Krag-Jørgensen

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Early development

The 1880s were an interesting period in the development of modern firearms. During this decade smokeless powder came into general use, and the calibre of various service rifles diminished. Several nations adopted small calibre repeating bolt action rifles during this decade.

Technical drawing of an early Krag-Jrgensen cd storage sleeve

Even though Norway had adopted the repeating Jarmann rifle in 1884, it was soon clear that it was at best an interim weapon. Ole Krag, captain in the Norwegian Army and director of Kongsberg Vpenfabrikk (the government weapons factory), therefore continued the development of small arms, as he had since at least 1866. Not satisfied with the tubular magazine of the Jarmann rifle and his earlier Krag-Petersson rifle (adopted by the Royal Norwegian Navy in 1876), he enlisted the help of master gunsmith Erik Jrgensen. Together they developed the capsule magazine. The principal feature of the capsule magazine was that instead of being a straight box protruding below the stock of the rifle, it wrapped around the bolt action. Early models contained ten rounds and were fitted to modified versions of the Jarmann  though they could be adapted to any bolt action rifle. cd storage drawer

In 1886, Denmark was on the verge of adopting a new rifle for its armed forces. One of the early prototypes of the new rifle was sent to Denmark. The feedback given by the Danes was vital in the further development of the weapon. The test performed in Denmark revealed the need to lighten the rifle, as well as the possible benefits of a completely new action. Krag and Jrgensen therefore decided to convert the magazine into what they referred to as a 'half-capsule', containing only five rounds of ammunition instead of the previous ten. They also, over the next several months, combined what they considered the best ideas from other gunsmiths with a number of their own ideas to design a distinct bolt action for their rifle. The long extractor, situated on top of the bolt, was inspired by the Jarmann mechanism, while the use of curved surfaces for cocking and ejecting the spent round was probably inspired by the designs from Mauser. For a time after the weapon was adopted by Denmark they experimented with dual frontal locking lugs, but decided against it on grounds of cost and weight. The ammunition of the day did not need dual frontal locking lugs, and the bolt already had three lugsne in front, one just in front of the bolt handle, and the bolt handle itselfhich were considered more than strong enough. cosmetic bag manufacturers

The rifle had a feature known as a magazine cut-off. This is a switch on the left rear of the receiver. When flipped up (on the Norwegian Krag-J rifles and carbines), the cut-off does not allow cartridges in the internal magazine to be fed into the chamber by the advancing bolt. This was intended to be used for firing single rounds when soldiers were comfortably firing at distant targets, so the magazine could be quickly turned on in case of an incoming charge or issue to charge the enemy. This instantly gives five rounds to the shooter for quick firing. The M1903 Springfield that replaced the Krags had a magazine cutoff, as did the SMLE (Lee Enfield) until 1915.

Danish Krag-Jrgensen rifles

After strenuous tests, Denmark adopted the Krag-Jrgensen rifle on July 3, 1889. The Danish rifle differed in several key areas from the weapons later adopted by the USA and Norway, particularly in its use of a forward (as opposed to downward) hinged magazine door, the use of rimmed ammunition, and the use of an outer steel liner for the barrel.

The Danish Krag-Jrgensen was chambered for the 8x58R cartridge (0.31 in / 7.87 mm), and was at least in the early years used as a single shooter with the magazine in reserve. It stayed in service right up to the German invasion of Denmark on April 9, 1940.

Subtypes of the Danish Krag-Jrgensen

While information on the various subtypes of the Krag-Jrgensen used in Denmark has proved difficult to find, at least the following subtypes were manufactured:

Rifle M/89 (Gevaer M/89), stocked almost to the muzzle, no hand guard, straight bolt handle and an outer steel liner for the barrel. This weapon is typical of the period in having a long barrel and stock without pistol grip. Was originally issued without a safety catch; instead, a half-cock notch on the cocking piece/firing pin assembly served this purpose. In 1910, this weapon was modified by the addition of a manual safety, which was placed on the left side of the receiver just behind the closed bolt handle.

Cavalry Carbine M/89 (Rytterkarabin M/89) and Engineer Carbine M/89 (Ingenirkarabin M/89), wooden hand guard, shorter than the other carbines. The two designs differed only in placement of the barrel bands and the Cavalry Carbine's lack of a bayonet lug. The Cavalry Carbine M/89-23 (Rytterkarabin M/89-23) design added a bayonet lug.

Artillery Carbine M/89-24 (Artillerkarabin M/89) and Infantry Carbine M/89-24 (Fodfolkskarabin M/89-24), differed only in placement of the sling-swivel, and looks like short versions of the Rifle M/89.

Sniper Rifle M/89-28 (Finskydningsgevaer M/89-28), an alteration of the Rifle M/89 with a heavier barrel and a wooden hand guard, micrometer rear sight and hooded front sight.

American Krag-Jrgensen rifles

See also: Springfield Model 1892-99

Like many other armed forces, the United States military was searching for a new rifle in the early 1890s. A competition was held in 1892, comparing rifle designs from Lee, Krag, Mannlicher, Mauser, Schmidt-Rubin, and about 40 other military and civilian designs. The trials were held at Governors Island, New York. Despite protests from domestic inventors and arms manufacturerswo designers, Russell and Livermore, even sued the US government over the choicen improved form of the Krag-Jrgensen won the contract. The United States formally adopted the rifle in 1892 to replace the single shot Springfield. Around 500,000 'Krags' were produced at the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts from 18941904. It was the U.S. military's main rifle from 1894 to 1903 (when it was replaced by the M1903 Springfield rifle with its more robust .30-06 cartridge, which was soon replaced by the .30-06 in 1906). The Krag-Jrgensen Rifle in Rimmed .30 Army round found use in the Boxer Rebellion, the Spanish-American War and the Philippine-American War. In this later war the rifle was referred to in a song popular with U.S. troops with a verse running:

Damn, damn, damn the Filipinos!

Cut throat khakiac ladrones!

Underneath the starry flag,

Civilize them with a Krag,

And return us to our beloved home.

The US 'Krags' were chambered for the rimmed "Cartridge, Caliber 30, U.S. Army," round, also known as the .30 U.S., .30 Army, or .30 Government, and, more popularly, by its civilian name, the .30-40 Krag. The .30 Army was the first smokeless powder round adopted by the U.S. military, but its civilian name retained the "caliber-charge" designation of earlier black powder cartridges. Thus the .30-40 Krag employs a .30 caliber (7.62 mm) bullet propelled by 40 grains (3 g) of smokeless powder. As with the .30-30 Winchester, it is the use of black powder nomenclature that leads to the incorrect assumption that the .30-40 Krag was once a black powder cartridge.

Subtypes of the Krag-Jrgensen used in the USA

There were at least nine different models of the American Krag-Jrgensen:

M1892 Rifle, with a 30 in (762 mm) barrel and a magazine cut off that operates in the up position. It can be identified by the cleaning rod under the barrel. Interestingly, because it took two years to retool for production, Model 1892 Krags have receivers dated "1894." Most of the M1892 rifles were arsenal reconditioned to the Model 1896 configuration.

M1892 Carbine, presumably a prototype, as just two are known today. Looks like the M1892 Rifle, but with a 22" barrel, including the long stock, and one-piece cleaning rod.

M1896 Rifle, where the magazine cut-off operates in down position and the cleaning rod is moved to butt trap. An improved rear sight and tighter production tolerances gave better accuracy. Stock altered slightly (made thicker).

M1896 Cadet Rifle, which was fitted with cleaning rod like M1892 rifle. Only about 400 were made before it was discontinued. The Cadet Rifle did not have sling swivels, and the lower band was retained by a band spring.

M1896 Carbine, with the same modifications as the M1896 Rifle.

M1898 Rifle, generally much like M1896, but with a wide range of minor changes.

M1898 Carbine, same minor modifications as the M1898 Rifle. Only 5000 made, originally had the same short stock (rear sight touches band) as the Model 1896 Carbine; most were restocked as Model 1899s.

M1899 Carbine, generally the same as the M1898 Carbine, but with a slightly longer forearm and hand guard, and without the swivel ring.

M1899 Constabulary carbine, built for use in the Philippines. Basically a M1899 Carbine fitted with a full length stock and a bayonet lug, and the muzzle stepped down to accept bayonet.

Norwegian Krag-Jrgensen rifles

Norwegian soldiers in 1905, armed with the Krag-Jrgensen

The Swedish-Norwegian Rifle Commission started its work in 1891. One of their first tasks was to find the best possible calibre for the new weapon. After extensive ballistic tests where different calibers were tested (8mm, 7,5mm, 7mm, 6,5mm etc), the optimal caliber was determined to be 6.5 mm (0.256 in). Following this decision, a joint Norwegian-Swedish commission was establised in December 1893. This commission worked through a series of meetings to decide on the different measurements for the cartridge case. A rimless cartridge case of 55mm length was approved, and each possible measurement (diameter at base, diameter at neck, angle of case, angle of shoulder etc) was decided upon. The corresponding dimensions of the cartridge chamber to be used in a future service rifle was also determined. The cartridge became what is later known as 6,5 x 55mm. The round of ammunition is also known as 6,5x55 Krag, 6.5x55 Scan, 6.5x55 Mauser, 6.5x55 Swedish and 6.5x55 Nor, but they all referred to the same round. Some assumed that there was a difference between Swedish and Norwegian ammo, but this was never intended. Due to different interpretations of the blueprint standard, i.e. the standards of manufacturing using maximum chamber in the Krag vs. minimum chamber in the Swedish Mauser, a small percentage of the ammunition produced in Norway required a certain push on the bolt handle to chamber in the Swedish gun. However, a rumour arose not long after the round was adopted that one could use Swedish ammunition in Norwegian rifles, but not Norwegian ammunition in Swedish rifles. Furthermore, the rumour stated that this was deliberate, to give Norway the tactical advantage of using captured ammunition in a war, while denying the same advantage to the Swedes. After the rumour first surfaced in 1900, it was examined by the Swedish military. They declared the difference to be insignificant, and that both the Swedish and Norwegian ammunition was within the specified parameters laid down. Despite this finding, the Swedish weapon-historian Josef Alm repeated the rumour in a book in the 1930s, leading many to believe that there was a significant difference between the ammunition manufactured in Norway and Sweden.

Once the question of ammunition was settled, the Norwegians started looking at a modern weapon to fire their newly designed round. The processing was modelled on the US selection process performed in the same timeframe, and considered, among other things, sharp shooting at different ranges, shooting with defective rounds, shooting for speed, rust proofing, and ease of assembly and disassembly. After the test, three rifles were shortlisted:

Mannlicher 1892

Mauser 1893

Krag-Jrgensen 1892

A collection of rifles from the Fram museum, a civilian Krag-Jrgensen M1894 with a carved stock on top.

About fifty Krag-Jrgensen rifles were produced in 1893 and issued to soldiers for field testing. The reports were good, and a few modifications were incorporated into the design. The Norwegian Storting (parliament) decided in 1894 to adopt the Krag-Jrgensen as the new rifle for the Norwegian Army, and it was formally adopted on April 21 that year. It is worth noting that Sweden instead adopted a modified Mauser carbine in 1894 and a Mauser rifle in 1896. A total of more than 215,000 Krag-Jrgensen rifles and carbines were built at the Kongsberg Arms Factory in Norway. It should also be noted that 33,500 M/1894 rifles were produced at Steyr (sterreichische Waffenfabrik Gesellschaft) in 1896-1897 under contracts for the Norwegian Army (29,000 rifles) and the Civilian Marksmanship Organisation (4,500 rifles). The various subtypes of Krag-Jrgensen replaced all rifles and carbines previously used by the Norwegian armed forces, notably the Jarmann M1884, the Krag-Petersson and the last of the remaining Remington M1867 and modified kammerladers rim fire rifles and carbines.

Norwegian-Style Krag Rifles in Boer service

A number of 1896 and 1897 Steyr-manufactured Krag rifles resembling the M1894 Norwegian and chambered in 6.5x55, but lacking some Norwegian inspection markings and having serial numbers outside the sequences of those produced for Norway, were in Boer hands during the second Boer War of 1899-1902ost have serial numbers below 900. Photographs of high ranking Boer officers holding M1894-like rifles exist. Cartridge casings in 6.5x55 have been found on the Magersfontein battlefield and may have been fired by such M1894-like rifles. Some sources state that about 100 1896-date and at least about 200 1897-date rifles reached the Boers. Some rifles meeting this description exist in South African museums with Boer-war documentation, and in England documented as captured bring-backs. A few rifles having Norwegian inspector stamps and serial numbers in the civilian marksmanship organization serial number range are also known to be in South African museums and may have been used by Boer forcest is suspected that these may have arrived in South Africa with a small Scandinavian volunteer force that fought for the Boers. A small number of Steyr 1897 M1894-like 6.5x55 rifles with 3-digit serial numbers outside the Norwegian contract ranges and in the same range as these Boer Krags, and lacking Norwegian inspection stamps like the low-numbered 1897 rifles in South African museums, are known to exist in the USA - it is not known if these have Boer connections or were initially delivered elsewhere.

Subtypes of the Krag-Jrgensen used in Norway

M1894

M1894 with telescopic sight.

M1897

M1895 (top) and M1906 (bottom)

M1906

Unmodified M1912

The Krag-Jrgensen was produced in Norway for a very long time, and in a number of different variations. The major military models are the following:

The M1894 Rifle, "Long Krag", was the most common Krag in Norway. A total of about 122,817 were produced for the Norwegian Army at Kongsberg until 1922 when production ended. An additional 29,000 were bought from Steyr weapons factory in Austria. In 1910, after some initial tests, 1,000 of the M1894s (serials 89602 to 90601) were fitted with telescopic sights on a specially constructed bracket. Issued five to each company, they were meant to be used against enemy officers and other high value targets. Since the model was considered to be less than satisfactory, further production was stopped. It should be noted that 3396 M/1894 rifles were produced in a special serial range for the Norwegian Navy. For the civilian market in Norway (competition shooters and hunters), about 33600 M/1894 rifles in a special serial range were made from 1895 to 1940. An additional 4500 M/1894 rifles were procured from Steyr in a special series for the civilian marksmanship organization in 1897 (serials 3001-7500). All in all, the M/1894 is by far the most common model of the Norwegian Krag models.

The M1895 Cavalry carbine and M1897 Mountain artillery & Engineer carbine differed only in how the sling swivel was fitted to the stock, and were issued in one series. A total of 9,309 were made between the years 1898 and 1906.

The M1904 Engineer carbine & M1907 Field artillery carbine differed from the earlier carbines mainly by being stocked to the muzzle. The difference between the two models was only in the attachment of the sling, and again they were issued as one series. A total of 2,750 M/1904 and 750 M/1907 were produced between 1906 and 1908.

The M1906 Guttekarabin (Boy's carbine) was a simplified M1895 carbine, with a shortened stock and no hand guard. They were issued to schools in Norway, and used to train boys aged 14 to 17 to shoot. Special "school ammunition" was developed to allow shooting in restricted areas. A total of 3,321 were made, of which some 315 were later modified to fire .22 Long Rifle ammunition. Shooting was on the syllabus for Norwegian teens until World War II.

The M1912 Carbine / M1912/16 Carbine / M1912/18 Carbine, "short rifle", was made after it became clear that the long barreled M1894 left something to be desired. The M1912 was adopted after experiments with shorter, thicker barrels and different projectiles. It differed from the earlier models by being stocked all the way to the muzzle; the bracket for the bayonet was moved from the barrel to under the stock. The M1912 carbine also featured an improved (strengthened) action which differed from the M/94 action on several points. It was soon clear that the nose band was too weak, which led to the /16 and /18 modifications of the basic design. A total of 30,118 were produced in the military serial number range between 1913 and 1926. It was also decided that any further production would be of this model. About 1592 M1912 were produced in a special serial number range for sale to civilians.

The M1923 Sniper rifle was the first attempt to produce a sniper rifle, but it was not solid enough for use in the field. A total of 630 were built between 1923 and 1926, about half of which were sold to civilian sharpshooters. Most were later converted to M1930 or hunting rifles.

The M1925 Sniper rifle was an improved version of the M1923 built for the civilian market. A total of 1,900 were made from 1925 to the German invasion on 1940-04-09. A further 250 were built for the Germans during the war, and the last 124 were put together in 1950.

The M1930 Sniper rifle was another improvement of the M1923 and M1925, featuring a heavier barrel, a different stock, sights, and a fine tuned trigger. It was a successful weapon, but no more than 466 were built between 1930 and 1939. In 1950 and 51, an additional 404 M/30 rifles were produced, then with laminated stocks, improved rear (diopter) sights and M/12 actions as the basis. The pre-war M/30 rifles used the M/94 action as the basis.

In addition, most models were produced for the civilian market as well. After WWII a limited number of Krag-Jrgensens were made in purely civilian models.

Bayonets for Norwegian Krag-Jrgensen

The Swedish-Norwegian Rifle Commission only briefly looked into bayonets, focusing on selecting the best possible rifle. However, their report mentions that they have experimented with knife shaped bayonets and spike bayonets, both in loose forms and in folding forms. Very few of the experimental bayonets are known today.

The bayonet that was finally approved, probably alongside the rifle itself, was a knife bayonet. Later on, longer bayonets were approved as well, and renewed experiments with spike bayonets took place during the development of the M/1912.

Bayonet M/1894 was a knife bayonet, with a blade length of 21.5 cm, a blade width of 1.9 cm and a total length of 33.5 cm. The scabbard was made of steel, hanging from a leather strap, and was 22.7 cm long. A total of 101750 was manufactured by Kongsberg Vpenfabrikk, Husqvarna and Steyr.

Bayonet M/1912 was constructed during the development of the 'short rifle' that became the M1912 Carbine. It was significantly longer than the M/1894, to maintain the 'reach' of the soldier. The total length of the bayonet was 48.5 cm, of which 38.5 cm was blade. The very long blade proved to be too weak for actual use (it had "double fullers" on each side of the blade), and the Bayonet M/1913 was adopted instead. Most likely less than 50 M/1912 bayonets were produced.

Bayonet M/1913 was stronger, but heavier (only one "fuller" on each side), than the M/1912 but was of identical size. However, it soon became clear that the short rifles were to weak in the stock to be used with the very long bayonets, which led to the development of the strengthened M1912/16 and M1912/18 carbines. Production of the M/1913 bayonet was ended in favour of the M/1916 after about 3000 M/1913 bayonets had been manufactured by Kongsberg Vpenfabrikk.The M/1913 bayonets were issued with a leather scabbard.

Bayonet M/1916 was meant to be used on both the short carbines and the long rifles. Of almost identical size to the previous M/1913, it was stronger and had a sharpened edge along both sides of the blade's point. The scabbards to the M/1916 were initially made of leather (for M/1912 carbine serials 12159-12178, 13179-16678 og 21479-21678), but were later changed to steel (for M/1912 carbine serials 2167930118 and M/1894 rifle serials 121000152000).

Bayonet M/1894/1943 was a variation of the Bayonet M/1894 manufactured during the war for delivery to Nazi Germany. Only 3300 were manufactured, all of them lower quality than the bayonets delivered before the German invasion.

A number of special bayonets and oddities were experimented with during the time the Krag-Jrgensen was a Norwegian service rifle, two of which deserve mentioning.

The Officers bayonet was an attempt to replace the traditional side arm for officers in dress uniform with a high quality, decorated M/1916. The prototype was made in 1928, with two different scabbards (one in black lacquered steel, the other in brown leather), polished blade and the coat of arms inlaid in the handle. The bayonet was never issued, and the prototype is lost.

The Bayonet 'lengthener' was a special scabbard for the M/1894 with a bayonet mount added. By mounting the bayonet to the scabard, and the scabbard to the rifle, a total length of 47 cm was achieved. It is speculated that the reason was to achieve the same reach as with the M/1916 without having to scrap the huge quantities of M/1894 in storage. The 'lengthener' was never issued.

Production for Nazi Germany during WWII

During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, the German forces demanded that Kongsberg Vpenfabrikk build weapons for the German armed forces. They placed large orders for the Krag-Jrgensen, the Colt M1914 (license-produced Colt M1911), and 40 mm anti-aircraft guns. However, production was kept down by sabotage and slow work by the employees. Out of the total of 13,450 rifles ordered by the Germans, only between 3,350 and 3,800 were actually delivered. Early deliveries was identical to the M1894, but with German proof marks and sub standard workmanship compared to M1894 produced earlier. During the war the model was altered to be externally more like the German Kar98K. This was achieved by shortening the barrel by 15 cm (6 inches) down to 61.3 cm (24 inches) and shortening the stock by 18 cm (7 inches), and adding a front sight hood similar to that of the Kar98K. These shortened Krag-Jgensen's were known in Norway as the Stomperud-Krag. A number of the Krag-Jrgensens manufactured for the Germans have been described as 'bastards', created from mismatched parts left over from previous production.

Experiments with using the German standard issue 7,92 x 57 mm ammunition also took place, a cartridge as powerful as the .30-06 and the modern 7.62 mm NATO.

While information on the Wehrmacht's use of the Krag-Jrgensen is hard to find, it must be assumed that it was issued primarily to second line units since the Wehrmacht attempted to only issue firearms in standard calibres to front line troops. It was also issued to the Hird  the armed part of Nasjonal Samling (NS) ("National Unity"), the national-socialist party of Vidkun Quisling's puppet government. It's further likely that the experiments with 7.92 mm ammunition means that the Germans considered a wider use of the Krag-Jrgensen.

Post-war production

A few Krag-Jrgensen rifles were put together after 1945, for sale to civilian hunters and sharpshooters, among them 1600 of the so called Stomperud Krag. While there were at no point any plans for re-equipping the Norwegian Army with the Krag-Jrgensen, attempts were made to adapt it to firing more modern, high-powered ammunition like the .30-06 and 7.62 mm NATO rounds. While this was found to be possible, it required a new barrel (or relined barrels) and modification to the bolt and receiver. The resulting cost of the conversion was about the same as that of a new gun of a more modern design. The last Krag-Jrgensen rifles in production were the M/1948 Elgrifle (moose rifle), of which 500 were made in 1948-49 and the M/1951 Elgrifle (moose rifle), of which 1000 were made in 1950-51.

The Krag as a civilian target rifle

Before the Sauer 200STR was approved as the new standard Scandinavian target rifle, rebarreled and re-stocked Krag-Jrgensen rifles were the standard Norwegian target rifle together with the Kongsberg-Mauser M59 and M67. The Krag was preferred for shooting on covered ranges and in fair weather, and dominated on the speed-shooting exercises due to its smooth action, however it was known to change its point of impact under wet conditions due to the single front locking lug. Thus, many shooters had both a Krag and a "Mauser" for varying conditions.

Special Krag-Jrgensen rifles / carbines and oddities

The Krag-Jrgensen was manufactured for almost 60 years in Norway. During this time several special models and prototypes were designed and manufactured. Some of these special weapons were meant as an aid in production or to meet a specific demand, but there were also various attempts to increase the firepower of the weapon.

Model rifles

The so-called "model rifles" were used both when the various sub types were approved and as a guide for manufacturing. Basically, the model rifle or model carbine was a specially manufactured weapon that showed how the approved weapon should be. They were numbered and stored separately. Several model rifles and carbines were manufactured, since small things like a change in surface treatment or other seemingly minor things. There were especially many model rifles made for the M1894, since several were sent to Steyr in Austria to work as controls and models.

Harpoon rifles

A small number of Krag-Jrgensen rifles were converted into harpoon guns, in the same fashion as the Jarmann M1884. It was realized that converting the Jarmann was more cost efficient than converting the Krag-Jrgensen, so further conversions was halted. It is not known how many were converted in this way.

Krag-Jrgensen rifle modified for belt feed

In the factory museum at Kongsberg Weapon Factory, there is preserved an interesting prototype of a M1894 modified for belt feed. Although no documentation has been uncovered, it's clear that the rifle has been modified at an early stage in the manufacturing process to use the same feed belts that were used on the Hotchkiss heavy machine gun in use in the Norwegian Army at the time.

The backward and forward movement of the bolt operates a mechanism that moves the belt through the receiver, presenting fresh rounds for the weapon. While this may have been advantageous while fighting from fixed fortifications, it cannot have been very practical for the user of the rifle to carry a long feed belt with him in the field. Even so, it is an interesting and early attempt to increase the firepower of the Krag-Jrgensen.

Lieutenant Tobiensen's 'Speed Loader'

Technical drawing of the 'Speed Loader'

In 1923 Lieutenant Tobiesen, working at Kongsberg Weapon Factory, designed what he called a 'Speed Loader for repeating rifles'. It can be seen as a new attempt to increase the firepower of the Krag-Jrgensen, just as the attempt to convert it to belt feed. Basically, the design consisted of a modified cover that let the user of the rifle attach a magazine from the Madsen light machine gun. The cover had a selector switch, allowing the user to select if he wanted to use the Krag-Jrgensen's internal magazine with its 5 rounds of ammunition, or if he wanted to use the external magazine with 25 rounds.

The design was considered promising enough that 8 prototypes were manufactured and tested. However, in testing it was revealed that the heavy magazine mounted on the side of the weapon not only made the rifle more cumbersome to carry and use, but also made it twist sideways. It was decided that the 'Speed Loader' was not a practical design for military use and no further manufacture took place.

In 1926, a group of seal hunters approached Kongsberg Weapon Factory and asked to purchase a number of Speed Loaders for use when hunting seals from small boats. They were turned down due to the high cost of manufacturing a limited number of the device.

Krag-Jrgensen rifles modified to self loaders

At the same time that the Hotchkiss heavy machine gun was introduced to the Norwegian Army, some people started considering modifying the Krag-Jrgensen to semi-automatic fire. Doing so would have multiplied the firepower of the infantry, allowing more weight of fire to be brought at a target. Most of the designs put forward were not very well thought out and few of the designers knew enough about firearms to be able to calculate the pressures and dimensions necessary. However, two designs were investigated further, and eventually one prototype was built.

Sunngaard's automatic rifle

In 1915 Sergeant Sunngaard proposed a design for making the Krag-Jrgensen into a selfloading rifle. The design was considered over a period of time before it was declared to be 'quite without value', primarily because the requisite pressure would not be attainable without major redesign of the rifle. For this reason, no prototype was made.

Self loading device SNABB 38

In 1938 a Swedish design surfaced that seemed interesting. The SNABB was a modification that could be made to virtually any bolt action rifle allowing it to be converted into a self loading weapon, thus saving money as compared to manufacturing new weapons from scratch. The device used gas pressure to operate the bolt handle with the help of a runner. The modification seems, in hindsight, to be unnecessarily complicated. A separate pistolgrip was needed, and the receiver needed major modifications.

A prototype was manufactured in the autumn of 1938 and tested for several months. While moderately successful, the modification would cost about three times as much as originally thought, and the project was dropped due to lack of money.

Ammunition

The various Krag-Jrgensens were manufactured for a wide variety of ammunition. Apart from various civilian calibres, the rifle was manufactured for the following service ammunition:

Danish 8x58R, a 7.87 mm (0.31 in) rimmed round. Early rounds had a 15.3 grams (236 grains) long round nosed bullet, and was loaded so that it produced a muzzle velocity of about 580 m/s (roughly 1900 ft/s), while later rounds had a 12.8 grams (198 grains) spitzer bullet and gave a muzzle velocity of 823 m/s (2740 ft/s).

US 30-40, a 7.62 mm (0.30 in) rimmed round loaded with 40 grains (3 grams) of smokeless powder. It gave a chamber pressure of 40000 lbf/in (276 MPa), which resulted in a muzzle velocity of 609.6 m/s (2000 ft/s) in the rifles, and 597.4 m/s (1960 ft/s) from the shorter barrel of the carbines.

6.5x55 a 6.5 mm (0.256 in) rimless round. Most variations are loaded for a chamber pressure of 350 MPa (roughly 51000 lbf/in). Early rounds, with a 10.1 grams (156 grains) long round nosed bullet (B-projectile) had a muzzle velocity of around 700 m/s (roughly 2300 ft/s), while later rounds with a 9 grams (139 grains) spitzer bullet (D-projectile) offered a muzzle velocity up to 870 m/s (2854 ft/s).

Contrary to some rumors, the Krag-Jrgensen action can be modified to fire modern, high power cartridges. During World War II, and also in the early '50s, several were produced in 7.92 x 57 mm, which can hardly be considered a low power cartridge. A number of Krag-Jrgensens have also been converted to .30-06 and 7.62 mm NATO for target shooting and hunting. However, it must be stressed that these were all late-production Norwegian Krag-Jrgensen rifles, made in an era when metallurgy was vastly more advanced than when the American Krag-Jrgensen rifles were made. The American Krag-Jrgensen also has only a single locking lug, whereas the Norwegian and Danish versions had two lugs.

Comparison of service rifles

What follows is a comparison between the Danish, American and Norwegian service weapons.

Nation

Model

Length

Barrel length

Weight

Denmark

Rifle 1889

1328 mm / 52.28 in

832 mm / 32.78 in

4.275 kg / 9.5 lb

Denmark

Carbine 1889

1100 mm / 43.3 in

610 mm / 24 in

3.96 kg / 8.8 lb

Denmark

Sniper Rifle 1928

1168 mm / 46 in

675 mm / 26.6 in

5.265 kg / 11.7 lb

USA

M1892 Rifle

1244.6 mm / 49 in

762 mm / 30 in

4.221 kg / 9.38 lb

USA

M1892 Carbine

1046.5 mm / 41.2 in

558.8 mm / 22 in

3.735 kg / 8.3 lb

USA

M1896 Rifle

1244.6 mm / 49 in

762 mm / 30 in

4.023 kg / 8.94 lb

USA

M1896 Cadet Rifle

1244.6 mm / 49 in

762 mm / 30 in

4.05 kg / 9.0 lb

USA

M1896 Carbine

1046.5 mm / 41.2 in

558.8 mm / 22 in

3.488 kg / 7.75 lb

USA

M1898 Rifle

1247.1 mm / 49.1 in

762 mm / 30 in

4.05 kg 9.0 lb

USA

M1898 Carbine

1046.5 mm / 41.2 in

558.8 mm / 22 in

3.51 kg / 7.8 lb

USA

M1899 Carbine

1046.5 mm / 41.2 in

558.8 mm / 22 in

3.542 kg / 7.87 lb

USA

M1899 Constable Carbine

1046.5 mm / 41.2 in

558.8 mm / 22 in

3.614 kh / 8.03 lb

Norway

M1894 Rifle

1267,5 mm / 49.9 in

760 mm / 29.9 in

4.221 kg / 9.38 lb

Norway

M1895 & M1897 Carbine

1016 mm / 40 in

520 mm / 20.5 in

3.375 kg / 7.5 lb

Norway

M1904 & M1907 Carbine

1016 mm / 40 in

520 mm / 20.5 in

3.78 kg / 8.4 lb

Norway

M1906 Boy's Carbine

986 mm / 38.8 in

520 mm / 20.5 in

3.375 kg / 7.5 lb

Norway

M1912 Short Rifle

1107 mm / 43.6 in

610 mm / 24 in

3.96 kg / 8.8 lb

Norway

M1923 Sniper Rifle

1117 mm / 44 in

610 mm / 24 in

4.05 kg / 9.0 lb

Norway

M1925 Sniper Rifle

1117 mm / 44 in

610 mm / 24 in

4.455 kg / 9.9 lb

Norway

M1930 Sniper Rifle

1220 mm / 48 in

750 mm / 29.5 in

5.157 kg / 11.46 lb

Comparison with contemporary rifles

At the time of adoption in Denmark, the United States and Norway, the Krag-Jrgensen was seen as the best available rifle. Here it is compared with rifles of later decades. In the U.S. trials, the Krag competed against the Mauser Model 92 (as well as many other designs), not the improved Model 98. The Japanese Type 38 was adopted starting 1905, nearly two decades after the first Krag design.

Rifle

Danish Krag-Jrgensen 1889

US Krag-Jrgensen M1892

Norwegian Krag-Jrgensen M1894

Japanese Type 38 Rifle

German Gewehr 98

British Lee-Enfield (data for late model)

Effective range

unknown

unknown

unknown

unknown

unknown

800 m

Magazine capacity

5

5

5

5

5

10

Calibre

8x58R (7.87 mm)

.30-40 (7.62 mm)

6.5x55 mm

6.5x50 mm

7.92x57 mm

.303 (7.7x56R mm)

Muzzle velocity

580 m/s (early rounds) / 823 m/s (late rounds)

609.6 m/s

700 m/s (early rounds) / 870 m/s (late rounds)

765 m/s

745 m/s

774 m/s

Barrel length

83.2 cm

76.2 cm

76 cm

79.7 cm

74 cm

64 cm

Total length

132.8 cm

124.5 cm

126.8 cm

128 cm

125 cm

112.8 cm

Loaded weight

4.28 kg

4.22 kg

4.22 kg

3.95 kg

4.09 kg

4.17 kg

See also

Antique guns

List of firearms

List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces

Other Norwegian rifles:

Kammerlader  the first breech loading rifle in service in Norway.

Remington M1867  the first rifle for metallic cartridges adopted by the Norwegian Army

Krag-Petersson  the first rifle designed by Ole H J Krag that was adopted by an armed force.

Jarmann M1884  the rifle the Norwegian Krag-Jrgensen replaced.

Kongsberg Skarpskyttergevr M59  The Norwegian sniper rifle

Kongsberg Skarpskyttergevr M67  The 1967 redesign of the M59

Vpensmia NM149  the rifle that replaced the M59F1 as a Norwegian sniper rifle

Contemporary rifles

M1903 Springfield rifle  the rifle that replaced the Krag-Jrgensen in US service.

M1895 Navy Lee  another rifle in US service at the time.

Various Mauser models competed with the Krag-Jrgensen.

Lee-Enfield  the British service rifle from 1895.

Mosin-Nagant  the Russian service rifle from 1891.

Notes

^ a b c d e f Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867

^ a b Website detailing Danish Krag-Jrgensen variants, retrieved January 26 2005

^ THE IGHTYNINER, OR THE DANISH 1889 GEVRET, retrieved November 15, 2009

^ Dunn, Arthur Wallace (1922), From Harrison to Harding, G.P. Putnam's Sons, http://books.google.com/books?id=BbvMrBIl-u4C&printsec=titlepage#PPA233,M1, retrieved 29 May 2009 

^ a b Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 7 (military M1894)

^ a b Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 8 (civilian M1894)

^ a b Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 9 (naval M1894)

^ a b Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 13 (M1894 w/ telescopic sights)

^ a b c Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 11

^ a b Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 12

^ a b Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 14

^ a b Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 15

^ a b Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 16

^ a b Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 17

^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 22

^ a b c Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 18

^ Stomperud is the name of a popular Norwegian comic character from the era; a well meaning and naive enlisted soldier. Norwegian Wikipedia article on Stomperud.

^ a b c Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 19

^ Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 20

^ Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867, chapter 21

References

Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militrgevrer etter 1867. Hanevik Vpen. ISBN 82-993143-1-3

Cruffler.com (2001) The Norwegian M1894 Krag-Jorgensen Rifle Retrieved Jan. 26 2005.

Andersen, Bjrn (1998) Krag-Jorgensen Rifles and the Danish & Norwegian Military Retrieved Jan. 26 2005.

B. M. Berkovitch The South African Military History Society, Military History Journal - Vol 3 No 6, THE KRAG-JORGENSEN RIFLE OF THE ANGLO-BOER WAR (with an incomplete list of Boer Krag serial numbers)

External links

Listen to this article (info/dl)

This audio file was created from a revision dated 2007-08-22, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)

More spoken articles

An exploded view of the Krag-Jrgensen mechanism

An in depth article on the M1894 "Long Krag"

v  d  e

Norwegian service rifles

Kammerlader  Remington M1867  Krag-Petersson  Jarmann M1884  Krag-Jrgensen  Lee-Enfield No. 41  Pattern 14 Rifle1  Karabiner 98k1, 2  Selvladegevr M1 (Garand)  M1917 Enfield rifle3  Kongsberg M59F1  AG-3  Vpensmia NM149  Heckler & Koch HK416

1 Used during World War II.  2 Spoils of war.  3 Replaced the Lee-Enfield No. 4.

Categories: Bolt-action rifles | Norwegian rifles | Rifles of the United States | World War II infantry weapons | World War II military equipment of Norway | Weapons of Norway | Early riflesHidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from July 2009 | All articles lacking in-text citations | Articles containing Norwegian language text | Spoken articles

Glossary of darts

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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) acrylic lens

This is a general Glossary of Darts, the popular pub sport. lenticular lens

Contents: Top  09 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z nikon eyeglass lenses

A

ANNIE'S ROOM (or ANNIE'S HOUSE)

The number 1.

ARROWS

Another term for darts.

ARCHER

Refers to a player who throws very quick smooth darts, like an archer's arrow (also known as a 'Derek'). Contrast "FLOATER".

Average

Average score achieved every three darts thrown.

B

BABY TON

A score of 95, usually by scoring five 19s.

BAG O' NUTS (OR CARBONEAR)

A score of 45.

BARREL

The part of a dart you grip, right behind the point.

BASEMENT

The double-3.

BOUNCE OUT

When a dart hits a wire on the board flush-on and bounces back off the board. Potentially dangerous to spectators who are too close.

BREAKFAST (or BED 'N' BREAKFAST)

A score of 26, made up of a single-5, single-20, single-1 in a game of x01. This is a common score in darts because players aiming for the 20 sector (which contains the highest scoring area on the board) will often accidentally hit the 1 and the 5 sectors, which are located on either side of the 20. The term comes from the typical price of a bed-and-breakfast in times gone by: 2 shillings and sixpence, or "two and six". (See also "CHIPS")

BUCKET/BAG OF NAILS

Landing all three darts in the 1s. This is also known as "The Eric Bristow", who once scored three 1s in televised tournament.

BUCKSHOT

A throw when darts land wildly all over the board.

BULL-OFF

See DIDDLE FOR THE MIDDLE.

BULLSEYE (or BULL)

The centre of the board. (see also: "SINGLE-BULL" and "DOUBLE-BULL")

BUNTING (as in "To Bunt)

The art of throwing on your knees.

BUST

Hitting more than you needed in an x01 game. The darts do not count and the player begins his next turn on his prior score.

C

C

In a Cricket game this refers to high scores base on the number of darts scored. For example a triple-20, single-20, single-20 would be called a C-5 because "5 darts" were scored with three darts.

CARPENTRY DARTS

Darts thrown such that they miss the board entirely and hit a wooden frame which is holding the board to the wall. (See also: "MASONRY DARTS")

CHAMPAGNE BREAKFAST

Hitting treble 20, treble 1 and treble 5 in three darts (see "BREAKFAST")

CHIPS (OR FISH AND CHIPS)

A score of 26. (See also: "BREAKFAST")

CHUCKER

A player who just "chucks" the darts at the board, doesn't aim or care.

CIRCLE IT

When a player scores a single digit (less than 10) with three darts, his team-mates would shout out "Circle it!" to the scorekeeper to highlight the terrible throw. A variation on this tradition is to draw a fish around the score, often leading to aquarium-related jokes being aimed at particularly poor or unlucky players. (See also: "FISH")

CLOCK

The dartboard itself, usually in the context of "ROUND THE CLOCK".

CORK

The center of the board. This comes from the cork in the end of a keg where it is tapped. The ends of kegs were used for targets in the game's early days.

COVER

A term frequently used by Sid Wadell, meaning aiming for treble 19.

D

DADDY'S BED/DADDY'S/DADDY

see "RIGHT CHURCH, WRONG PEW"

DAIRYLEA DARTS

A throw that is 'spread' around the board, named after the cheese spread Dairylea.

DEVIL

The treble-6, so called due to '666', and the fact that it is often hit in error when going for treble-13 or treble-10.

DEMING

When the dart lands on the other side of the wire of the area aimed for. Then yelling an explitive.

DESTINY BULL

When it is inevitible that bull will be hit. For the whole day after whoever achieves this must be referred to as 'bull'.

DIDDLE FOR THE MIDDLE

A throw to see who gets one dart closer to the bullseye to determine who throws first in the game. Also known as a "BULL OFF", "MIDDLE FOR MIDDLE" and "OUT FOR BULL".

DOUBLE

The thin outer ring of the board. In standard x01 games, a double counts for two times the number hit.

DOUBLE-BULL

On dartboards configured with a bullseye consisting of two concentric circles, the outer circle is commonly green and worth 25 and the inner circle is commonly red and worth 50 points. Hitting the innermost ring of this type of bullseye is a "DOUBLE-BULL". (See also: "BULLSEYE")

DOUBLE IN

A variant of x01 in which a double is needed to start the game.

DOUBLE TOP

The double-20.

DOUBLE TROUBLE

Not being able to hit the double needed to win the game.

DOWNSTAIRS

The lower portion of the board, usually in reference to the 19s in a game of x01.

E

EASY IN

See STRAIGHT IN.

EDDIE SHUFFLE (The)

The art of adjusting ones stance or position along the oche in an attempt to circumnavigate a troublesome 'blocking' dart. Also referred to as The Milk Float.

F

FEATHERS

The number 33.

FISH

A score of nine or less, usually denoted by drawing a whale around the score on the scoreboard. (See also "CIRCLE IT" and "WHALE").

FISH & CHIPS OR FEED

Hitting 20,1, and 5 for 26

FOGLE

A series of castaway darts thrown with no other purpose than to irritate opponents.

FLIGHTS

The "wings" at the end of a dart that make it fly straight. Also known as feathers.

G

GAME ON

Advises all players that the match has now started

GAME SHOT

Signifies that the match winning double has been hit

GRANNY

A loss without scoring, see SHUT OUT

GREENPEACE DART

The third dart thrown, when it manages to avoid scoring a FISH or a WHALE which was looking likely after the first two darts had been thrown. So called because the player is said to have "saved the FISH" or "saved the WHALE".

H

HAT TRICK

A score of three bullseyes. Also known as the Alan Evans shot, who scored three bulleyes during a match on numerous occasions.

HE DOESN'T WANT IT

A cry from the crowd in recognition of the fact that one of the players is struggling to successfully complete a leg.

HIGH TON

A score greater than 150.

HOT TODD-E

Refers to a player who throws well despite intoxication.

I

ISLAND

The actual playable area of a dart board (inside the doubles ring). Missing this area entirely is sometimes referred to as "Off the island".

ICHIGO-BYO

In Japanese it means "Strawberry Disease" but taken apart it, the word strawberry: "ICHIGO" can mean 1 (ichi) and 5(go). Japanese players use this term for when they aim at 20 but hit a 5 and a 1 along with the intended 20. It is equivalent to the English term "Breakfast".

J

K

KILLER

A game variant where a number of players "own" a number on the dartboard and compete to build up "lives" (by hitting that number) until a threshold is reached (usually 4 or 6) before attempting to "kill" other players by removing the lives they have built up (by hitting those other players' numbers) until a single player is left.

L

LEG

One game of a match. Most professional matches are made up of a number of sets, each of which is split into legs.

LEG SHOT

Signifies that a player has completed (Won) the "leg".

LIPSTICK

Treble 20, as this portion of the board is usually red in color and resembles an upper lip.

M

MAD HOUSE

The double-1. At least two explanations for the term have been proffered; because it can drive you crazy trying to hit one in a game of x01, or because it impossible to "get out" of the mad house - once a player has a score of 2 the only way to finish the game is by hitting a double-1.

MARKER

A dart that has landed off target but very close, the dart is used as guide.

MASONRY DARTS

Darts thrown such that they miss the board entirely and hit the wall instead (i.e. even worse than "CARPENTRY DARTS").

MAXIMUM

A score of 180

MAXIMUM CHECK-OUT

A score of 170 to end a game. treble-20, treble-20, inner bull

MCQUIGGINS GOLD

An unorthodox finish to a game such as finishing 101 with (3,T20,D19), a cheeky (3,8,D20), perhaps even a 113 outshot with (17,T20,D18) or other less popular routes. Also referred to as Maverick play. This kind of play was popularised by Belgian Eric Clarys, who used bizarre ways of checking out on televised events.

MIDDLE FOR MIDDLE

See "DIDDLE FOR THE MIDDLE".

MONGER

A person who deliberately scores many more points than needed to win the game.

MUGS AWAY

Loser of the previous game goes first in the next game.

MURPHY

A score of single-5, single-20, single-1 in a game of x01. Based on Murphy's Law.

N

NAIL

Another word for 1. See "Bucket of Nails" and "Ton of Nails".

NINE DARTER

When a player completes a game of 501 in the minimum required nine-darts. This is a very rare event. There is usually a cash prize for professionals throwing a televised nine-darter.

Main article: nine dart finish

NISH

When you finish with two singles of the same value.

NO SENSE OF HUMOUR

A traditional cry from opponents or spectators when a player deliberately switches to aiming at a different part of the board in order to avoid an embarrassing score such as a "FISH" or a "WANKER'S FIFTY".

NOT OLD

A score of 37 (usually by hitting a 20, a 5 and a 12). The phrase is believed to have its origins in a Monty Python sketch.

O

OCHE

The line you stand behind and throw the darts from.

OUT FOR BULL

See "DIDDLE FOR THE MIDDLE".

P

PERFECT GAME

See NINE DARTER

PERFECT SCORE

When a player scores a maximum 180 points in one throw of three darts.

PERFECT FINISH

When a player finishes a game with a maximum score of 170. This must be done by scoring treble 20, treble 20, double bull, with only three darts. This is considerably more difficult than hitting a perfect score as the player must break focus to change targets and it can only be done if the player has an exact score of 170 remaining.

POPCORN

When the darts land so close to each other, they knock their flights out.

Q

R

REDEEMER

A dart, (often a T20) that "redeems" two previous poor efforts.

RIGHT CHURCH, WRONG PEW or RIGHT HOUSE, WRONG BED

Term for hitting a double or triple, but the wrong number. Also known as "DADDY'S BED"

ROBIN HOOD

When you shoot a dart into the shaft of another.

ROUND OF NINE

Throwing three triples in one turn in Cricket.

ROUND THE CLOCK

Any of a number of game variants where players compete to be the first to hit all the sectors on the board in an agreed order (usually numerical), finishing with the outer bull followed by the bull. In some versions hitting a double entitles the player to skip the next number, with a treble entitling the player to skip two numbers. Also commonly played by single players as a form of practice.

S

SCROAT

A dart that is aimed for treble 20, but ends up in double 20.

SET

A scoring method used in many tournaments.

Main article: set (darts)

SHAFT

The part of a dart behind the barrel when the flights are mounted.

SHANGHAI

A score of a single, double and triple in the same number. "Shanghai" sometimes refers to a checkout of 120 (single, treble and double 20, also as "Shanghai 20"). In some games this is an automatic win. This is also the name of a game.

SHARKEY

A non-registered player who has to assume a false identity in order to fill in for an absent player in a league game, e.g. "due to poor turnout, The Arms had to use a Sharkey".

SHOTGUN BLAST

All three darts thrown at one time.

SHUT OUT

When you lose a game without ever scoring in it.

SINGLE BULL

On dartboards configured with a bullseye consisting of two concentric circles, the outer circle is commonly green and worth 25 and the inner circle is commonly red and worth 50 points. Hitting the outermost ring of this type of bullseye is a "SINGLE-BULL". (See also: "BULLSEYE")

SKUNKED

When you lose a game without ever scoring in it.

SLOP

Darts that score, but not where you wanted them.

SPIDER

The metal web that divides the dartboard into sections.

SPLASH 

throwing two or more darts at the board at the same time, then counted.. the highest number and lowest numbers are on a team

SPRAY 'N' PRAY

Darts thrown by an irate and less talented player, rather quickly

STICKS

The darts themselves.

STRAIGHT IN

A game that requires no special shot to begin scoring (also "straight off").

STRAIGHT OUT

A game that requires no special shot to finish a game. i.e. Players on 15 can hit the S15 to win instead of going S7, D4.

STRIKING IRAQ

Hitting a double bull when 'diddling for the middle'- comes from the Gulf War, when Iraq was being bombed, as Iraq has lots of oil. (See Striking Oil).

STRIKING OIL

Hitting a double bull when 'diddling for the middle' - comes from the black centre of some modern dart boards.

T

THREE IN A BED

Three darts in the same triple of a number. i.e. three triple 20's 180!

THROW LINE

The line you stand behind and throw the darts from.

TOE LINE

The line you stand behind and throw the darts from.

TON

A score of 100 in a game of x01. Scores over 100 would be called a "ton-whatever" for example, a ton-thirty would be a score of 130.

TON OF NAILS

A score of 5 where all three darts fell in the 1 bed with 1 dart in the treble 1.

TOP BANANA

Double 20. Usually exclaimed after hitting this bed to win a match.

TOPS

The double 20 bed. As in "he wants tops for the match".

TRIPLE/TREBLE

The thin inner ring of the board, it usually counts for three times the number hit.

TURKEY

30 points

U

UPSTAIRS

The upper half of the board

V

W

WANKER'S FIFTY (or BURGESS' FIFTY, named after former PDC player, Shane Burgess, or Andrew Burgess, Shrewsbury's finest Under-8 player)

Crude term for scoring 50 by hitting single 20, single 18 and single 12 with three darts, so called because often poor players achieve it when aiming for the triple 20.

WET FEET (or PADDLING)

Standing too close to the board (that is, in front of the toe line).

WHALE

A score of three or less (i.e. averaging one or less per dart). Usually denoted by drawing a whale around the score on the scoreboard.

WHITE HORSE

Scoring three triples in Cricket. ( without scoring )

WIRE

Darts that just miss where you aimed but on the other side of the spider.

X

X

A double-one out.

Y

Z

Categories: Darts | GlossariesHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources | Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from January 2010 | All articles needing copy edit

Isle of Dogs

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Etymology

The name Isle of Dogs is first recorded in 1588 (see below), but had been in use for some years before this. Brewer's 1898 Dictionary of Phrase and Fable attributes the name: "So called from being the receptacle of the greyhounds of Edward III. Some say it is a corruption of the Isle of Ducks, and that it is so called in ancient records from the number of wild fowl inhabiting the marshes." Other sources discount this, believing these stories to all derive from the antiquarian John Strype, and believe it might come from:

the presence of Dutch engineers reclaiming the land from a disastrous flood; hepa cartridge filter

feral dog packs inhabiting the uncultivated marshland;[citation needed] rechargeable cordless sweeper

the presence of gibbets on the foreshore facing Greenwich; cordless carpet sweeper

the fact that dead dogs were often washed up on the banks of the Thames at this location

a yeoman farmer called Brache, this being an old word for a type of hunting dog;

A later king, Henry VIII also kept deer in Greenwich Park. Again it is thought that his hunting dogs might have been kept in derelict farm buildings on the Island.

The reality is that the origin of the name remains an enigma.

Districts

The whole area was once simply known as Stepney Marsh, the name Isle of Dogges first occurs in the Thamesis Descriptio of 1588, applied to a small island in the south-western part of the peninsula. The name is next applied to the Isle of Dogs Farm (originally known as Pomfret Manor), shown on a map of 1683. At the same time, the area was variously known as Isle of Dogs, or the Blackwell levels. By 1855, it was incorporated within the parish of Poplar, under the aegis of the Poplar Board of Works. This was incorporated into the Metropolitan Borough of Poplar on its formation in 1900.

The Isle of Dogs is in the centre of this 2005 aerial view of east London looking northeast from the skies over south London. The Millennium Dome can be seen on the Greenwich Peninsula to the right (east) of the Isle of Dogs.

After the building of the Docks (especially the West India Docks and the adjacent City Canal), and with an increasing population, locals increasingly referred to the area as The Island. Between 1986 and 1992, it enjoyed a brief formal existence, as the name Isle of Dogs was applied to one of seven neighbourhoods, to whom power was devolved from the council. This resulted in replacement of much of the street signage in the area, that remains in place. The neighbourhood was abolished on a further change of power. This area includes Millwall, Cubitt Town, and Blackwall. The south of the isle, opposite Greenwich, was once known as North Greenwich, now applied to the area around the Millennium Dome on the Greenwich Peninsula.

It was the site of the highest concentration of council housing in England, but is now best known as the location of the prestigious Canary Wharf office complex. One Canada Square, also known as the Canary Wharf Tower, is the tallest habitable building in Britain, at 244 metres (800 ft) high. The peninsula is an area of social extremes, comprising some of the most prosperous and most deprived areas of the country; nearby Blackwall is the 81st poorest ward in England, out of over 8,000, while the presence of Canary Wharf gives the area one of the highest average incomes in the UK.

History

Origins

The Isle of Dogs is situated some distance downriver from the City of London. The area was originally a sparsely populated marshland before its drainage and planting in the 13th century. A catastrophic breach in the riverside embankment occurred in 1488, resulting in the area returning to its original marshy condition. This was not reversed until Dutch engineers successfully re-drained it in the 17th century.

One road led across the Marshes to an ancient ferry, at Ferry Road. There was rich grazing on the marsh, and cattle were killed for market in fields known as the Killing Fields, south of Poplar High Street.

The western side of the island was known as Marsh Wall, the district became known as Millwall with the building of the docks, and from the number of windmills constructed along the top of the flood defence.

Docks

1899 The Isle of Dogs, at the height of its commercial success

The urbanisation of the Isle of Dogs took place in the 19th century following the construction of the West India Docks, which opened in 1802. This heralded the area's most successful period, when it became an important centre for trade. The East India Docks were subsequently opened in 1806, followed by Millwall Dock in 1868. By the 1880s, the casual system caused Dock workers to unionise under Ben Tillett and John Burns. This led to a demand for 6d per hour (2.5p), and an end to casual labour in the docks. After a bitter struggle, the London Dock Strike of 1889 was settled with victory for the strikers, and established a national movement for the unionisation of casual workers.

The three dock systems were unified in 1909 when the Port of London Authority took control of the docks. With the docks stretching across from East to West with locks at each end, the Isle of Dogs could now once again almost be described as a genuine island.

Dock workers settled on the "island" as the docks grew in importance, and by 1901, 21,000 people lived there, largely dependent on the river trade on the Isle as well as in Greenwich and Deptford across the river to the south and west. The Isle of Dogs was connected to the rest of London by the London and Blackwall Railway, opened in 1840 and progressively extended thereafter. In 1902, the ferry to Greenwich was replaced by the construction of the Greenwich foot tunnel, and Island Gardens park was laid out in 1895 providing views across the river.

During World War II, the docks were a key target for the German Luftwaffe and were heavily bombed. A significant number of local civilians were killed in the bombing and extensive destruction was caused on the ground, with many warehouses being totally destroyed and much of the dock system being put out of action for an extended period. Unexploded bombs from this period continue to be discovered today. Anti-aircraft Batteries were based on Mudchute farm; their concrete bases remain today.

After the war, the docks underwent a brief resurgence and were even upgraded in 1967. However, with the advent of containerisation, which the docks could not handle, they became obsolete soon afterwards. The docks closed progressively during the 1970s, with the last the West India and Millwall docks closing down in 1980. This left the area in a severely dilapidated state, with large areas being derelict and abandoned.

Industry

The Docks brought with them many associated industries, such as flour and sugar processing, and also ship building. On January 31, 1858, the largest ship of that time, the SS Great Eastern designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was launched from the yard of Messrs Scott, Russell & Co, of Millwall. The 211 metres (690 ft) length was too big for the river, and the ship had to be launched sideways. Due to the technical difficulties of the launch, this was the last big ship to be built on the Island, and the industry fell into a decline.

London Docklands Development Corporation

The Isle of Dogs' economic problems led to mass unemployment among the former dockyard workers and caused serious social deprivation. The local community highlighted its problems on 3 March 1970 by declaring the Isle of Dogs to be an "independent republic", with its own elected president, community leader Ted Johns. Successive Labour and Conservative governments proposed a number of action plans during the 1970s but it was not until 1981 that the London Docklands Development Corporation was established to redevelop the area. The Isle of Dogs became part of an enterprise zone, which covered 1.95 km of land and encompassed the West India, Millwall and East India Docks. New housing was built, as was new office space and new transport infrastructure. This included the Docklands Light Railway and later the Jubilee Line extension, which eventually brought access to the London Underground to the area for the first time.

Since its construction in 1987-1991, the area has been dominated by the expanding Canary Wharf development with to date over 14 million square feet (437,000 m) of office and retail space having been created; 93,000 now work in Canary Wharf alone.

LDDC legacy

It has been argued by some that the redevelopment has not benefited the indigenous population as much as it might, with accusations of a "land grab" of riverside sites for private apartment blocks during the period of relaxation of planning conditions under the LDDC. Some tensions remain, as in most areas of central London, between the close-knit island community and professionals who have more recently moved to the area. Today, this revolves around the formers' need for family homes, against further development of small high priced apartments.

There has also been criticism[attribution needed] of the landscape architecture and urban design standards achieved in post-1980 redevelopment of the Isle of Dogs. The tendency has been to plan tower blocks in rather vacant open spaces, instead of creating pedestrian-friendly spaces, and the emphasis has been on mechanised transport (car and train) instead of green transport.

Politics

The Island achieved notoriety in 1993 when Derek Beackon of the British National Party became a councillor for Millwall ward, in a by election. This was the culmination of years of resentment by local residents of perceived neglect by both Liberal Democrat and Labour Party politicians. Labour regained the ward in the full council election of May 1994, and held all three seats until a further by election in September 2004.

In the 2006 local elections all six Isle of Dogs council seats, including those in Blackwall & Cubitt Town ward were won by the Conservatives.

Education

For details of education in the Isle of Dogs, see List of schools in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.

A secondary school, called George Green's School is located on the southern tip of the Island, at Manchester Road, near Island Gardens. It is a Specialist Humanities School.

Transport

Nearest places

Deptford

Greenwich

Limehouse

Poplar

Rotherhithe

Stepney

London Underground and DLR stations

The nearest London Underground station is Canary Wharf on the Jubilee Line.

The DLR runs north-south through the Isle of Dogs. Docklands Light Railway stations are Canary Wharf, Crossharbour, Heron Quays, Island Gardens, Mudchute and South Quay.

London bus routes

London Buses route 135

London Buses route 277

London Buses route D3

London Buses route D6

London Buses route D7

London Buses route D8

London Buses route N550

River bus services

Currently, the only river boat pier on the island is Masthouse Terrace pier. The regular boat services are provided by Thames Clipper, Canary Wharf Pier, situated at the Canary Riverside, just north of the island is the other nearest pier. Thames Clipper provide regular commuter services to Woolwich Arsenal Pier, Greenwich Pier in the east and the City of London: St. Katherine's Dock, Tower Bridge, HMS Belfast, Greater London Authority building, Tate Modern, Blackfriars and the West End of London in the west on the commuter service, as well as a shuttle service to Rotherhithe and the Tate to Tate service from Tate Modern to Tate Britain via London Eye. From Summer 2007, the service has been enhanced with express boats from central London to the O2 Arena (former Millennium Dome).

Pedestrian and cyclists

The Thames Path National Trail runs along the riverside. At the southern end of the Isle of Dogs, the Greenwich foot tunnel provides pedestrian access to Greenwich, across the river.

National Cycle Network route 1 runs through the foot tunnel (although cycles must not be ridden in the tunnel itself).

In the media

The Isle of Dogs was the title of an early play by Ben Jonson and Thomas Nashe, briefly performed in 1597 and then thoroughly suppressed as slanderous.

In modern times the Isle of Dogs has provided locations for many blockbuster films, including the opening scenes of the James Bond movie The World Is Not Enough, and more recently Batman Begins, The Constant Gardener, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Love Actually.

In the movie 28 Weeks Later, the Isle of Dogs is the primary location of the film, being the only secure and quarantined area in all of Britain suitable for recivilization after a massive epidemic of the "Rage Virus" kills the entire population of England.

In the 1960s and 1970s it was used in many British movies while still a working port. More recent films featuring the Isle of Dogs include:

28 Days Later (2003)

28 Weeks Later (2007)

Alfie (2004)

Basic Instinct 2 (2006)

Batman Begins (2005)

Bollywood Queen (2002)

The Bourne Supremacy (2004)

The Constant Gardener (2005)

Green Street (2005)

Johnny English (2003)

Layer Cake (2004)

The Long Good Friday (1980)

Love Actually (2003)

Mr. Bean's Holiday (2007)

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007)

Patriot Games (1992)

Revolver (2005)

Spiceworld (1997)

The World Is Not Enough (1999)

Television shows using the location include Primeval (2007).

In the television show The Man From U.N.C.L.E., Mr. Waverly's private blend of pipe tobacco was called Isle of Dogs #22. Also, in the new Doctor Who series, Blon de Slitheen survives the bombing of 10 Downing Street (Series 1, Episode 5: "World War Three") by teleportation to the Isle of Dogs (Series 1, Episode 11: "Boom Town").

The Pulp song "Mile End" (1996) features the lyrics The pearly king of the Isle of Dogs, feels up children in the bogs.

British rock band Iron Maiden used an abandoned house on the Isle of Dogs as the setting for their 1984 anti-nuclear themed "2 Minutes to Midnight" video.

See also

Canary Wharf

Honourable East India Company

Island History Trust

Islands in the River Thames

Museum in Docklands

SS Robin

Crossrail

References and notes

^ a b c d e f g The Isle of Dogs: Introduction', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 375-87 accessed: 9 February 2007

^ E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. (1898)

^ Tower Hamlets website

^ Tower Hamlets Borough Council Election Maps 1964-2002 accessed: 9 February 2007

^ Welcome to the Canary Wharf Group plc website

^ Isle of Dogs Community Foundation report August 2004 indicates that Blackwall was in the most deprived 1% of wards

^ Ward Data Report Theme 3: Creating & sharing prosperity (Tower Hamlets Partnership, 2004) accessed 2 May 2008

^ John Burns is commemorated in the name given to a current Woolwich Ferry)

^ "World War II bomb found at Canary Wharf". BBC News. July 28, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/6920474.stm. 

^ Obituary of Ted Johns Guardian May 12, 2004 accessed 13 February 2007

^ Welcome to the Canary Wharf Group plc website

^ James Steele, "The Market and Meaning in Contemporary British Architecture" accessed 13 February 2007

^ "Now we're all upwardly mobile" (February 2006) in "Regenerate Live" accessed 13 February 2007

^ BBC "on this day" report accessed: 17 April 2007

^ ThamesClippers: Travelling to The O2

Bibliography

Eve Hostettler, The Isle of Dogs: 1066-1918: A Brief History, Volume I (London: Island History Trust, 2000) ISBN 0950881546

Eve Hostettler, The Isle of Dogs: The Twentieth Century: A Brief History, Volume II (London: Island History Trust, 2001) ISBN 0950881554

External links

Island History Trust

Isle of Dogs landscape architecture

v  d  e

London Borough of Tower Hamlets

Districts

Bethnal Green  Blackwall  Bow  Brick Lane  Bromley-by-Bow  Cambridge Heath  Cubitt Town  Globe Town  Isle of Dogs  Limehouse  Mile End  Millwall  Old Ford  Poplar  Ratcliff  Shadwell  Spitalfields  Stepney  Wapping  Whitechapel

Attractions

Tower of London  Tower Bridge  St Katharine Docks  Christ Church, Spitalfields  Museum of Childhood  Museum in Docklands  Whitechapel Art Gallery

Street markets

Petticoat Lane  Brick Lane  Columbia Road  Old Spitalfields  Roman Road

Constituencies

Bethnal Green and Bow  Poplar and Canning Town

Parks and open spaces in Tower Hamlets

v  d  e

List of places in London

Major districts

Abbey Wood  Acton  Barking  Barnes  Barnet  Barnsbury  Battersea  Beckenham  Bermondsey  Bethnal Green  Bexleyheath  Bloomsbury  Bow  Brentford  Brixton  Brockley  Bromley  Camberwell  Camden Town  Canonbury  Carshalton  Catford  Charlton  Chelsea  Chingford  Chislehurst  Chiswick  City  Clapham  Clerkenwell  Cricklewood  Coulsdon  Croydon  Dagenham  Deptford  Ealing  East Ham  Edmonton  Eltham  Enfield Town  Erith  Feltham  Finchley  Forest Hill  Forest Gate  Fulham  Greenwich  Hackney  Hammersmith  Hampstead  Harrow  Hendon  Highams Park  Highbury  Highgate  Hillingdon  Holborn  Holloway  Hornchurch  Hounslow  Ilford  Isle of Dogs  Isleworth  Islington  Kensington  Kentish Town  Kensal Green  Kilburn  Kingston upon Thames  Lambeth  Lewisham  Leyton  Marylebone  Mayfair  Mitcham  Morden  Muswell Hill  New Cross  New Malden  Orpington  Paddington  Peckham  Penge  Pinner  Poplar  Purley  Putney  Richmond  Romford  Ruislip  Shepherd's Bush  Shoreditch  Sidcup  Soho  Southall  Southgate  South Norwood  Southwark  Stepney  Stoke Newington  Stratford  Streatham  Surbiton  Sutton  Sydenham  Teddington  Thamesmead  Tooting  Tottenham  Twickenham  Upminster  Upper Clapton  Uxbridge  Walthamstow  Wandsworth  Wanstead  Wapping  Wealdstone  Welling  Wembley  West Ham  Westminster  West Norwood  Whitechapel  Willesden  Wimbledon  Wood Green  Woodford  Woolwich

Barking and Dagenham  Barnet  Bexley  Brent  Bromley  Camden  Croydon  Ealing  Enfield  Greenwich  Hackney  Hammersmith and Fulham  Haringey  Harrow  Havering  Hillingdon  Hounslow  Islington  Kensington and Chelsea  Kingston  Lambeth  Lewisham  Merton  Newham  Redbridge  Richmond  Southwark  Sutton  Tower Hamlets  Waltham Forest  Wandsworth  Westminster

Categories: Districts of Tower Hamlets | Districts of London | Peninsulas of England | Former islands | Isle of Dogs | Districts of London on the River ThamesHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from March 2008 | All articles needing additional references | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 | All pages needing cleanup | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2009

GE Marc V

China Product


Details

These radios are seen as obsolete and there is only one known instance of this system operating in the U.S. today (Grant County, Oklahoma). The general category of this kind of trunked system is called, "Scan-based trunking." In the U.S. and Australia, these systems used analog FM, operated in the 806-869 MHz band, and were primarily used for commercial, non-public-safety trunking. Some earlier systems offered half-duplex, (push-to-talk) telephone interconnect and later versions also offered full duplex telephone interconnect. This feature was popular before the rollout of analog cellular telephones.

Radio models used in these systems included the names, "Classic", "Corona", "Centura" , generally referred to as 3C radios. While most radio models were sold with a speaker and microphone, some had a telephone handset and cradle attached to the front of the dash-mount radio housing. There was an earlier trunk-mount model that looked like a MASTR Executive II with the name Mastr. A MPR-series hand-held model was offered for GE Marc V trunked systems. Later models included a Japanese-made radio with model numbers beginning with TMX (mobiles) and TPX (portables). Certain later models of PCS and MDX radios were dual-mode, supporting GE Marc V and EDACS. internal folding doors

A large system operator might own their radio backbone (repeaters). GE Marc V Specialized Mobile Radio systems, where subscribers paid a company to operate the trunked radio system, were present in major U.S. cities. The operators typically charged a monthly fee for each radio plus airtime charges. folding sliding door

Some mobile units could be programmed to work on more than one GE Marc V trunked system. For example, if the SMR operator had a system in Bloomington and another covering Chicago, many radio models offered an "area" switch. This selected the transmit area priority. Different radio models had 29- to 100-channel capacity and there were limitations on the number of areas and the number of channels per area. In its default configuration, the radios function in the same way a talk-back-on-scan option works: regardless of which area was selected, the radio would join a conversation on the system where it was taking place. folding closet doors

Early first generation radios were crystal controlled and had crystal oscillator modules with temperature compensators (ICOMS), and later models were synthesized and had an 82S123 32x8 (not 32Kx8) PROM which defined RF frequencies. Option settings and tones were selected by jumpers and laser-etched hybrids called Versatones. Second generation "3C" radios used an Intel MCS-48 microprocessor and programming was burned into two 82S123 PROMs. In subsequent generation radios, a PC programming interface set the radio's RF channels and options. In U.S. systems, the set of channel frequencies for a system or area were usually unique to each trunked system. The radios could scan multiple systems provided that the total number of channels in the combined systems did not exceed 20. The radios were not capable of roaming. (Roaming in this use means working with an unknown GE Marc V system the user happened to run across in their travels).

How it worked

In a GE Marc V system:

electronics that determine which channel a conversation will occur on are inside each radio. Radios scan all available channels in the system to find an unused channel for a conversation. They also scan to look for a tone sequence initiating a conversation from another radio in their own group.

repeaters are essentially stand-alone repeaters, except for tone handshaking electronics, deadbeat disable computer, telephone patch equipment, or equipment used to bill air time, (talking time). Some of these were options.

because call set up was slower than transmission-trunked systems, repeaters had a long hang time in order to hold a group's mobile radios on a channel until a conversation was finished. This conversation trunking was the primary difference between Ge Marc V and other systems.

a trunked system or area could have up to 20 channels. Some 100-channel models, for example, could accommodate five 20-channel areas.

the user would hear a low-pitched error tone if they took the microphone off hook and no channels were available or the radio was out-of-range.

Two-tone sequential

GE Marc V used a two-tone sequence to identify a group: what modern systems call agency-fleet-subfleet or talk groups. Each radio had at least one tone pair, which identified the group of radios it could talk with. It was similar in format to two-tone sequential paging codes except that, in a GE Marc V system, the first tone was much longer than the second. This long first tone gave a bigger time window for all the scanning radios to find and decode a two-tone sequence. The first tone was lengthened for systems with more channels.

It was possible for radios to have several tone pairs or groups. These could be used to make phone calls over a patch without all other users in the same group having to listen to the call. Some systems had hierarchies: manager groups could talk amongst one another without going out over everyone's radio.

As larger systems used up most of the available tone pairs, it became necessary to alter the tone sequence to generate a total of four tones, one longer "collect" tone followed by three group tones in rapid sequence. This was known as GE Marc V-E for "enhanced". This also reduced a falsing problem that existed in larger systems where mobile radios would open up on other users tones as well as intermodulation products occurring in large metropolitan areas.

Continuous tone squelch

Systems transmitted a continuous tone at 3051.9 Hz, called Busy Tone. A low-pass filter eliminated most of the tone from speaker audio. The 3051.9 Hz tone was present through the transmission, but cut off just before the repeater dropped in order to eliminate squelch tail. There were two programmable continuous tones: all radios on a single system used the same tone. These were used to distinguish between sites in the same way SAT tones were used on AMPS cellular systems. Radios using the system had to have their continuous tone set to match the desired system and have a compatible two-tone sequence for their group.

Transmitter tests

Since the radio would not transmit unless the ready light was lit, checking output power, frequency, or deviation on the bench or outside the system coverage area required the technician to attach a test box. The box bypassed the radio trunking logic so adjustments could be made in a conventional single-channel mode. Antenna forward and reflected power in a vehicle on a working system was typically checked by bringing up a talk channel and transmitting normally. Once a channel was brought up it could be 'held' for up to 3 minutes (the limit of the system carrier control timer).

Operator view for trunked radio historians

If the operator desired to make a radio call, they would pull the mike out of the hang-up box. This would cause the radio to look for a channel with no busy tone (3052 Hz) present. When a vacant channel was found, the push-to-talk relay would chatter and the transmit indicator would flicker. The radio would handshake with the repeater using a single analog tone. The handshake would identify the repeater as "in range" and the channel as "not busy." If the radio successfully performed the busy handshake, its two-tone group sequence was transmitted over the air. As soon as the tones were sent, the receiver audio turned on and the radio made a doorbell-like "ding dong" chime to tell the operator the channel was available to talk. A green "ready-to-talk" light-emitting diode on the radio lit. The speaker turned on and the operator heard idle channel noise on a carrier.

Other radios in the same group would scan until they heard a first tone matching their own two-tone sequence. Hearing a matching first tone, the scanning would stop and wait to determine if the second tone matched its group. If the tone didn't match, the radio would silently go on searching. On hearing a matching tone, every radio in the group would do the doorbell chime, display a green, ready indicator, and the speaker audio would turn on. The user would hear the open carrier until someone talked or the repeater carrier dropped after approximately 8 seconds.

Since the doorbell sound was annoying, users tended to try to hold the repeater carrier on until the called party answered so they wouldn't have to listen to continual ding-dongs. If base was slow to answer, the transmission might sound like, "Unit four to base," <squelch tail>... <squelch tail>... <squelch tail>... <repeater drops>. On some radio models, the doorbell sound was programmable but it's not clear if those responsible for systems knew this (Note: as an operator of this system, we knew this was possible but did not change it as it would confuse the users).

Missed calls

A major drawback to this architecture is the fact that a missed two-tone sequence at the beginning of a transmission, or a lost signal during a transmission, causes the rest of a transmission to be missed. If the mobile receiver gets interference or loses the repeater signal for the moment the second selective calling tone is sent, it remains muted, missing the entire conversation. The same is true if the repeater signal is lost at any time during a transmission. Only another two-tone sequence being sent will allow it to rejoin the conversation.

Some later systems were equipped with a 'join' feature to overcome this problem. The system would monitor all channels in a given system and, if it detected a mobile attempting to acquire a second channel, that user would be invalidated on that channel (dumped), and immediately afterwards a 2-tone signaling sequence would begin on the original channel, bringing the lost unit into the original conversation. This could be highly annoying to users already in a conversation, as the very audible collect and group tones would interrupt the conversation, and if the invalidated user persisted in attempting to bring up a channel rather than waiting for the system to signal him, the collect and group tones would continue to be sent out on the working channel repeatedly on each channel attempt.

A modern trunked system with a control channel is more costly and complicated, but sends continual messages for all in-progress conversations. If your radio is in a talk group conversing on channel 3, the control channel continually sends "<go to channel 3>" messages over and over until the transmission ends. Suppose the user is driving through a tunnel with no signal then exits and acquires the signal. If the mobile receiver acquires the control channel signal any time during the conversation, it immediately decodes the channel assignment and switches over to join the conversation.

Tech trivia

System documentation shows at least some radio models, including Classic and Centura, were not capable of being programmed for areas near the Mexican Border. Federal Communications Commission channel assignments along the border follow 25 kHz offsets (example: 809.775 MHz) unlike the rest of the US where they follow 12.5 kHz offsets, (example: 811.1625 MHz).

v  d  e

Trunked radio systems

Central controller

Motorola systems: Type I Type II Type IIi Hybrid Type II SmartZone Type II SmartZone OmniLink iDEN

Other: APCO Project 16 APCO Project 25 EDACS EDACS Provoice MPT-1327 OpenSky TETRA TETRAPOL

Scan-based / distributed control

General Electric Mobile Radio: GE Marc V

Logic Trunked Radio: LTR Standard LTR Passport LTR Standard and Passport LTR MultiNet LTR-Net

Categories: Trunked radio systems

Coffee pot

China Product


Types

The traditional coffee pot used for cooking, called a percolator, is made of metal and sits directly on the source of heat. Ground coffee is placed in a small internal basket sitting on a funnel; boiling water is forced through this repeatedly and soaks the coffee, thus producing an extract which becomes more concentrated as the coffee brewes. Machines such as percolators or automatic coffeemakers brew coffee by gravity. In an automatic coffeemaker, hot water drips onto coffee grounds held in a coffee filter made of paper or perforated metal, allowing the water to seep through the ground coffee while absorbing its oils and essences. Gravity causes the liquid to pass into a carafe or pot while the used coffee grounds are retained in the filter. In a percolator, boiling water is forced into a chamber above a filter by steam pressure created by boiling. The water then passes downwards through the grounds due to gravity, repeating the process until shut off by an internal timer, or, more commonly, a thermostat which turns off the heater when the entire pot reaches a certain temperature. This thermostat also serves to keep the coffee warm (it turns on when the pot cools), but requires the removal of the basket holding the grounds after the initial brewing to avoid additional brewing as the pot reheats. Purists do not feel that this repeated boiling is conducive to achieving the best flavoured coffee.

Coffee may also be brewed by steeping in a device such as a French press (also known as a cafetire or coffee press). Ground coffee and hot water are combined in a coffee press and left to brew for a few minutes. A plunger is then depressed to separate the coffee grounds, which remain at the bottom of the container. Because the coffee grounds are in direct contact with the water, all the coffee oils remain in the beverage, making it stronger and leaving more sediment than in coffee made by an automatic coffee machine. kitchenaid artisan series stand mixer

Espresso is brewed by forcing high pressure water through a small dose of highly ground coffee. As a result of brewing under high pressure (ideally between 9-10 atm) the espresso beverage is more concentrated (as much as 10 to 15 times the amount of coffee to water as gravity brewing methods can produce) and has a more complex physical and chemical constitution. A well prepared espresso has a reddish-brown foam called crema that floats on the surface. The drink "Caff Americano" is popularly thought to have been named after American soldiers in WW II who found the European way of drinking espresso too strong. Baristas would cut the espresso with hot water for them. cordless mixer

Types of coffee pot (for cooking) bosch stand mixer

Coffee percolator

Drip coffee maker

Electric coffee maker

French Press or Plunge coffee maker

The coffee pot used for serving may be a plastic, glass, ceramic or thermos vessel.

A silver tea service may include a coffee pot.

Famous coffee pots

Trojan Room coffee pot

Moka Express

See also

Benjamin Thompson

The Coffee Pot

Cookware

Tea set

Teapot

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Coffee pot

Categories: Coffee preparationHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources

Methyl violet

China Product


Compounds and Uses

The term methyl violet encompasses three main molecules, each with different uses. They are all soluble in water, ethanol, diethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol. Specifically, methyl violet 2B is 2.93% solution in water and 15.21% soluble in ethanol, due to the hydrophobicity of the aromatic rings.

Methyl Violet 2B neato cd labels

Methyl Violet 6B tyvek tags

Methyl Violet 10B inkjet address labels

Methyl Violet 2B

Methyl violet 2B is the tetramethyl homolog. In pure crystals it is lustrous and blue-green in color; melting at 137C (279F). It is used as a pH indicator in chemistry, with a range between 0 and 1.6. The protonated form (found in acidic conditions) is yellow, turning blue-violet above pH levels of 1.6. It can be supplied as crystals, which are dissolved in the solution being tested, or as pH paper[citation needed].

Methyl violet 2B (pH indicator)

below pH 0.0

above pH 1.6

0.0

1.6

Methyl Violet 6B

Methyl violet 6B contains five methyl groups. It is a darker blue than 2B.

Methyl Violet 10B

Methyl violet 10B has six methyl groups. It is known in medicine as Gentian violet (or crystal violet) and is the active ingredient in a Gram stain, used to identify bacteria. Gentian violet destroys cells and can be used as a disinfectant[citation needed]. It is poisonous to some or most animals, including dogs and cats, and should never be used as a wash for animals' skin.

10B also inhibits the growth of many Gram positive bacteria, except streptococci. When used in conjunction with nalidixic acid (which destroys gram-negative bacteria), it can be used to isolate the streptococci bacteria for the diagnosis of an infection.

Methyl violet also binds to DNA. This means it can be used in cell viability assays in biochemistry. However, this binding to DNA will cause replication errors in living tissue, possibly leading to mutations and cancer.

Degradation

Methyl violet is a mutagen and mitotic poison, therefore concerns exist regarding the ecological impact of the release of methyl violet into the environment. Methyl violet has been used in vast quantities for textile and paper dyeing, and 15% of such dyes produced worldwide are released to environment in wastewater. Numerous methods have been developed to treat methyl violet pollution. The three most prominent are chemical bleaching, biodegradation, and photodegradation.

Chemical bleaching

Chemical bleaching is achieved by oxidation or reduction. Oxidation either destroys the dye completely or causes a change in the bonding of the chromophore[citation needed]. Two examples of dye oxidants are sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, common bleach) and hydrogen peroxide. NaClO produces hypochlorous acid (HClO), hypochlorite ions (ClO-) and chlorine, which are all in equilibrium:

NaOCl + H2O Na+ + OH + H+ + OCl

When any one of these compounds come in contact with the amine groups of the dye, they hydrolyze and degrade them. Methyl violet has three amine groups, and when one or more of these groups are hydrolyzed the molecule must rearrange itself to form a more stable compound. This breaks the chromophore bonds, meaning the molecule no longer absorbs light.

Hydrogen peroxide breaks the dye's bonds by forming radical species in the presence of light. These oxidize the dye by adding oxygen atoms on to the nitrogen in the amine group.

The reduction of methyl violet mostly occurs in microorganisms but it can be attained chemically using sodium dithionite and sodium hydrosulfide[citation needed].

Biodegradation

Biodegradation is the most interesting and most investigated method of dye degradation. This method is suitable because biodegradation could occur in large sewage plants with specialized microorganisms- which is highly cost effective. Certain animals and plants can degrade this dye, as well as microorganisms[citation needed], but the microorganisms are the most practical solution.

Two microorganisms that have been studied in depth are the White Rot Fungus and the bacterium Nocardia Corallina. In particular, the White Rot Fungus degraded a 12.3 M methyl violet solution to 35% of the initial concentration in 6 hours. In 12 hours only 1% remained and after 72 hours the dye was deemed to be completely degraded[citation needed].

Nocardia Carollina's growth was inhibited by the toxic dye at the start of an incubation, but was able to degrade dyes with a concentration of under 5 mol cm3. The bacteria were completely inhibited with concentrations higher than 7 mol cm3[citation needed].

Photo degradation

Light alone is not enough to cause major degradation of methyl violet[citation needed]. However, with the addition of large band-gap semiconductors, TiO2 or ZnO, the photodecomposition speeds up.

The mechanism behind the TiO2 catalysis is that it causes the production of oxygen free radicals, which break up the dye molecule. The rate of degradation can be increased by adding oxidizers or radical-forming molecules such as hydrogen peroxide, or Ag+ ions.

Other methods

Many others methods have been developed to treat the contamination of dyes in a solution such as:

Electrochemical Degradation

This is accomplished by running DC current through the dye solution to break the dye apart. This works well with dyes that are molecularly simple, but is ineffective against very complex dyes. This methods work very well when it is used to decomposed methyl violet. This method can be further improved by the addition of a redox mediator such as Co+2/+3 .

Ion Exchange Membrane

In this method a membrane is used to separate the cation of the dye from the solution. The experimental results indicates that the addition of an organic solvent containing ions (1M NaCl and 60% CH3OH) increases the separation of the cation from solution to 100%.

Laser Degradation

It was found that Kr2 excited with a 530 nm laser allowed for electron transfer from the triplets state to the Cationic dye methyl violet. The addition of this electron to the cation forces the molecule to rearrange.

Absorption

Absorbance of the dye from solution has been observed using solid Porous material such as: Pumice powder Porous silicon additive Porous glass Activated charcoal Micro tubes Ceramics

Many methods are available for dye removal from waste water but most are expensive, impractical or they just allow for the polluted dye to leave from one source to the next. In current removal techniques many of the procedure listed are used in combination to degrade the dye in the waste water.

See also

Potassium ferrocyanide

Potassium ferricyanide

Methylene blue

Methyl blue

Egyptian Blue

Han Purple

Gentian violet

Fluorescein

References

[*Kristallviolett ein pH-Indikator (in German)

Mechanism of action of sodium hypochlorite

Hydrogen Peroxide[

XP-Chloro Degradation Malachite green US Patent 2755202)

Senthilkumaar S., and Porkodi.(2005). Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decomposition of Crystal Violet in UV-illuminated Sol Gel

Derived Nanocrystalline TiO2 Suspension. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 288(1):184-189.

Bumpus J.A. and Brook B. J.(1988). Biodegradation of Crystal Violet by the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology.54(5):1143-1150.

Pizzolato T. M. et al.(2002). Colour Removal with NaClO of Dye Wastewater From Agate-processing plant in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. International journal of Mineral Processing.65 (1-4):203-211.

Bhasikuttan C.A. et al.(2008).Photo ionization of Crystal Violet in Aqueous Solution. Photochemistry and Photobiology.62(2):245-250.

Yatome C. et al.(1993).Degradation of Crystal Violet by Nocardia corallina. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.38-565-569.

Bhasikuttan A.C. et al.(1995). Oxidation of Chrystal Violet and Malachite green in aqueous solutions- a kinetic spectrophotometric study. Journal of Photochemistry and photobiology A:Chemistry. 90(2-3):177-182.

Sahoo, A.K.G. and Pal, A.(2005. Photocalalytic Degradation of Cystal violet(C.I. Violet) on Dilver Ion Doped TiO2. Dyes and Pigments. 66(3):189-196.

Saroman , M. A. et al.(2004). Electrochemical Decolonization of Structurally Different Dyes. Chemosphere. 57(3):233-239.

Wu, J. et al. (2008). Removal of Catonic Dye Methyl Violet 2B From Water by Cation Exchange Membrances. Journal of Membrance Science.309(1-2):239-245.

v  d  e

Stains

Iron/Hemosiderin

Prussian blue

Lipids

Sudan stain (Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, Oil Red O, Sudan Black B)

Carbohydrates

Periodic acid-Schiff stain

Amyloid

Congo red

Bacteria

Gram staining (Methyl violet/Gentian violet, Safranin)  Ziehl-Neelsen stain/acid-fast (Carbol fuchsin/Fuchsine, Methylene blue)  Auramine-rhodamine stain (Auramine O, Rhodamine B)

Connective tissue

trichrome stain: Masson's trichrome stain/Lillie's trichrome (Light Green SF yellowish, Biebrich scarlet, Phosphomolybdic acid, Fast Green FCF)

Van Gieson's stain

Other

H&E stain (Haematoxylin, Eosin Y)  Silver stain (Gmri methenamine silver stain, Warthintarry stain)  Methyl blue  Wright's stain  Giemsa stain  Gmri trichrome stain  Neutral red  Janus Green B

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