Cholent

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A plate of vegetarian cholent

A close-up shot of a dish with hamin
Cholent (Yiddish: ???????, tsholnt or tshoolnt) or hamin (Hebrew: ?????; also chamin) is a traditional Jewish stew simmered overnight, for 12 hours or more, and eaten for lunch on the Sabbath. Cholent was developed over the centuries to conform with Jewish religious laws that prohibit cooking on the Sabbath. The pot is brought to boil on Friday before candlelighting, and kept on a blech or hotplate, or placed in a slow oven or electric slow cooker until the following day.
There are many variations of the dish, which is standard in both the Ashkenazi and Sephardi kitchens.[1] The basic ingredients of cholent are meat, potatoes, beans and barley. Sephardi-style hamin uses rice instead of beans and barley, and chicken instead of beef. A traditional Sephardi addition is whole eggs in the shell (haminados), which turn brown overnight. Ashkenazi cholent often contains kishke or helzel a sausage casing or a chicken neck skin stuffed with a flour-based mixture. Slow overnight cooking allows the flavors of the various ingredients to permeate and produces the characteristic taste of cholent.
Contents
1 Other names
2 Etymology
3 Traditional Shabbat food
4 History
5 Azhkenazi cholent recipes
6 Sephardi hamin recipes
7 Haminados
8 Literary references
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
//
Other names
Hamin (????) (or chamin, pronounced ?amin), the Sephardi version of cholent popular also in Israel, derives from the Hebrew word ?? "hot", as it is always served fresh off the stove, oven, or slow cooker. The origin of this name is the Mishnaic phrase tomnin et ha鎶檃min (Hebrew for "bury the hot [food]"),[2] which essentially provides the Rabbinical prescription for keeping food hot for the Sabbath without lighting a fire.[3][4]
In Germany, Holland, and Hungary the special hot dish for the Sabbath lunch is known as schalet, shalent, or shalet.[5]. These western Yiddish words are straight synonyms of the eastern Yiddish cholent.[6]
In Morocco, the hot dish eaten by Jews on the Sabbath is traditionally called s鎶檌na or skhina (Arabic for "the warm dish";[7] Hebrew spelling[8] ?????). S'hina is made with chickpeas, rice or hulled wheat, potatoes, meat, and whole eggs simmering in the pot.[5]
In Spain and the Maghreb a similar dish is called adafina or dafina, from the Arabic d鎶恑na or t鎶恑na for "buried" (which echoes the Mishnaic phrase "bury the hot food").[7] Adafina was popular in Medieval Judeo-Iberian cuisine, but today it is mainly found as dafina in Jewish communities in North Africa.
In Bukharan Jewish cuisine, a hot Shabbat dish with meat, rice, and fruit added for a unique sweet and sour taste is called oshi sabo (or osh savo).[9] The name of the dish in Persian or Bukharian Jewish dialect means "hot food [oshi or osh] for Shabbat [sabo or savo]", reminiscent of both hamin and s'hina.
Among Iraqi Jews, the hot Shabbat meal is called tebit and it consists of whole chicken skin filled with a mixture of rice, chopped chicken meats, and herbs.[5] The stuffed chicken skin in tebit recalls to mind the Ashkenazi helzel, chicken neck skin stuffed with a flour and onion mixture that often replaces (or supplements) the kishke in East European cholent recipes.
Etymology
Max Weinreich traces the etymology of cholent to the Latin present participle calentem, meaning "that which is hot" (as in calorie), via Old French chalant (present participle of chalt, from the verb chaloir, "to warm").[10][11] One widely quoted folk etymology, relying on the French pronunciation of cholent or the Central and Western European variants shalent or shalet, derives the word from French chaud ("hot") and lent ("slow"), but it is categorically rejected by professional linguists.[citation needed] Another folk etymology derives cholent (or sholen) from the Hebrew she鎶n, which means "that rested [overnight]". This refers to the old time cooking process of Jewish families placing their individual pots of cholent into the town baker's ovens that always stayed hot and slow-cooked the food overnight.
Traditional Shabbat food

Vegetable cholent assembled in a slow cooker and waiting to be cooked on Friday afternoon before Shabbat
In traditional Jewish families, both Ashkenazi and Sephardi, cholent or hamin is the hot main course of the midday Shabbat meal served on Saturdays after the morning synagogue services. Secular Jewish families in Israel also serve cholent. The dish is more popular in the winter. Cholent may be served on Shabbat in synagogues at a kiddush celebration after the conclusion of the Shabbat services, at the celebratory reception following an aufruf when a Jewish groom is called up to the Torah reading on the Shabbat...(and so on)

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Magnetic potential

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(Redirected from Magnetic vector potential)
The magnetic potential provides a mathematical way to define a magnetic field in classical electromagnetism. It is analogous to the electric potential which defines the electric field in electrostatics. Like the electric potential, it is not directly observable - only the field it describes may be measured. There are two ways to define this potential - as a scalar and as a vector potential. (Note, however, that the magnetic vector potential is used much more often than the magnetic scalar potential.)
The magnetic vector potential is often called simply the magnetic potential, vector potential, or electromagnetic vector potential. If the magnetic vector potential is time-dependent, it also defines a contribution to the electric field.
Contents
1 Magnetic vector potential
1.1 Gauge choices
2 Magnetic scalar potential
3 Electromagnetic four-potential
4 References
//
Magnetic vector potential
The magnetic vector potential is a three-dimensional vector field whose curl is the magnetic field, i.e.:

Since the magnetic field is divergence-free (i.e. , called Gauss's law for magnetism), this guarantees that always exists (by Helmholtz's theorem).
Unlike the magnetic field, the electric field is derived from both the scalar and vector potentials:

Starting with the above definitions:


Note that the divergence of a curl will always give zero. Conveniently, this solves the second and third of Maxwell's equations automatically, which is to say that a continuous magnetic vector potential field is guaranteed not to result in magnetic monopoles.
The vector potential is used extensively when studying the Lagrangian in classical mechanics (see Lagrangian#Special relativistic test particle with electromagnetism), and in quantum mechanics, such as the Schr?dinger equation for charged particles or the Dirac equation. For example, one phenomenon whose analysis involves is the Aharonov-Bohm effect.
In the SI system, the units of A are volt seconds per metre (V.s m-1).
Gauge choices
It should be noted that the above definition does not define the magnetic vector potential uniquely because, by definition, we can arbitrarily add curl-free components to the magnetic potential without changing the observed magnetic field. Thus, there is a degree of freedom available when choosing . This condition is known as gauge invariance.
Magnetic scalar potential
The magnetic scalar potential is another useful tool in describing the magnetic field around a current source. It is only defined in regions of space in the absence of currents.
The magnetic scalar potential is defined by the equation:

Applying Amp閼's law to the above definition we get:

Solenoidality of the magnetic induction leads to Laplace's equation for potential:

Since in any continuous field, the curl of a gradient is zero, this would suggest that magnetic scalar potential fields cannot support any sources. In fact, sources can be supported by applying discontinuities to the potential field (thus the same point can have two values for points along the discontinuity). These discontinuities are also known as "cuts". When solving magnetostatics problems using magnetic scalar potential, the source currents must be applied at the discontinuity.
Electromagnetic four-potential
Main article: Electromagnetic four-potential
In the context of special relativity, it is natural to join the magnetic vector potential together with the (scalar) electric potential into the electromagnetic potential, also called "four-potential".
One motivation for doing so is that the four-potential turns out to be a mathematical four-vector. Thus, using standard four-vector transformation rules, if the electric and magnetic potentials are known in one intertial reference frame, they can be simply calculated in any other inertial reference frame.
Another, related motivation is that the content of classical electromagnetism can be written in a concise and convenient form using the electromagnetic four potential, especially when the Lorenz gauge is used. In particular, in abstract index notation, the set of Maxwell's equations (in the Lorenz gauge) may be written (in Gaussian units) as follows:


where is the D'Alembertian and J is the four-current. The first equation is the Lorenz gauge condition while the second contains Maxwell's equations.
Yet another motivation for creating the electromagnetic four-potential is that it plays a very important role in quantum electrodynamics.
References
Ulaby, Fawwaz (2007). Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics, Fifth Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. pp.226228. ISBN 0-13-241326-4.
Jackson, John David (1998). Classical...(and so on)

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Tool and die maker

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Tool and die makers are highly skilled workers in the manufacturing industry. Tool and die makers make jigs, fixtures, dies, molds, machine tools, cutting tools (such as milling cutters and form tools), gauges, and other tools used in manufacturing processes.[1] Depending on which area of concentration a particular person works in, he or she may be called by variations on the name, including tool maker (toolmaker), die maker (diemaker), mold maker (moldmaker), tool fitter (toolfitter), etc.
Contents
1 Job description
2 Training
3 Job outlook
4 Jig maker
5 See also
6 References
//
Job description
Traditionally, working from engineering drawings, tool makers marked out the design on the raw material (usually metal or wood), then cut it to size and shape using manually controlled machine tools (such as lathes, milling machines, grinding machines, jig borers, and jig grinders) and hand tools (such as files). Many tool makers now use computer-aided design , computer-aided manufacturing and CNC machine tools to perform these tasks.
Training
Although the details of training programs vary, many tool and die makers begin an apprenticeship with an employer, possibly including a mix of classroom training and hands-on experience. Some prior qualifications in mathematics, science, engineering or design and technology can be valuable. Many tool and die makers attend a 4- to 5-year apprenticeship program to achieve the status of a journeyman tool and die maker. Today's employment relationships often differ in name and detail from the traditional arrangement of an apprenticeship, and the terms "apprentice" and "journeyman" are not always used, but the idea of a period of years of on-the-job training leading to mastery of the field still applies.
Job outlook
Employment of tool and die makers is expected to decline in some countries due to increased use of automation, including CNC machine tools and computer-aided design,computer-aided manufacturing. On the other hand, tool and die makers play a key role in building and maintaining advanced automated manufacturing equipment.
Jig maker
A jig maker is another term for a tool and die maker or fixture maker, usually in woodworking or in the metal industries. Actually a jig is what mounts onto a work piece, and a fixture has the work piece placed on it, into, or next to it. The terms are used interchangeably though throughout industry. A jig maker needs to know how to use an assortment of machines to build devices used in automation, robotics, welding, tapping, and mass production operations.
They are often advised by an engineer to do the pre- planned work of building the much needed devices. In a production shop they need to know about an extensive assortment of machines, tools, and materials, and are often the most experienced toolmakers or woodworkers. They are often the ones who create from the original plans, the jigs, the fixtures and devices designed by and with the occasional assistance of the production engineer.
The reason jig makers need to be experienced is so that they can make suggestions for efficient alterations and needed repairs. They sometimes assist and monitor the progress of the jig or the fixture's gauging, locating, and innovative ability. Those who graduate to the level of jig and fixture makers often go on to gain automation skills, and the use of air, and electronic clamping procedures, and automation principles and equipment. They often need to know not only how to use basic machines to cut and machine steel and wood. For the most advanced, they need to be familiar with switches and the use of air supply equipment, various instruments, switches, hydraulic clamps, gauges, and more.
Properly built jigs and fixtures reduces waste, and produce perfect fitting parts, cutting out too much expensive hand work, mistakes and waste. Most are portable, and can be built or even moved throughout a facility. Some jigs and fixtures are as big as a car for placing a whole fender or chassis into them for assembly. It is how every volume shop works. The need for jigs and good gauging is necessary in furniture making for controlling quality and repeatability. A jig maker focuses on building tools in order to avoid placing parts incorrectly.
See also
Moldmaker
Machinist
References
^ Tool and die makers by U.S Department of Labor, retrieved September 11, 2006

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Milling and machining
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Metalworkingtopics
Casting CNC Cutting tools Drilling and threading Fabrication Forging Grinding Jewellery Lathe Machining Machine tools and associated tooling Measuring Metalworking Hand tools...(and so on)

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Naphtha

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Naphtha normally refers to a number of different flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons, i.e. a distillation product from petroleum or coal tar boiling in a certain range and containing certain hydrocarbons, a broad term encompassing any volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture.
Naphtha is used primarily as feedstock for producing a high octane gasoline component (via the catalytic reforming process). It is also used in the petrochemical industry for producing olefins in steam crackers and in the chemical industry for solvent (cleaning) applications.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Health and safety considerations
3 Properties
3.1 Physical
4 Production in refineries
5 Different types
5.1 Paraffinic
5.2 Heavy
6 Other applications
7 Health hazards
8 Examples in daily life
9 References
10 See also
11 External links
12 Additional Sources
//
Etymology
The word naphtha came from Latin and Greek. It is an Ancient Greek word that was used to refer to any sort of petroleum or pitch. It appears in Arabic as "naft" ( stuff ) ("petroleum"). Arabs and Persians have used and distilled petroleum for tar and fuel from ancient times as attested in local Greek and Roman histories of the region.
Naphtha is the root of the word naphthalene. The second syllable of naphtha can also be recognised in phthalate. It also enters in the acronym of the word napalm. This latter being derived from a mixture of naphthenic acid with aluminium and magnesium salts of palmitic acid (a fatty acid, i.e. a type of soap). In Napalm, "Na" stands for naphthenic acid and "palm" for palmitic acid, meaning naphthenic-palmitate.
In older usage, naphtha simply meant crude oil, but this usage is now obscure.
Health and safety considerations
Forms of naphtha may be carcinogenic, and frequently products sold as naphtha contain some impurities, which may also have deleterious properties of their own. [1] [2] Like many hydrocarbon products, because they are products of a refractory process where a complex soup of chemicals is broken into another range of chemicals, which are then graded and isolated mainly by their specific gravity and volatility, there is a range of distinct chemicals included in each product. This makes rigorous comparisons and identification of specific carcinogens difficult, especially in our modern environment where exposure to a great number of such products occurs on a daily basis, and is further complicated by exposure to a significant range of other known and potential carcinogens (e.g., see [3]).
Below are linked some Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) specifications for different "naphtha" products, which contain varying degrees of naphtha, as well as various other chemicals. As well as giving health guidelines, these are some of the few ways to determine what a given product contains.
JT Baker VM&P Naphtha MSDS.
Diggers Shellite MSDS
Shell Ronsonol MSDS source1 source2formula developed for Ronson
Links to more MSDS for various camping-stove fuels including several that include naphtha
Benzene in particular is a known high-risk carcinogen, and so benzene content is typically specified in the MSDS. But more specific breakdown of particular forms of hydrocarbon is not as common.
Properties
Physical
Molecular weight range is 100-215 g/mol; specific gravity range is 0.75-0.85 g/cm3; boiling point range is 320-430鐧� (160-220鐧�); vapor pressure is < 5 mm Hg (< 5 torr). Naphthas are insoluble in water; colorless (kerosene odor) or red-brown (aromatic odor) liquid; incompatible with strong oxidizers.
Production in refineries
Naphtha is obtained in petroleum refineries as one of the intermediate products from the distillation of crude oil. It is a liquid intermediate between the light gases in the crude oil and the heavier liquid kerosene. Naphthas are volatile, flammable and have a specific gravity of about 0.7. The generic name naphtha describes a range of different refinery intermediate products used in different applications. To further complicate the matter, similar naphtha types are often referred to by different names.
The different naphthas are distinguished by:
Density (g/ml or specific gravity)
PONA, PIONA or PIANO analysis, which measures (usually in volume percent but can also be in weight percent):
Paraffin content (volume percent)
Isoparaffin content (only in a PIONA analysis)
Olefins content (volume percent)
Naphthenes content (volume percent)
Aromatics content (volume percent)
Different types
Paraffinic
Generally speaking, less dense ("lighter") naphthas will have a higher paraffin content. These are therefore also referred to as paraffinic naphtha. The main application for these naphthas is as a...(and so on)

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Fingerbobs

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Fingerbobs
Genre
Live-action/puppet TV series
Created by
Joanne ColeMichael Cole
Presented by
Rick Jones
Theme music composer
Michael Jessett
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
13
Production
Producer(s)
Q3 London
Running time
15 minutes
Broadcast
Original channel
BBC1
Picture format
4:3
Audio format
Monaural sound
Original run
14 February 1972 15 May 1972
Chronology
Related shows
Fingermouse
Fingerbobs was a British children's television programme made by the BBC in 1972. The first episode was broadcast on 14 February 1972 on BBC1 as part of Watch with Mother. The show was created by Joanne and Michael Cole, who also created Bod. Only thirteen episodes were ever made.
Presented by mime artist "Yoffy" (played by Canadian actor Rick Jones), each ten-minute episode told a story centred around a paper finger puppet animal, and usually involved collecting various items (such as pebbles or feathers) to make up another object at the end. The finger puppets, each of whom had their own song, included:
Fingermouse - a mouse, consisting of a grey paper cone head with paper ears and whiskers with a grey glove for the body ("Fingermouse, Fingermouse/I am a sort of wondermouse"). Fingermouse later got his own show, with a new puppeteer, called "The Music Man". The Music Man would tell stories involving Fingermouse, using musical instruments.
Gulliver - a seagull made from a white ping-pong ball (head) placed over a thumb and white gloves forming the body with outstretched fingers as the wings. ("I spread my wings.")
Scampi - several scampi were made using purple gloves with red heads on each finger
Flash - a tortoise, with a paper shell. ("Slowly, steadily, I move at my own pace/They call me Flash though I won't dash")
Fingermouse gained his own series in 1985. In this series, the focus was more on musical instruments. One series was made of thirteen programmes.
The memorable theme tune went "Yoffy lifts a finger, and a mouse is there/Puts his hands together, and a seagull takes the air/Yoffy lifts a finger, and a scampi darts about/Yoffy bends another, and a tortoise head peeps out/These hands were made for making, and making they must do."
At the end of the series Jones was so sick of making the show that he destroyed the finger puppets while the camera was still rolling.[citation needed]
Fingerbobs was referenced in the video of 'A Town Called Hypocrisy" by Lostprophets
External links
Fingerbobs
Fingerbobs at the Internet Movie Database
Categories: BBC children's television programmes | Television programs featuring puppetry | BBC television programme stubs
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since June 2008(and so on)

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Asparagine

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For other articles using the abbreviation or acronym asn, see ASN.
L-Asparagine

IUPAC name
(2S)-2-amino-3-carbamoyl-propanoic acid
Identifiers
CAS number
70-47-3
PubChem
236
SMILES
N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(O)=O
Properties
Molecular formula
C4H8N2O3
Molar mass
132.12 g mol?1
Supplementary data page
Structure andproperties
n, ?r, etc.
Thermodynamicdata
Phase behaviourSolid, liquid, gas
Spectral data
UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given formaterials in their standard state(at 25鐧�, 100kPa)Infobox references
Asparagine (abbreviated as Asn or N; Asx or B represent either asparagine or aspartic acid) is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids on Earth. It has carboxamide as the side chain's functional group. It is not an essential amino acid. Its codons are AAU and AAC.[1]
A reaction between asparagine and reducing sugars or reactive carbonyls produces acrylamide (acrylic amide) in food when heated to sufficient temperature. These products occur in baked goods such as french fries, potato chips, and roasted coffee.
Contents
1 History
2 Structural function in proteins
3 Sources
3.1 Dietary Sources
3.2 Biosynthesis
4 Degradation
5 Function
6 References
7 External links
//
History
Asparagine was first isolated in 1806 from asparagus juice, in which it is abundant -- hence its name -- becoming the first amino acid to be isolated. The characteristic smell observed in the urine of individuals after their consumption of asparagus is attributed to various metabolic byproducts of asparagine.
Structural function in proteins
Since the asparagine side chain can form hydrogen bond interactions with the peptide backbone, asparagine residues are often found near the beginning and the end of alpha-helices, and in turn motifs in beta sheets. Its role can be thought as "capping" the hydrogen bond interactions which would otherwise be satisfied by the polypeptide backbone. Glutamines, with an extra methylene group, have more conformational entropy and thus are less useful in this regard.
Asparagine also provides key sites for N-linked glycosylation, modification of the protein chain with the addition of carbohydrate chains.
Sources
Dietary Sources
Asparagine is not an essential amino acid, which means that it can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans and is not required in the diet. Asparagine is found in:
Animal sources: dairy, whey, beef, poultry, eggs, fish, lactalbumin, seafood
Plant sources: asparagus, potatoes, legumes, nuts, seeds, soy, whole grains
Biosynthesis
The precursor to asparagine is oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is converted to aspartate using a transaminase enzyme. The enzyme transfers the amino group from glutamate to oxaloacetate producing ?-ketoglutarate and aspartate. The enzyme asparagine synthetase produces asparagine, AMP, glutamate, and pyrophosphate from aspartate, glutamine, and ATP. In the asparagine synthetase reaction, ATP is used to activate aspartate, forming ?-aspartyl-AMP. Glutamine donates an ammonium group which reacts with ?-aspartyl-AMP to form asparagine and free AMP.

The biosynthesis of asparagine from oxaloacetate
Degradation
Aspartate is a glucogenic amino acid. L-asparaginase hydrolyzes the amide group to form aspartate and ammonium. A transaminase converts the aspartate to oxaloacetate which can then be metabolized in the citric acid cycle or gluconeogenesis.
Function
The nervous system requires asparagine. It also plays an important role in the synthesis of ammonia.
References
^ IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. "Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides". Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols & Terminology etc. http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/AminoAcid/. Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
External links
Asparagus Makes Your Pee Stink

v?d?eThe 20 Common Amino Acids ("dp" = data page)
Branched-chain amino acids
Isoleucine (dp) | Leucine (dp) | Valine (dp)
Non Branch-chain
Alanine (dp) | Arginine (dp) | Asparagine (dp) | Aspartic acid (dp) | Cysteine (dp) | Glutamic acid (dp) | Glutamine (dp) | Glycine (dp) | Histidine (dp) | Lysine (dp) | Methionine (dp) | Phenylalanine (dp) | Proline (dp) | Serine (dp) | Threonine (dp) | Tryptophan (dp) | Tyrosine (dp)
Other classifications
Essential amino acids | Ketogenic amino acid | Glucogenic amino acid
Major families of biochemicalsSaccharides/Carbohydrates/Glycosides Amino acids/Peptides/Proteins/Glycoproteins Lipids/Terpenes/Steroids/Carotenoids Alkaloids/Nucleobases/Nucleic acids Cofactors/...(and so on)

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Richard Peck

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Richard Peck
Born
April 10, 1934 (1934-04-10) (age74)Decatur, Illinois, U.S.[1]
Occupation
novelist
Nationality
English
Writing period
1972姊esent
Genres
horror, caper, mystery, occult, social commentary, historical
Subjects
writing for young adults
Influences
Paul Zindel[2]
Official website
Richard Peck (born April 5, 1934) is an American novelist known for his prolific contributions to modern young adult literature. He was awarded the Newbery Medal in 2001 for his novel A Year Down Yonder.
Contents
1 Biography
2 Works
2.1 Published works
2.1.1 Anthologies
2.1.2 Novels
2.1.3 Nonfiction
2.2 Works adapted into movies
3 Awards
4 References
5 External links
//
Biography
Richard Peck actually began his career as a high school teacher. He found it hard to deal with his students' high school behavior and problems and decided to cut his career short. But, his lessons as a teacher were not useless. Richard decided to take his observations and lessons from being a teacher and use it as material for books.He said, "Ironically, it was my students who taught me to be a writer, though I was hired to teach them."[3]
Peck studied at DePauw University, earning a bachelor's degree in English in 1956. While there, he belonged to the Delta Chi fraternity and spent his junior year abroad at the University of Exeter. After college, he was drafted into the US Army as a captains assistant and spent two years serving in Stuttgart, Germany. In a 2003 interview, he said about it: "I think your view of the world goes on姊杘r the rest of your life姊恠 the world you saw as you emerged into it as an adult."[2]
After his military service ended, he completed a master's degree at Southern Illinois University in 2003 and taught junior high and high school English. He left teaching in 1971 to write his first novel, Don't Look and It Won't Hurt.
Peck is a private person "who is fastidious about what he allows others to know about himself. He knows, respects, and honors personal boundaries in ways that are refreshing for someone who grew up in the sixties and seventies, when every little personal thing was fair game."[4] He currently lives in New York and splits his time between writing and traveling. Peck is an adjunct professor with Louisiana State University's School of Library and Information Sciences.[3]
Works
Peck writes exclusively on a typewriter, described here in 'Publishers Weekly:
When the author is not traveling, he works at an L-shaped desk, which affords a sunny window. He writes everything on an electric typewriter because "it has to be a book from the first day," he explains. He has no daily routine because of all the traveling he does, but follows a very disciplined writing process. He writes each page six times, then places it in a three-ring binder with a DePauw University cover ("a talisman," he calls this memento from his alma mater). When he feels that he has gotten a page just right, he takes out another 20 words. "After a year, I've come to the end. Then I'll take this first chapter, and without rereading it, I'll throw it away and write the chapter that goes at the beginning. Because the first chapter is the last chapter in disguise." He always hands in a completed manuscript, and his editor is his first reader. Richard Peck actually began his career as a high school teacher. He found it hard to deal with his students' high school behavior and problems and decided to cut his career short. But, his lessons as a teacher were not useless. Richard decided to take his observations and lessons from being a teacher and use it as material for books. He said, "Ironically, it was my students who taught me to be a writer, though I was hired to teach them." Although Richard finds a way to connect to readers around the world, he refuses to embrace new technology. He still types his material on a typewriter. He has also written two books that have a tech-savy setting. Richard comes across as an inspiring person. He believes each book should be a question, not an answer. He also believes that before anything else can happen a book needs to be entertaining. And entertaining they are. He is author to many award-winning novels. His collected papers written between 1972 and 1991 reside at The University of Southern Mississippi.[5]
Published works
Anthologies
1970: Sounds and Silencttytes: Poems For Now
1971: Mindscapes: Poems for the Real World
1973: Leap Into Reality: Essays For Now
1976: Pictures That Storm Inside My Head (poetry anthology, editor)
2004: Past Perfect, Present Tense (short story collection)
Novels
1972: Don't Look and It Won't Hurt
1973: Dreamland Lake
1973: Through a Brief Darkness
1974:...(and so on)

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Bench seat

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Fiat Multipla with bench seat.

1979 Chevrolet El Camino with bench seat.
The traditional seat installed in American automobiles was the bench seat. This seat featured a continuous pad running the full width of the cabin. The second row of most sedans is usually a bench, unless a console is installed in a luxury model such as the Chrysler Pacifica, as is the third row of most SUVs and minivans, which may be forward, or rear facing.
The front bench typically allowed three people to sit abreast, or six passengers to car, nearly the same passenger load as a three-row SUV or minivan, though with less comfort. The bucket seat arrangement leaves a space between the two front seats, usually occupied by a shifter and hand brake. Originally, bucket seats were associated with imported cars in the 1950s and 1960s. The Volkswagen Bus was originally available with three rows of bench seats seating up to nine passengers, but since then most minivans have been configured to seat seven or eight with front bucket seats.
Even in the United States, the bucket seat has largely replaced the bench seat; the bucket is viewed as "sportier", and smaller cars have made the middle position less viable. For high performance cars, bucket seats help keep the driver in place during high accelerations. Some larger cars are still available with bench seats, as are some trucks, which would only be able to seat two if bucket seats were fitted.
Part of the success of the Chrysler K-cars, the Dodge Aries and the Plymouth Reliant, was that by retaining front bench seating rather than adopting bucket seats usually fitted to compacts, they could still function as the six passenger cars they were designed to replace and compete against.
Because the shifter and parking brake cannot be mounted between the seats, the transmission selector or shifter is moved to the steering column, and the emergency brake is activated by a pedal in the driver's footwell.
Bench seats are still common today on pickup trucks. Until recently, they were still favored on large premium sedans, but even in this market they are becoming rare. The Toyota Avalon is among some of the newest models to drop availability of this feature, and models such as the Buick LeSabre replaced by new models such as the Buick Lucerne and Cadillac DTS in which it is offered as an option. They remain standard equipment on the Ford Crown Victoria, Mercury Grand Marquis, and Lincoln Town Car. They are optional equipment on the Chevrolet Impala.

v?d?eAutomotive design
Part of the Automobile series
Body
Framework
Automobile platform? Body-on-frame? Bumper? Cabrio coach? Chassis? Continental tire? Crumple zone? Dagmar bumpers? Decklid? Fender? Fender skirts? Grille? Hood? Hood scoop? Monocoque construction? Overhang? Pillar? Pontoon fenders? Quarter panel? Shaker scoop? Spoiler? Subframe? Tonneau
Compartments
Trunk/Boot? Hood/Bonnet
Doors
Butterfly doors? Gull-wing door? Scissor doors? Suicide door? Sliding doors? Canopy door
Glass
Greenhouse? Sunroof? Power window? Quarter glass? Windshield/Windscreen? Windshield/Windscreen wiper
Other
Curb feeler? Bumper sticker? Hood ornament? Japan Black paint? Monsoonshield? Nerf bar? Tire/Tyre? Tow hitch? Truck accessory
ExteriorEquipment
Lighting
Daytime running lamp? Headlamp? Hidden headlamps? High-intensity discharge lamp? Retroreflector? Sealed beam? Trafficators
Legal and other
Vehicle Identification Number? Vehicle registration plate? Vanity plate? Parktronic? Motor vehicle theft? Windshield/Windscreen washer fluid? Wing mirror
Interiorequipment
Instruments
Backup camera? Boost gauge? Buzzer? Carputer? Electronic instrument cluster? Fuel gauge? Global Positioning System and Automotive navigation system? Head-up display? Idiot light? Malfunction Indicator Lamp? Night vision? Odometer? Radar detector? LIDAR detector? Speedometer? Tachometer? Trip computer
Controls
Bowden cable? Cruise control (speed control)? Electronic throttle control? Gear stick? Hand brake? Manettino dial? Steering wheel? Throttle
Theft deterrence
Key? Car alarm? Immobiliser? Klaxon? Automatic vehicle location? VIN etching
Safety & seating
Airbag? Armrest? Automatic seat belt? Bench seat? Bucket seat? Child safety lock? Rumble seat? Seat belt
Other
Air conditioning? Ancillary power? Car audio? Car phone? Center console? Dashboard? Flat tire? Glove compartment? Motorola connector? Power steering? Rear-view mirror? Sun visor
Portal? Category
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Modern Irish Army uniform

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The modern Irish army uniform is based on the layer principle and is designed to provide the soldier with the right degree of protection for any operational environment.
Irish Army

Components
Irish Army
Army Reserve
Equipment
Modern Equipment
Personnel
Officer rank insignia
Enlisted rank insignia
Contents
1 Field dress
2 Service Dress (No. 1)
3 See also
4 References
//
Field dress
An Irish army uniform[1] consists of the following:
DPM (disruptive pattern material) camouflage uniform.
Boots barrack light operational.(worn in barracks and in warm weather at home and abroad)
Boots desert operational(overseas issue)
Boots operational. (Gore-Tex lined all leather waterproof boot,used in cold/wet conditions)
DPM trousers(tropical all cotton and polycotton heavyweight versions)
Green T-Shirt.(barrack wear only)
Summer, winter, and tropical issue socks.
Dry flo short and long sleeve tops.
Dry flo short and long leggings.

New Irish defence forces body armour
DPM shirt.(both temperate and new desert pattern)
DPM smock (combat jacket with hood in both temperate and desert pattern).
DPM rainsuit(breathable material)
Bose crewman's helmet APC crew.
Rabintex RBH 303IE new standard combat helmet (see: Image
Beret. (black for PDF, light green for RDF, Red for Military Police, & dark green for Ranger Wing, Glengarry headdress Cavalry Corps, and Reserve Officers).
Norwegian pattern combat shirt.
Fleece liner.
Wool jumper.(barrack dress only)
DPM Shemagh (overseas issue)
DPM waterproof cap (overseas issue for winter trips)
DPM bush hat
IPLCS Battlevest/Large backpack/patrol pack. IP-DPM web gear.Replaces 90 ptn plce.)
Combat body armour (Personal body armour with dpm and U.N blue covers)
Protective knee/elbow pads.
Hydration systems (normal 2.5 ltr version and 3 ltr c.b.r.n version replacing current water bottles)

New RBH303IE helmet
Service Dress (No. 1)
The No.1 Army Uniform is used by the Army for ceremonial duties. It resembles khaki service dress worn in many armies, but is in distinctive green shade. The uniform, introduced in 1961, consists of a jacket which is open to show a creamy brown shirt and green tie.[2] The layout of the uniform varies from corps to corps. For rank and file soldiers, the rank markings are carried on the sleeves of the issue tunic. The Unit and Brigade Flashes are carried on the right and left sleeves respectively. A lanyard depicting the corps function is carried over the left shoulder and pinned to the left chest pocket button. eg - white lanyard for artillery, red for military police etc. The corps badge is pinned to the tunic lapels. A cloth belt with brass buckles is worn around the waist of the tunic.
No gloves are worn by privates or NCOs below BQMS rank. In certain ceremonies however, the cloth belt is traded for a white dress belt, and white gloves are worn by those of other rank classification.
In general, other ranks retain their ordinary service beret with the No.1 uniform, although exceptions, including women in the PDF, do exist.
Regular soldiers wear the new all leather "Linkers" ceremonial boots., reserve units continue to wear the old issue leather boot 24b. The tunic button is brass with a harp and the inscription "IV" meaning Irish Volunteers.
Officers have their rank markings pinned to the shoulder straps of their tailored tunic. They also wear a Sam Browne Belt in brown leather. The Officers' No.1 Uniform also includes brown leather shoes and brown leather gloves. Officers in the Permanent Defence Force wear peaked caps, whereas reserve officers wear Glengarry hats with green ribbons. All officers wear bronze cap badges, marking them out from other ranks, who have anodised aluminium/brass cap badges.[3]
See also
Modern weapons of the Irish Army
Modern vehicles of the Irish Army
Irish Army
Irish Defence Forces cap badge
References
^ Official D.F site - Army Uniform
^ Donal MacCarron, The Irish Defence Forces since 1922, Wellingborough, 2004
^ Image of Reserve No.1 uniforms
Categories: Irish Army | Military uniforms | Modern military equipment of Ireland(and so on)

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A steam shower is a type of bathing where a humidifying steam generator produces water vapor that is dispersed around a person's body. These types of showers are becoming increasingly popular in many countries.[citation needed]. A steam shower is essentially a steam room that offers the typical features of a bathroom shower.
Steam showers are generally found in self-contained enclosures that prevent the water vapour from escaping into the main part of the bathroom, avoiding damage to drywall, paint, or wallpaper. Steam showers are available in a variety of materials, including but not limited to tile, acrylic, fiberglass, stone, and wood.
It is possible to convert an existing bathroom shower into a steam shower by adding a steam generator. The steam generator will produce steam and water (a byproduct), which must be connected to a drain below the shower, or designed to drain into the base of the shower.
Most steam shower rooms are sold as stand-alone shower units with between 6 and 32 jets located above the head, along the back or behind the lower legs. Modern steam showers may provide additional features such as foot massagers, ceiling rain showers, television, radios, telephones, audio input from an MP3 or CD player, chromatherapy or aromatherapy.
Steam showers are often available in gyms, but have also become a more common bathroom fixture in recent years, primarily due to falling costs.
The water vapour produced by these shower units is often referred to in common speech as "steam," but this is a misnomer. In physical chemistry and in engineering, steam is a completely invisible gas and would result in serious burns if applied in the shower.
A Steam Shower can use Solar Thermal technology and lessen the electric bill drastically by heating the water with the sun.
See also
Banya (sauna) -- A Russian steambath
Hammam -- A Turkish steambath
Steam room --Traditional
Sauna
Solar hot water
Categories: Bathing | Water in gas
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Hearing Dogs for Deaf People

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Hearing Dogs for Deaf People is a British charitable organisation founded in 1982. The Charity's patron is HRH The Princess Royal
Hearing Dogs for Deaf People (also known as Hearing Dogs for the Deaf or simply Hearing Dogs) is a United Kingdom-based charity formally established in 1982.
The Charity was created from an idea by veterinarian Bruce Fogle, who attended a symposium at Washington State University in 1979, at which the American Hearing Dog schemes were outlined. On his return to England Bruce contacted Lady Beatrice Wright of the Royal National Institute for the Deaf RNID. Lady Wright was aware of the American Hearing Dog schemes but felt there was no way that existing UK-based Deaf charities could finance starting such a project.
Contents
1 Pilot
2 History
3 The Dogs, Selection and Training
4 Assistance Dogs UK
5 Recipient Selection Criteria
6 Funds
7 Volunteers and Fundraising
8 Site Locations
9 See also
10 External links and References
//
Pilot
A pilot scheme was developed through funding from Pro-Dogs (an animal charity), Pedigree Petfoods, the Daily Mail, Pebble Mill at One (A UK Day-Time TV show) and Mutual of New York (an American insurance company involved in the funding of the American ear scheme). Tony Blunt was appointed the Charity's first administrator/trainer, and later became the Charity's Director-General until his retirement in 2004. Tony Blunt chose the first dog to be a Demonstration Dog, Favour, a one year old stray from the National Canine Defence League (now known as the Dogs Trust) Kennels.
History
The charity was launched in 1982 at the Crufts Dog Show under the auspices of the RNID. In 1983 work in training the first dogs started at the home of Gillian Lacey, the project's first placement counsellor. In that year the first Hearing Dog, Lady, was successfully placed.
The Dogs, Selection and Training
The dogs themselves vary from the largest, scruffiest mongrel to the smallest pedigree but they are all easily recognisable by their distinctive burgundy jacket and lead slips, which also helps to identify the recipient鎶� otherwise 鎱絥visible disability.
The majority of puppies and young dogs that are selected to start their training have come from rescue centres or are unwanted pets. Often puppies and young dogs are offered to Hearing Dogs from members of the public who are unable to keep their pet for various reasons or from breeders. As hearing dogs can be almost any breed, crossbreed or mongrel this means the net for suitable recruits can be cast as wide as possible.
When a puppy or young dog (Hearing Dogs will accept adult dogs up to the age of three) is taken on, he will spend the next few months living with a volunteer puppy socialiser during which time he will learn basic manners and obedience. The socialiser will take the dog everywhere, introducing him to all sorts of environments and experiences; getting him used to situations he may well encounter when he is a fully qualified hearing dog. Socialisers are usually based quite close to one of the Charity鎶� socialising training centres Buckinghamshire, North Yorkshire, Cambridgeshire, Hampshire and Devon.
This socialisation period is followed by the advanced soundwork training which lasts for 16 weeks. It is during this time that the dog will be carefully matched to a deaf person on the waiting list, then the dog is trained specifically to the needs and sounds of his future owner. During the soundwork training the dogs will be trained to respond to everyday household sounds that hearing people take for granted: alarm clock, doorbell, telephone, cooker timer, baby cry, the call and, of course, the danger sounds such as the smoke alarm, carbon monoxide alarm and burglar alarm. Additionally, all of the dogs are trained to alert their deaf owners to the fire siren in public places such as hotels, restaurants, shops etc. as they are, by law, allowed to accompany their recipient into public premises. Hearing dogs are trained to alert deaf recipients by touching with a paw and then leading the person back to the sound source. For sounds such as the smoke alarm and fire alarm, the dogs will lie down to indicate danger.
At the end of the training, after the recipient has spent a week at one of the training centres learning to bond with their new hearing dog, the partnership goes home together and begins a new life. However, the Charity鎶� involvement with both the dog and recipient does not end there. Each and every hearing dog partnership is visited regularly by a member of staff to ensure that the dog is working to the standard expected and the relationship is as good as it can be.
Assistance Dogs UK
In 1994 an umbrella organisation called Assistance Dogs UK was launched. Assistance Dogs UK agreed on a set standard of codes and ethics, which...(and so on)

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