on TBS weekdays at 7:00 and 7:30 pm Eastern. Seinfeld also airs on many local stations, and abroad.

Awards and nominations

Main article: List of Seinfeld awards and nominations

Seinfeld has received awards and nominations in various categories throughout the mid-90s. It was awarded the Emmy for "Outstanding Comedy series" in 1993, Golden Globe Award for "Best TV-Series (Comedy)" in 1994 and Screen Actors Guild Award for "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series" in 1995, 1997 and 1998. Apart from these, the show was also nominated for an Emmy award from 1992 to 1998 for "Outstanding Comedy series," Golden Globe award from 1994 to 1998 for "Best TV-Series (Comedy)," and Screen Actors Guild Award for "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series" from 1995 to 1998.

Ratings history

Season

Ranking

Viewership

Four (199293)

25

12,754,700

Five (199394)

3

18,274,800

Six (199495)

1

19,652,400

Seven (199596)

2

20,330,800

Eight (199697)

2

19,885,000

Nine (199798)

1

21,266,000

Note: These numbers represent the number of households rather than actual viewers.

The syndicated reruns of the program were regularly in the top 10 syndicated programs, and remains there as of 2009

After Seinfeld

The "Seinfeld curse"

Louis-Dreyfus, Alexander and Richards have each attempted to launch new sitcoms as title-role characters. Despite decent acclaim and even some respectable ratings, almost every show was canceled quickly, usually within the first season. This gave rise to the term Seinfeld curse: the failure of a sitcom starring one of the three, despite the conventional wisdom that each person's Seinfeld popularity should almost guarantee a strong, built-in audience for the actor's new show. Shows specifically cited regarding the Seinfeld curse are Julia Louis-Dreyfus' Watching Ellie, Jason Alexander's Bob Patterson and Listen Up!, and Michael Richards' The Michael Richards Show. Larry David once said of the curse, "It's so completely idiotic... It's very hard to have a successful sitcom."

This phenomenon was mentioned throughout the second season of Larry David's HBO program Curb Your Enthusiasm. A story arc centers around Larry David trying to convince Jason Alexander to do a show about his inability to shake the 'George' title and move forward with his career. When Larry and Jason feud over the location of meetings, Larry David takes the idea to Julia Louis-Dreyfus. They plan to work on a show called Aren't You Evelyn? but Larry blows their chances with every network they meet, causing Julia to drop the idea.

However, the Emmy award-winning success of Julia Louis-Dreyfus in the CBS sitcom The New Adventures of Old Christine has led many to believe that she has broken the 'curse'. In her acceptance speech, Louis-Dreyfus held up her award and exclaimed, "I'm not somebody who really believes in curses, but curse this, baby!" With Louis-Dreyfus playing Christine, the show has been on the air for five seasons with above-average ratings as of 2009.

Another scene

On the November 1, 2007, episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Jerry Seinfeld mentioned the possibility of shooting one last scene, after they leave prison. He mentioned he is far too busy to do it now, but did not announce what the scene would entail as it is still a possibility they will do it. In commentary from the final season DVD, Jerry Seinfeld outlines that he and Jason Alexander spoke about this scene being in Monks Coffee Shop, with George saying hat was brutal in reference to the four's stint in jail.

Curb Your Enthusiasm 2009 Reunion

Main article: Curb Your Enthusiasm Season 7

Early in March 2009, it was announced that the Seinfeld cast would reunite for the seventh season of Curb Your Enthusiasm. The entire cast first appeared in the third episode of the season, all playing themselves. The season-long story is that Larry David tries to initiate a Seinfeld reunion show as a ploy to get his ex-wife, Cheryl, back. Along with the four main characters, some of Seinfeld's supporting actors such as Wayne Knight, Estelle Harris and Steve Hytner also appeared in the ninth episode at a table read for the reunion show. Though much of the dialogue in Curb Your Enthusiasm is improvised, the plot was scripted, and the Seinfeld special that aired within the show was scripted and directed by Seinfeld regular Andy Ackerman, making this the first time since Seinfeld went off the air that the central cast appeared together in a scripted show.

Consumer products

A recurring feature of Seinfeld was its use of specific products, especially candy, as plot points. These might be a central feature of a plot (e.g. Junior Mints, Twix, Jujyfruits, Snickers, Nestl Chunky, Oh Henry! and Pez), or an association of a candy with a guest character (e.g. Oh Henry! bars), or simply a conversational aside (e.g. Chuckles, Twinkies).

Non-candy products featured in Seinfeld include Rold Gold pretzels (whose advertisements at the time featured Jason Alexander), Kenny Rogers Roasters (a chicken restaurant chain), Oreo Cookies, Ben & Jerry's, H&H Bagels, Baskin Robbins, Dockers, Drake's Coffee Cakes, Ring Dings, Pepsi, Mello Yello, Snapple, Clearly Canadian, Bosco Chocolate Syrup, Cadillac, Saab, Ford Escort, Tyler Chicken (a parody of Tyson Chicken), Specialized Bicycles, Nike, BMW, Volvo, Toyota, Tupperware, Calvin Klein, Klein Bicycles, Ovaltine, Yoo-hoo, Arby's, TV Guide, Trump Tower, the board games Risk, Boggle, Trivial Pursuit, Scrabble, and Battleship, Entenmann's and the J. Peterman clothing catalog.

The computers shown in Jerry's apartment are Apple Macintosh and several different models were shown, although Jerry only uses his computer once (onscreen) during the entire show. Also seen throughout the show's run were many different brands of cereal. A notable exception to this pattern is the use of a fictional scotch brand called "Hennigan's." One product placement, for Snapple, was inserted as a parody of product placement; when offered some by Elaine in the middle of a conversation, the character Babu Bhatt's (owner of a Pakistani restaurant named as "Dream Cafe") brother declines, calling the drink "too fruity."

The show's creators claim that they were not engaging in a product placement strategy for commercial gain. One of the motivations for the use of real-world products, quite unrelated to commercial considerations, is the comedy value of funny-sounding phrases and words. "I knew I wanted Kramer to think of watching the operation like going to see a movie," explained Seinfeld writer/producer Andy Robin in an interview published in the Hollywood Reporter. "At first, I thought maybe a piece of popcorn falls into the patient. I ran that by my brother, and he said, 'No, Junior Mints are just funnier.'"

Many advertisers capitalized on the popularity of Seinfeld. American Express created a webisode in which Jerry Seinfeld and an animated Superman (voiced by Patrick Warburton, who played the role of David Puddy) starred in its commercial. Another advertisement featured Jason Alexander in a Chrysler commercial. In this, Alexander behaves much like his character George, and his relationship with Lee Iacocca plays on his George's relationship with George Steinbrenner. Similarly, Michael Richards was the focus of a series of advertisements for Vodafone which ran in Australia where he dressed and behaved exactly like Kramer, including the trademark bumbling pratfalls.

Seinfeld in HD

There are two high-definition versions of Seinfeld. The first is that of the network television (unsyndicated) versions in the original aspect ratio of 4:3 that were downscaled for the DVD releases. Syndicated broadcast stations and the cable network TBS have begun airing the syndicated version of Seinfeld in HD. Unlike the version used for the DVD, Sony Pictures cropped out the top and bottom parts of the frame, while restoring previously cropped images on the sides, from the 35 mm film source, to use the entire 16:9 frame. Amazon.com lists season 1 of Seinfeld in Blu-ray, though no release date has been announced.

Media

DVD releases

Main article: Seinfeld DVD releases

Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released all 9 seasons of Seinfeld on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4 between 2004 and 2007. On November 6, 2007, Seinfeld: The Complete Series was released on DVD. The final season and the complete series set included a 2007 reunion of the four main cast members and Larry David.

Music

A signature of Seinfeld is its theme music. Composed by Jonathan Wolff, it consists of distinct solo sampled bass guitar riffs which open the show and connect the scenes, often accompanied by a "percussion track" composed of mouth noises, such as pops and clicks. The slap bass music eventually replaced the original standard sitcom music by Jep Epstein when it was played again after the first broadcast "The Seinfeld Chronicles."

Seinfeld lacked a traditional title track and the riffs were played over the first moments of dialogue or action. They vary throughout each episode and are played in an improvised funk style with slap bass. An additional musical theme with an ensemble, led by a synthesized mid-range brass instrument, ends each episode.

In "The Note," the first episode of Season Three, the bumper music featured a scatting female jazz vocalist who sang a phrase that sounded like "easy to beat." Jerry Seinfeld and executive producer Larry David both liked Wolff's additions, and three episodes were produced with the new style music. However, they had neglected to inform NBC and Castle Rock of the change, and when the season premiere aired, they were surprised and unimpressed, and requested that they return to the original style. The subsequent two episodes were redone, leaving this episode as the only one with the additional music elements. In the commentary of The Note, Julia Louis-Dreyfus facetiously suggests it was removed because the perceived lyric related too closely to the low ratings at the time.

In the final three seasons (7, 8, and 9), the bits were tweaked slightly to give them more frenetic rhythms and the occasional hint of guitar. Throughout the show, the main theme could be re-styled in different ways depending on the episode. For instance, in "The Betrayal," in which part of the episode takes place in India, the theme is heard played on a sitar.

Non-original music featured in the show:

Song

Artist

Episode

Notes

"Joltin' Joe DiMaggio"

Les Brown

"The Note"

The episode ends with this song.

"Vesti la giubba"

Ruggero Leoncavallo

"The Opera" and "The Keys"

It plays close to the opera.

"Parla Pi Piano" (The Godfather theme)

Nino Rota

"The Bris"

The episode ends with this theme.

Selected music from "The Barber of Seville"

Gioachino Rossini

"The Barber"

The music replaces Seinfeld main slap bass music.

"Wouldn't It Be Nice"

The Beach Boys

"The Hamptons"

Cover version performed by another band

Superman theme

John Williams

"The Race" and "The Clip Show"

Played when Jerry wins the race and during past reflection of Seinfeld episodes.

Sonata No. 8 Op. 13 "Pathetique"

Ludwig van Beethoven

"The Pez Dispenser"

Elaine laughs through this music.

"Everybody's Talkin'"

Harry Nilsson

"The Mom & Pop Store"

George sings this song after buying a car supposedly owned by Jon Voight. Also featured at the end of the episode, when Kramer and Jerry ride to New Jersey to find Jerry's shoes. The scene is a reference to the film Midnight Cowboy, which featured the song (and co-starred Voight).

"Hello"

Lionel Richie

"The Voice," "The Engagement" and "The Invitations"

The song shows a reflection of their life.

"Downtown"

Petula Clark

"The Bottle Deposit"

George looks for clues about his work assignment when Wilhelm mentions the song to him.

"Morning Train (9 to 5)"

Sheena Easton

"The Bizarro Jerry" and "The Butter Shave"

Kramer and George in separate episodes have brief stints in going to work.

"Shining Star"

Earth, Wind & Fire

"The Little Kicks" and "The Bookstore"

Elaine does the infamous dry heave dance to this song.

"Adagio for Strings"

Samuel Barber

"The Fatigues"

Frank Costanza has a flashback of his days as a cook in the Korean War. This scene (and its music) is a reference to Platoon.

"Desperado" and "Witchy Woman"

Eagles

"The Checks"

Elaine's boyfriend gets obsessed with "Desperado" while Elaine tries to offer "Witchy Woman" as "their" song (a doctor later "zones out" to the latter).

The Greatest American Hero"

Joey Scarbury

"The Susie"

George's answering machine was to this tune but with different words.

"Three Times a Lady"

The Commodores

"The Pothole"

Newman sings this song just before his mail truck catches fire at the end of the episode.

"Maana (Is Soon Enough For Me)"

Jackie Davis

"The Blood"

Appears when Kramer and Newman are making sausages and Kramer returning the blood.

"Slow Ride"

Foghat

"The Slicer"

Elaine tunes into her bedside radio and offers up a few characteristic dance moves.

"In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida"

Iron Butterfly

"The Slicer"

Elaine makes an attempt to phone the locksmith.

"Mexican Radio"

Wall of Voodoo

"The Reverse Peephole"

Kramer sings this as he is reversing his peephole. It is also featured at the end of the episode after the credits.

"Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)"

Green Day

"The Clip Show"

Behind the scenes throughout the series.

"Funicul, Funicul"

Luigi Denza

"The Maestro"

Plays in the scene where Elaine jumps into the Maestro's car and he begins conducting.

"Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough"

Michael Jackson

"The Clip Show"

Clips of the gang dancing in the series.

"Master of the House" from Les Misrables

Robert Hossein, Claude-Michel Schnberg, and Alain Boublil

"The Jacket"

The chorus is sung repeatedly by George throughout the episode and is eventually sung by Alton Benes in the closing credits scene.

"If I Were A Rich Man" from Fiddler on the Roof

Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick

"The Limo"

George whistles the tune once in the episode in front of some neo-Nazis.

See also

List of Seinfeld episodes

Must See TV

References

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^ Hurd, R. Wesley (June 1998). "Postmodernism: A New Model of Reality". McKenzie Study Center. http://www.mckenziestudycenter.org/philosophy/articles/postmod.html. Retrieved 2007-06-30. 

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^ Curb Your Enthusiasm: The Complete Second Season

^ "The Strike". Sony Pictures. http://www.sonypictures.com/tv/shows/seinfeld/episode_guide/?sl=episode&ep=910. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 

^ "The Boyfriend". Sony Pictures. http://www.sonypictures.com/tv/shows/seinfeld/episode_guide/?sl=episode&ep=315. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 

^ "The Betrayal". Sony Pictures. http://www.sonypictures.com/tv/shows/seinfeld/episode_guide/?sl=episode&ep=908. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 

^ "The Maestro". Sony Pictures. http://www.sonypictures.com/tv/shows/seinfeld/episode_guide/?sl=episode&ep=703. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 

^ "The Outing". Sony Pictures. http://www.sonypictures.com/tv/shows/seinfeld/episode_guide/?sl=episode&ep=416. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 

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^ "Seinfeld influence". People.com. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,26334,615581,00.html. Retrieved 2007-12-22. 

^ Boudreaux, Jonathan (2004-11-24). "Seinfeld: Season 1 & 2 DVD Review". tvdvdreviews.com. http://www.tvdvdreviews.com/seinfeld1.html. Retrieved 2008-04-22. 

^ Kevin V. Johnson (May 14, 1998). "Chronicles Got Everything Started". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/enter/tv/let112.html. 

^ "Seinfeld Says It's All Over, And It's No Joke for NBC". New York Times. May 5, 1998. http://www.nytimes.com/specials/seinfeld/sein1126a.html. 

^ "Seinfeld-Now playing- The phone message". Sony pictures. http://www.sonypictures.com/tv/shows/seinfeld/episode_guide/?sl=episode&ep=207. Retrieved 2008-10-27. 

^ Cerone, Daniel (March 4, 1993). "Seinfeld Is Suddenly Something". Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60203201.html?dids=60203201:60203201&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+4%2C+1993&author=DANIEL+CERONE&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&edition=&startpage=1&desc=%60Seinfeld%27+Is+Suddenly+Something+Sitcom+That%27s+%60About+Nothing%27+Finding+More+Fans+in+New+Time+Slot. 

^ "Seinfeld- Now playing: The Invitations". Sony pictures. http://www.sonypictures.com/tv/shows/seinfeld/episode_guide/?sl=episode&ep=724. Retrieved 2008-10-25. 

^ Handy, Bruce (January 12, 1998). "It's All About Timing". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987648,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-26. 

^ "Seinfeld-Now playing: The Puerto Rican Day". Sony pictures. http://www.sonypictures.com/tv/shows/seinfeld/episode_guide/?sl=episode&ep=920. Retrieved 2008-10-25. 

^ "TIME Magazine Cover: Jerry Seinfeld". 1998-01-12. http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101980112,00.html. Retrieved 2007-05-17. 

^ "The 'Seinfeld' e-mail for April 8, 1998". CNN.com. 1998-04-08. http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/9804/08/seinfeld.email/. Retrieved 2007-05-17. 

^ Ryan, Joal (1998-03-27). "Clues to "Seinfeld" Sign Off". E! News. http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=2ad45b87-cec4-4e3b-ba5a-9f16c961c037. Retrieved 2007-05-17. 

^ "Forbes list". http://www.forbes.com/lists/home.jhtml?passListId=53&passYear=1999&passListType=Person. Retrieved 2007-12-18. 

^ "Oprah and Seinfeld top TV's richest". http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Entertainment/2007/10/01/oprah_seinfeld_top_tvs_richest/9140/. Retrieved 2007-12-18. 

^ "Seinfeld and advertising". http://www.businessweek.com/1997/22/b35291.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-22. 

^ Emmy Awards official site "Sienfeld" "1993" emmys.org. Retrieved on May 8, 2008

^ 1st Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards Official Site "Sienfeld" sagawards.org'. Retrieved on March 14, 2008

^ 3rd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards Official Site "Sienfeld" sagawards.org'. Retrieved on March 14, 2008

^ 4th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards Official Site "Sienfeld" sagawards.org'. Retrieved on March 14, 2008

^ Emmy Awards official site search "Sienfeld" and years "1992 to 1998" emmys.org. Retrieved on May 8, 2008

^ "TV Ratings: 19921993". ClassicTVHits.com. http://www.classictvhits.com/tvratings/1992.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-09. 

^ "TV Ratings: 19931994". ClassicTVHits.com. http://www.classictvhits.com/tvratings/1993.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-09. 

^ "TV Ratings: 19941995". ClassicTVHits.com. http://www.classictvhits.com/tvratings/1994.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-09. 

^ "TV Ratings: 19951996". ClassicTVHits.com. http://www.classictvhits.com/tvratings/1995.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-09. 

^ "TV Ratings: 19961997". ClassicTVHits.com. http://www.classictvhits.com/tvratings/1996.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-09. 

^ "TV Ratings: 19971998". ClassicTVHits.com. http://www.classictvhits.com/tvratings/1997.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-09. 

^ Nielsen Weekly Top Syndicated TV Show Ratings courtesy of Nielsenmedia

^ Baerg, Greg (2002-03-05). "'Curb's' Larry David: 'Seinfeld' Curse 'Idiotic'". Zap2it. http://tv.zap2it.com/tveditorial/tve_main/1,1002,271. Retrieved 2007-05-17. 

^ "Thor". David, Larry. Curb Your Enthousiasm. 2001-09-30. No. 2, season 2.

^ Susman, Gary (21-03-2006) "Has Julia Louis Dreyfus broken the 'Seinfeld' curse?" Entertainment Weekly Retrieved on 29-08-2008

^ Hall, Sarah (2006-08-27). "Emmys Clock into "24," "Office"". E! News. http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=2628e377-613e-4a27-89d0-0ca6d64d6d1d&entry=index. Retrieved 2007-05-17. 

^ "Episode dated 1 November 2007". Axler, Rachel; Bleyer, Kevin; Blomquist, Richard; Bodow, Steve; Carvell, Tim; Havlan, J.R.; Scott Jacobson, Scott; Javerbaum, David; Karlin, Ben; Kutner, Rob; Lieb, Josh; Means, Sam; Reich, Jason; Ross, Jason; Stewart, Jon. The Daily Show. Comedy Central. 2007-11-01.

^ Seinfeld Season 9: Notes about Nothing - "The Finale". [DVD]. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. 2007-11-06. 

^ Rice, Lynette (2009-03-05). "Exclusive: 'Seinfeld' cast to appear on 'Curb Your Enthusiasm'". EW.com. http://hollywoodinsider.ew.com/2009/03/seinfeld-cast-t.html. Retrieved 2009-03-05. 

^ Staff (2005-04-28). "A look at some of the biggest hits in movie and TV product placement". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/film/feature_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000901395. Retrieved 2007-11-10. 

^ "'Seinfeld' in HD on TBS HD! Page 2". videojanitor. http://www.avsforum.com/avs-vb/showthread.php?p=14589923#post14589923. Retrieved 2009-09-23. 

^ "Engadget HD". Amazon.com. 2008-09-03. http://www.engadgethd.com/2008/09/03/seinfeld-goes-hd-on-tbs-hd/. Retrieved 2009-10-28. 

^ "Amazon.com: Seinfeld - Season 1 Blu-ray". www.amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/Seinfeld-Season-1-Blu-ray-Jerry/dp/B000RKBQBU/. Retrieved 2008-12-13. 

^ "Seinfeld region 1 DVD release dates". TVShowsOnDVD.com. http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releaselist.cfm?ShowID=3743. Retrieved 2008-03-23. 

^ Season 3 DVD: Inside Look of 'The Note'

^ Season 3 DVD: 'The Note' commentary

^ "The Greatest American Hero". http://www.tvtome.com/tvtome/servlet/ShowMainServlet/showid-586/. 

General references

Mirzoeff, Nicholas. "Seinfeld." British Film Institute, TV Classics. 2007. ISBN 1-84457-201-3.

Fretts, Bruce. The Entertainment Weekly Seinfeld Companion. New York: Warner Books. 1993. ISBN 0-446-67036-7.

Dawson, Ryan (2006). "Seinfeld: a show about something" Cambridge University.

William Irwin (Ed.). Seinfeld and Philosophy: A Book about Everything and Nothing. Peru, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Company. 1999. ISBN 0-8126-9409-0.

Gantz, Katherine. "Not That There's Anything Wrong with That": Reading the Queer in Seinfeld. In Calvin Thomas (Ed.). Straight with a Twist: Queer Theory and the Subject of Heterosexuality. Champaign. Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06813-0.

Gattuso, Greg. The Seinfeld Universe: The Entire Domain. New York: Citadel Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8065-2001-9.

Rosenthal, Phil (November 18, 2004). Gold, Jerry! Gold! Chicago Sun Times.

Seinfeld, Jerry. Sein Language. Bantam. 1993. ISBN 0-553-09606-0.

Weaver, D.T. & Oliver, M.B. (2000) Summary of the paper,"Television Programs and Advertising: Measuring the Effectiveness of Product Placement Within Seinfeld."

External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Seinfeld

Seinfeld.com, the Official Site from Sony Pictures Television

Seinfeld, an external wiki

Seinfeld at the Internet Movie Database

Seinfeld at TV.com

v  d  e

Seinfeld

Creators

Jerry Seinfeld  Larry David

Main characters

Jerry Seinfeld  George Costanza  Elaine Benes  Cosmo Kramer

Supporting characters

Newman  Frank Costanza  Estelle Costanza  Morty Seinfeld  Helen Seinfeld  Uncle Leo  Susan Ross  Jacopo Peterman  David Puddy  Jackie Chiles

Seasons

1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 (List of episodes)

Related articles

List of DVD releases  Festivus  Kenny Kramer  Monk's Cafe  Awards and nominations  Seinlanguage  Curb Your Enthusiasm

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Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series (1976-2000)

The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1976)  The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1977)  All in the Family (1978)  Taxi (1979)  Taxi (1980)  Taxi (1981)  Barney Miller (1982)  Cheers (1983)  Cheers (1984)  The Cosby Show (1985)  The Golden Girls (1986)  The Golden Girls (1987)  The Wonder Years (1988)  Cheers (1989)  Murphy Brown (1990)  Cheers (1991)  Murphy Brown (1992)  Seinfeld (1993)  Frasier (1994)  Frasier (1995)  Frasier (1996)  Frasier (1997)  Frasier (1998)  Ally McBeal (1999)  Will & Grace (2000)

Complete list: (19521975)  (19762000)  (2001resent)

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Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series Musical or Comedy

Cheers (1990)  Brooklyn Bridge (1991)  Roseanne (1992)  Seinfeld (1993)  Frasier & Mad About You (1994)  Cybill (1995)  3rd Rock from the Sun (1996)  Ally McBeal (1997)  Ally McBeal (1998)  Sex and the City (1999)  Sex and the City (2000)  Sex and the City (2001)  Curb Your Enthusiasm (2002)  The Office (UK) (2003)  Desperate Housewives (2004)  Desperate Housewives (2005)  Ugly Betty (2006)  Extras (2007)  30 Rock (2008)  Glee (2009)

Complete List  (1969-1989)  (1990-2009)

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Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Seinfeld (1994)  Friends (1995)  Seinfeld (1996)  Seinfeld (1997)  Ally McBeal (1998)  Frasier (1999)  Will & Grace (2000)  Sex and the City (2001)  Everybody Loves Raymond (2002)  Sex and the City (2003)  Desperate Housewives (2004)  Desperate Housewives (2005)  The Office (2006)  The Office (2007)  30 Rock (2008)  Glee (2009)

Categories: Seinfeld | Culture of New York City | 1989 television series debuts | 1980s American comedy television series | 1990s American comedy television series | 1998 television series endings | American television sitcoms | Jewish comedy and humor | Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners | NBC network shows | Nielsen Ratings winners | Peabody Award winners | Television series by Sony Pictures Television | Television shows set in New York City | Fictional versions of real people

Wooden Leg

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Wooden Leg.

Wooden Leg (Cheyenne Khamxvehthe) (18581940) was a Northern Cheyenne warrior who fought against Custer at the Battle of the Little Big Horn.

Wooden Leg was born, in 1858, in the region of the Black Hills, near the Cheyenne river. He was son of Many Bullet Wounds (also called White Buffalo Shaking off the Dust) and Eagle Feather on the Forehead. He had three brothers (the two elder ones being Strong Wind Blowing and Yellow Hair, the younger one Twin) and two sisters (the elder one being Crooked Nose, the younger one Fingers Woman).

During his childhood he was known as Eats from His Hand. Later, he inherited the name Wooden Leg from his uncle, a Crow adopted by the family of Eagle Feather on the Forehead. This young Crow proved to be a tireless walker, outlasting all the young Cheyenne and earning the name Wooden Leg, since his tireless legs seemed to be made of wood. Only his nephew was able to follow him during his endless walks and so the friends of Eats from His Hand began calling him by his uncle's name in sport. Eventually, Eats from His Hand took his uncle's name as his own.

In his childhood and youth, he lived among his tribe, wandering in the land between the Black Hills and the Little Bighorn river. During this period, he lived like any other Indian of the Plains, spending his time, hunting the game and fighting against the enemy tribes, in particular Crow and Shoshone.

The first remarkable battle with the white men he saw was the battle of Fort Kearny in 1866. Wooden Leg was too young to take part in the battle, but during the fight his eldest brother Strong Wind Blowing died. So, in spite of the final victory of the Cheyenne, that was a mourning day for all his family. At fourteen, he was invited by Left Hand Shooter to become part of the warrior society of the Elkhorn Scrapers, one of the three warrior societies (the other being the group of the Crazy Dog and the group of the Fox) in which the men of the tribe were divided. At seventeen, he went on retreat to thank the Great Spirit. He spent four days closed in a tepee, meditating and contemplating, visited only once a day. After the trial, his face was painted with a black circle enclosing his forehead, chin and cheeks; the internal area of the circle was yellow. This facial picture, together with his best suit, his shield and his flute made from the wing of an eagle, became part of his war equipment for the rest of his life.

At the end of the winter of 1876, after some sightings of white troops, the tribe encamped near the Powder river. During the night of 16 March 1876, because of the darkness and a storm, the sentinels saw nobody approaching; so, in the early morning of 17 March 1876, the soldiers, led by General Reynolds, attacked by surprise the Indian camp. Cheyenne fled everywhere; Wooden Leg, unarmed, took one of his horses and fled bringing with him towards safety two children. Because of the agitated flight, he abandoned his flute, which was later destroyed in the following destruction of the camp. After the battle, the Northern Cheyenne marched towards north-east, reaching the Oglala Sioux. Here they were joined by other tribes, such as Miniconjou, Sans Arcs, Santee Sioux and Blackfeet. Together they reached, and camped in, the valley of the Little Bighorn.

The morning of the 25 June 1876, while sleeping under a tree after a feasting night, Wooden Leg and his brother Yellow Hair were awaken by the cries of the old men claiming the arrival of the soldiers. Wooden Leg ran to his tent. He quickly prepared himself for the battle, then moved himself to the melee with his brother. At first, he fought with soldiers hidden and surrounded in the woods near the river. Defeating these enemies, he went towards the river where he found a rifle and ammunition. Then, he attacked the soldiers on the hills. The Battle of Little Bighorn lasted all day.

After the victorious battle, the Northern Cheyennes wandered for some time in the region of the Little Bighorn river, soon chased by the soldiers. Then some Cheyennes, who had lived for some time in the reservations of the United States, were sent by the U.S. Government to persuade the tribe to surrender and to live in a reservation. Because of their hunger, a great part of the tribe accepted the offer; Wooden Leg, with a group of other 34 Cheyennes, among which his brother Yellow Hair, refused, since he and his fellows "still desired, more than anything, that freedom that they considered a right". He lived a laborious life in the area of the Tongue river and the Powder river, until, again because of the hunger, he and other 30 Cheyennes decided to give up their lives as hunters and sought the reservation.

Wooden Leg entered in the reservation of the White River. He lived here until the soldiers moved the reservation southward. In this new place, he learned how to hunt eagles. However, the new reservation was very far from the native land of many Northern Cheyennes, so a group led by Little Wolf, disobeying the soldiers, left the reservation to go back to their ancient home. Wooden Leg at first refused to follow the old leader and remained in the reservation. In 1878, he married a Southern Cheyenne woman. After the death of his father, Wooden Leg and his family decided to leave the southern reservation. Passing from the White River reservation, renamed by that time as Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, they reached the place where Little Wolf and the other Cheyennes camped. It was the core of the future reservation of the Tongue River.

In 1889, Wooden Leg enlisted at Fort Keogh as a scout, and, in 1890, he guided the soldiers in the campaign of the Wounded Knee Massacre. In the same years, he served also a messenger and a sentry.

In 1906, thirty years after the battle of Little Bighorn, he took part to a meeting of whites and Indians, gathered on the field of the battle to remember that event. He spoke of the battle, being one of the few Indians who had the courage to tell his experience to Dixon, a white doctor.

In 1908, Wooden Leg was baptized by the priest in the reservation. He thought that the whites and the Indians worshiped the same god, even if in different manner (i.e.: calling him with different names).

In 1913, Wooden Leg, together with the young Little Wolf (nephew of the old Cheyenne leader), Two Moons and Black Wolf, was part of a delegation sent to Washington to speak about the Cheyenne tribe. During this journey, he visited Washington and New York. Back in the reservation, he became a judge: he had the responsibility to solve quarrels in the tribe and to teach the law of the United States. Twice, he was offered to become a chief in lower order of the warrior group of the Elkhorn Scrapers, but he refused; some white men called him Chief Wooden Leg, but indeed he was never a chief. He had two daughters, but they both died in their youth. After the death of the last daughter, he and his wife decided to adopt the son of his sister, John White Wolf.

In 1930, he was interviewed by Thomas B. Marquis, a former agency physician for the Cheyenne, and related a great deal of information about Cheyenne life prior to the reservations and the battle of Little Bighorn. His account is published in a book called Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer .

He died in 1940.

References

^ after modern Northern Cheyenne orthography. See Cheyenne Dictionary by Fisher, Leman, Pine, Sanchez.

^ Kum-mok-quiv-vi-ok-ta in Marquis 1931, pg. 3

Sources

"Wooden Leg - University of Nebraska Press," URL accessed 05/27/06

Thomas B. Marquis. Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer (Midwest Company, 1931).

Categories: 1858 births | 1940 deaths | Cheyenne tribe | Native American people | People of the Black Hills WarHidden categories: Articles lacking reliable references from September 2007 | Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 | Articles needing cleanup from September 2007 | All pages needing cleanup

vCard

China Product


History

Versitcard was originally proposed in 1995 by the Versit consortium, which consisted of Apple, AT&T Technologies (later Lucent), IBM and Siemens. In December 1996, ownership of the format was handed over to the Internet Mail Consortium, a trade association for companies with an interest in Internet e-mail. vCard is accompanied by a proposed standard for exchanging data about forthcoming appointments called vCalendar, since superseded by iCalendar; the Internet Mail Consortium has issued a statement that it "hopes that all vCalendar developers take advantage of these new open standards and make their software compatible with both vCalendar 1.0 and iCalendar." Version 2.1 of the vCard standard is widely supported by e-mail clients. Version 3.0 of the vCard format is an IETF standards-track proposal contained in RFC 2425 and RFC 2426. The vCardDAV working group of the IETF is updating the vCard format. The commonly-used filename extension for vCards is vcf. In RFC 4770, vCard Extensions for Instant Messaging, a new type of entry to hold an IMPP URI is defined, which is "IMPP".

Derivatives and Applications norstar business phone system

The hCard microformat, a 1:1 representation of vCard in semantic (X)HTML, allows publishers to embed vCard data in web pages. There are browser extensions such as Operator for Firefox; and technologies such as X2V and BC2, that convert such hCards into vCards, thus providing interoperability between hCards published on the web, and the aforementioned vCard clients. terrestrial digital receiver

An XML vCard format has been defined by the XMPP Standards Foundation and is in use with technologies such as XMPP and Light-Weight Identity. W3C has published a note on RDF-based encoding for vCard (see Representing vCard Objects in RDF/XML). digital terrestrial receiver

Sending vCards by Bluetooth is one of the most broadly compatible but inelegant forms of placecasting. Since sending vCards via Bluetooth does not require device pairing, some use the standard to transmit anonymous messages (see bluejacking).

Applications have different implementations of the vCard standard. The Address Book application in Mac OS X and the KDE Kontact application accept any number of contacts in a single vCard file and allow export of any set of contacts, or all contacts, in one vCard file, while Microsoft Outlook only accepts one contact per file.

Example vCard file

The following is an example of a VCard file containing information for one person:

vCard 2.1:

BEGIN:VCARD

VERSION:2.1

N:kapukod;Htszin

FN:4758

ORG:Bubba Gump Shrimp Co.

TITLE:Shrimp Man

TEL;CELL;VOICE:2536

X-IRMC_LUID 0002000002A7

END:VCARD

vCard 3.0:

BEGIN:VCARD

VERSION:3.0

N:Gump;Forrest

FN:Forrest Gump

ORG:Bubba Gump Shrimp Co.

TITLE:Shrimp Man

TEL;TYPE=WORK,VOICE:(111) 555-1212

TEL;TYPE=HOME,VOICE:(404) 555-1212

ADR;TYPE=WORK:;;100 Waters Edge;Baytown;LA;30314;United States of America

LABEL;TYPE=WORK:100 Waters Edge

Baytown, LA 30314

United States of America

ADR;TYPE=HOME:;;42 Plantation St.;Baytown;LA;30314;United States of America

LABEL;TYPE=HOME:42 Plantation St.

Baytown, LA 30314

United States of America

EMAIL;TYPE=PREF,INTERNET:forrestgump@example.com

REV:20080424T195243Z

END:VCARD

Properties

vCard defines the following property types: *FN, *N, NICKNAME, *PHOTO, *BDAY, *ADR, *LABEL, *TEL, *EMAIL, *MAILER, *TZ, *GEO, *TITLE, *ROLE, *LOGO, *AGENT, *ORG, CATEGORIES, *NOTE, PRODID, *REV, SORT-STRING, *SOUND, *URL, *UID, *VERSION, CLASS, *KEY .

Name

Description

Semantic

N

Name

a structured representation of the name of the person, place or thing associated with the vCard object.

FN

Formatted Name

the formatted name string associated with the vCard object

PHOTO

Photograph

an image or photograph of the individual associated with the vCard

BDAY

Birthday

date of birth of the individual associated with the vCard

ADR

Delivery Address

a structured representation of the physical delivery address for the vCard object

LABEL

Label Address

addressing label for physical delivery to the person/object associated with the vCard

TEL

Telephone

the canonical number string for a telephone number for telephony communication with the vCard object

EMAIL

Email

the address for electronic mail communication with the vCard object

MAILER

Email Program (Optional)

Type of email program used

TZ

Time Zone

information related to the standard time zone of the vCard object

GEO

Global Positioning

The property specifies a latitude and longitude

TITLE

Title

specifies the job title, functional position or function of the individual associated with the vCard object within an organization (V. P. Research and Development)

ROLE

Role or occupation

the role, occupation, or business category of the vCard object within an organization (eg. Executive)

LOGO

Logo

an image or graphic of the logo of the organization that is associated with the individual to which the vCard belongs

AGENT

Agent

information about another person who will act on behalf of the vCard object. Typically this would be an area administrator, assistant, or secretary for the individual

ORG

Organization Name or Organizational unit

the name and optionally the unit(s) of the organization associated with the vCard object. This property is based on the X.520 Organization Name attribute and the X.520 Organization Unit attribute

NOTE

Note

specifies supplemental information or a comment that is associated with the vCard

REV

Last Revision

combination of the calendar date and time of day of the last update to the vCard object

SOUND

Sound

By default, if this property is not grouped with other properties it specifies the pronunciation of the Formatted Name property of the vCard object.

URL

URL

An URL is a representation of an Internet location that can be used to obtain real-time information about the vCard object

UID

Unique Identifier

specifies a value that represents a persistent, globally unique identifier associated with the object

VERSION

Version

Version of the vCard Specification

KEY

Public Key

the public encryption key associated with the vCard object

In addition, because vCard augments RFC-2425, a standard for directory information, the following property types are also supported: SOURCE, NAME, PROFILE, BEGIN, END.

vCard extensions

vCard supports private extensions, with a "X-" prefix, a number of which are in common usage.

Some of these include:

Extension

Used As

Data

Semantic

extensions supported by multiple different programs

X-ABUID

property

string

Apple Address Book UUID for that entry

X-ANNIVERSARY

property

YYYY-MM-DD

arbitrary anniversary, in addition to BDAY = birthday

X-ASSISTANT

property

string

assistant name (instead of Agent)

X-MANAGER

property

string

manager name

X-SPOUSE

property

string

spouse name

X-GENDER

property

string

value "Male" or "Female"

X-AIM

property

string

Instant Messaging (IM) contact information; TYPE parameter as for TEL (I.e. WORK/HOME/OTHER)

X-ICQ

property

string

"

X-JABBER

property

string

"

X-MSN

property

string

"

X-YAHOO

property

string

"

X-SKYPE, X-SKYPE-USERNAME

property

string

"

X-GADUGADU

property

string

"

X-GROUPWISE

property

string

"

X-MS-IMADDRESS

property

string

" (IM address in VCF attachment from Outlook (right click Contact, Send Full Contact, Internet Format.)

X-MS-CARDPICTURE

property

string

Works as PHOTO or LOGO. Contains an image of the Card in Outlook.

X-PHONETIC-FIRST-NAME, X-PHONETIC-LAST-NAME

property

string

alternative spelling of name, used for Japanese names by Android and iPhone

introduced and used by Mozilla, also used by Evolution (software)

X-MOZILLA-HTML

property

TRUE/FALSE

mail recipient wants HTML email

introduced and used by Evolution (software)

X-EVOLUTION-ANNIVERSARY

property

YYYY-MM-DD

arbitrary anniversary, in addition to BDAY = birthday

X-EVOLUTION-ASSISTANT

property

string

assistant name (instead of Agent)

X-EVOLUTION-BLOG-URL

property

string/URL

blog URL

X-EVOLUTION-FILE-AS

property

string

file under different name (in addition to N = name components and FN = full name

X-EVOLUTION-MANAGER

property

string

manager name

X-EVOLUTION-SPOUSE

property

string

spouse name

X-EVOLUTION-VIDEO-URL

property

string/URL

video chat address

X-EVOLUTION-CALLBACK

TEL TYPE parameter value

-

callback phone number

X-EVOLUTION-RADIO

TEL TYPE parameter value

-

radio contact information

X-EVOLUTION-TELEX

TEL TYPE parameter value

-

Telex contact information

X-EVOLUTION-TTYTDD

TEL TYPE parameter value

-

TTY TDD contact information

introduced and used by Kontact and KAddressBook

X-KADDRESSBOOK-BlogFeed

property

string/URL

blog URL

X-KADDRESSBOOK-X-Anniversary

property

ISO date

arbitrary anniversary, in addition to BDAY = birthday

X-KADDRESSBOOK-X-AssistantsName

property

string

assistant name (instead of Agent)

X-KADDRESSBOOK-X-IMAddress

property

string

im address

X-KADDRESSBOOK-X-ManagersName

property

string

manager name

X-KADDRESSBOOK-X-Office

property

string

office description

X-KADDRESSBOOK-X-Profession

property

string

profession

X-KADDRESSBOOK-X-SpouseName

property

string

spouse name

Note: The Internet media type text/vcard was used (incorrectly) in some SyncML Documentation to refer to vCard 3.0, and the example was followed in various implementations.

See also

hCard

Internet Business Cards

FOAF

External links

Internet mail Consortium - Personal Data Interchange

vCard: The Electronic Business Card (Version 2.1) vCard 2.1 specification (Sept-18-1996)

Representing vCard Objects in RDF/XML, W3C Note 22 February 2001

hCard specification

vCard implementations notes and bug reports

vCard proposed errata

RFC 2425 - A MIME Content-Type for Directory Information

RFC 2426 - vCard MIME Directory Profile

RFC 2739 - Calendar Attributes for vCard and LDAP

RFC 4122 - UUID URN namespace (could be used for UID type)

RFC 4770 - vCard Extensions for Instant Messaging

IETF vCardDAV working group

Categories: Computer file formats | Business cards | Internet standardsHidden categories: Wikipedia external links cleanup | Wikipedia spam cleanup

Freeriding

China Product


Equipment

Freeride snowboards make up a large part of the market as they are the ideal choice for the all-rounder.

A freeride board will usually have a directional shape and flex pattern. A truly directional board will have a nose that is softer than the tail - this helps with turn initiation and with handling cruddy/choppy snow conditions. Overall a freeride board will be stiffer tip to tail and edge to edge for a more precise and stable ride. Boots and bindings are usually stiffer than their freestyle snowboarding counterparts as well. double neck guitar

Some freeride boards are designed more specifically for powder than for groomers and there are all sorts of designs to help facilitate this. Many powder boards are tapered, which means they have a narrower tail than nose. Some have rocker, which means instead of camber these boards have their lowest point between your bindings and they bend up towards the tips. And some powder boards have different shaped tails, some have a swallow tail design which allows the tail to sink easier which in turn keeps the nose up and some have pintails which make the board faster edge to edge in deep snow. bongo drums

Personalities fender telecaster american

Craig Kelly (April 1, 1966 - January 20, 2003) is known as the 'Godfather of Freeriding'; Terje Haakonsen called Kelly the best snowboarder of all time.

He shocked the snowboard industry by walking away from multi-million dollar deals at the height of the snowboard craze to pursue his passion for freeriding, at the time an unheard of strategy for a pro snowboarder. It was in the mountains where Craig felt the happiest.

The distinctive fluid manner in which he rode was recognized and acclaimed in the snowboarding community. He was called a "style master" by snowboard magazine editor Jon Foster. Kelly also appeared in an enormous number of video and photo shoots. He was known for looking straight at the camera, even in the midst of a difficult aerial maneuver. Craig was a Sims Snowboards team rider for a few years early in his career, but spent most of his life riding for Burton Snowboards owned by Jake Burton Carpenter.

Craig was responsible for the design and development of many snowboards for the Burton Snowboards brand. The company's founder, Jake Burton is quoted as saying, hen I started listening to Craig, that was when my company became successful and really took off. He added, when the rest of the industry listened to Craig, that was when the sport really took off.

Craig Kelly died on January 20, 2003 near Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada in an avalanche which trapped 8 people and killed 6 others.

Filmmaker Jacques Russo created "Let It Ride" a documentary on Craig Kelly's life as a tribute to his friend and subject of many of his films.

Johan Olofsson (born October 27, 1976) is a snowboarder known for being one of the first riders to take freestyle tricks more commonly performed in man-made terrain parks into the big mountain freeriding environments of Alaska. Originally coming from a freestyle background, when Olofsson arrived on the Alaskan snowboarding scene he quickly adapted his spin tricks and jibs to the backcountry environment. Olofsson rapidly gained attention and respect from the freeriding community when he started performing these tricks off natural features such as windlips and cliffs in the midst of terrifyingly steep lines in the Alaskan ranges.

Jeremy Jones (born 14 January 1975) is a former snowboard racer now regarded as a pioneer of professional big mountain riding. His style is a seminal influence on modern big mountain freeriding.

Travis Rice (born October 9, 1982) is regarded as the aul Revere of the big mountain freestyle movement. More widely known for his success in the realm of freestyle snowboarding competition, his ability to adapt his skills to extreme terrain has gained him legendary status in backcountry circles as well.

Competition

As the original ethos of freeriding was to break away from (amongst other things) the restrictive confines of ski competition, it's somewhat ironic that freeride competitions are surging in popularity on the international stage. However these competitions mirror the sport itself in their random variable formats, and in the fact that usually there is no set course, and very little (if any) rules to abide by.

Freeride competitions basically involve negotiating steep natural terrain fluidly in a similar approach to slopestyle competitors in a terrain park. However unlike the freestyle discipline of slopestyle, there are no perfect man-made takeoffs or landings - each individual rider's route varies, and is personally plotted out in pre-run inspections. Constantly changing weather and snow conditions add an extra element to these events, and the unpredictably random aspect of freeride terrain contributes to a high risk of personal injury.

World Heli Challenge: Deemed the most legendary freeriding and freeskiing event on the planet, New Zealand's World Heli Challenge invites the world's freeriding and freeskiing elite to compete head to head amidst the many peaks which form New Zealand's Mt. Cook National Park. Three days of helicopter-accessed competition occurs over a two-week period, allowing for perfect weather and snow conditions for the Big Mountain, Backcountry Freestyle and Downhill heats to take place. The Big Mountain section consists of charging down 3,000 feet (910 m) of extremely steep terrain including seemingly unrideable cliffs and couloirs, pushing the athletes beyond their known limits. The Backcountry Freestyle realm allows athletes the ultimate in self-expression, showcasing their best aerial maneuvers utilizing the many natural terrain features available on the way down. And the Downhill is just that an en masse assault down 3,000 feet (910 m) of vertical no rules, first one down is the winner!

See also

Alpine snowboarding

Categories: SnowboardingHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from April 2008 | All articles lacking sources

Kirloskar Brothers Limited

China Product


Product Offering

Kirloskar Brothers Limited is India's largest manufacturer and exporter of pumps and pioneered centrifugal pumps in India. KBL has 7 manufacturing plants worldwide of which 3 are Factory Mutual and Underwriters Laboratories approved and so produces FM-UL approved Fire pumpsets. It was the first to introduce split-case pumps (it is the world's largest manufacturer of split case pumps), process pumps, large vertical mixed flow pumps, canned motor pumps (KBL is one of the only three manufactures in the World of primary moderator circulation Canned Motor Pump over 200 KW for pumping heavy water), metallic volute pumps and concrete volute pumps in India. Kirloskar Brothers Limited makes pumps from 0.1 kW to 21MW for every application. KBL provide a full range of pumps and complete pumping solutions along with the civil work. It is represented across 70 countries and through its acquisitions has manufacturing plants in the UK, South Africa, USA and Thailand. In addition to that it has 4 manufacturing plants in India.

Global expansion oil separators

Kirloskar Brothers Limited has expanded forward through its acquisition in 2007 of Gondwana Engineers Ltd. Gondwana specializes in water treatment and sewage treatment plants and well as water recycling and sewerage collection . Kirloskar Brothers Limited recently also completed backward integration through the acquisition in 2007 of The Kolhapur Steels Ltd through which KBL can now offer pumps in exotic materials / special metallurgies on a large scale. In 2005 KBL acquired the famous ABAN Construction Company in order to ensure that it fulfills its commitment to its customers to complete both pumping and civil portions on time and in line with Kirloskar Quality requirements. In 2003 KBL acquired SPP Pumps in the UK along with its 3 manufacturing facilities in the UK, South Africa and USA. This now allows KBL to be the only company in India with FM-UL listed pumps for the fire market and now together with SPP, KBL is one of the world's largest players in the Fire Pump business. Kirloskar Brothers Limited has also formed a Joint Venture in the Netherlands called Kirloskar Brothers Europe B. V. which has a large sales and service network for customers in Europe. water chillers

Achievements cube ice maker

KBL is India largest manufacturer and exporter of pumps and also the largest infrastructure pumping project contractor in Asia. To its credit KBL has created the world largest irrigation project which was commissioned in March 2007 ( the Narmada Project for the Gujrat Government. This was done for Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam, http://www.ssnnl.com/) and on 14 March 2008 commissioned the world second largest water supply system with the world highest head in Andra Pradesh. KBL projects have consistently received numerous Awards and Accolades for energy efficient solutions. KBL also has US Patents for novel and innovative Energy saving designs. Kirloskar Brothers is closely associated with India's nuclear program and has made canned motor pumps for pumping heavy water which are deployed at Indian Nuclear Power Plants.

Kirloskar Group

Kirloskar Brothers Limited is part of the multibillion dollar Kirloskar Group of companies which is one of the oldest industrial groups which made a mark in the engineering industry in India. The group produces pumps, engines, compressors, lathes and electrical equipments like motors, transformers and generators (it is the world's largest genset manufacturer). While Laxmanrao Kirloskar established the group, his son S. L. Kirloskar played a major role in its rapid growth.

The Kirloskar Group also setup India's second oldest township Kirloskarwadi in Maharashtra which is over a 100 years old and also has the largest intergrated pump manufacturing plant in the world. Where four foundries and numerous machine shops produce a large volume of Industrial pumps for Kirloskar Brothers Limited

S.L. Kirloskar

S. L. Kirloskar was a man who transformed his vision into a promising and thinking reality, of application of appropriate technology, customer satisfaction and dauntless integrity. SLK was a global thinker who had the courage and the confidence in his own country even in the pre-independence era.

He created an empire that enjoyed one of the highest growth rates in Indian history, a staggering 32,401% growth of assets from 1950-1991.

In 1988, Rajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India released a commemorative postage stamp marking the Kirloskar Group's 100th anniversary.

External links

Kirloskar Brothers Limited

Kirloskar Group

SPP Pumps

Aban Construction

Kirloskar Brothers Limited, stock symbol

Kirloskar to pump up European play

Kirloskar Brothers No. 18 in BusinessWeek's ranking of Asia's Hot Growth Companies

25 Stocks To Buy In The Next Market Crash

Sonia Gandhi inaugurated the Puskhara Lift Irrigation Scheme, which was successfully completed by Kirloskar Brothers

Kirloskar Brothers Limited awarded for creating World largest Irrigation scheme, The Sardar Sarovar Narmada Scheme

Kirloskar Group see's highest RONW in 05-06

Kirloskar Brothers Stock Recommendation

Time Magazine article on Mr. S.L. Kirloskar

India's Top 10 Wealth Creators

Kirloskar Group postage stamp

Categories: Companies of India | Agricultural machinery manufacturers | Pump manufacturers