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Dymkovo toys
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Dymkovo toys, also known as the Vyatka toys or Kirov toys (?????????? ???????, ??????? ???????, ????????? ??????? in Russian) are moulded painted clay figures of people and animals (sometimes in the form of a pennywhistle). It is one of the old Russian folk art handicrafts, which still exists in a village of Dymkovo near Kirov (former Vyatka). Traditionally, the Dymkovo toys are made by women.
The tradition of making pennywhistles in the form of a horse, a horserider, and a bird goes back to the ancient magic ritual images and has to do with the agricultural calendar holidays. Later on, little figures lost their magic meaning and turned into toys for children, the making of which would become an artistic handicraft. Up until the 20th century, this toy production had been timed to the spring fair called ?????????, or whistler (first recorded mentioning took place in 1811). In the late 19th century, this handicraft fell into decline because the Dymkovo toys had been forced out of the market by the factory-made moulded plaster statuettes, which imitated porcelain articles. During the Soviet times, the Dymkovo handicraft was revived. In 1933, they organized an artel called ??????? ??????? (The Vyatka Toy), which would turn into a workshop of the Artistic Fund of the RSFSR (?????????????? ???? ?????). These days, the Dymkovo toys are known as a popular Russian souvenir.
The Dymkovo toys are moulded from a mixture of local potter's clay and river sand. The parts of a toy are then fastened together with watery clay. After the toys are dried and tempered in a furnace, they are whitewashed with chalk diluted in milk, then painted with tempera (before 1953, the artists used aniline paints ground with eggs) in 4 to 10 (or more) colors, and decorated with gold leafs.
Modern Dymkovo toys include ancient motifs, as well as those of the second half of the 19th century, such as ?????? (barynyas, or landladies), ?????? (nyanki, or nannies), ????????? (vodonoski, or female watercarriers) and others. In the 1930s, the Dymkovo toys began to depict fairy tales and contemporary lifestyle. There were also multi-character compositions on stands, figures of people taller than 30 cm and others. Massive, abstract, and somewhat grotesque forms of the Dymkovo toys are emphasized by ruffles, puffed collars, and other features. Improvised bright painting of the toys represents a geometric ornament of circles, checks, and dots of different colors and sizes.
Categories: Russian culture | Arts and crafts
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Boots
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See also: Bootand Boot (disambiguation)
Boots may refer to:
Boots Group, a large chain of chemists (pharmacies) in the United Kingdom and elsewhere
Boots, a character in the popular children's television series, Dora the Explorer
In music
Boots (album) 1966 album by Nancy Sinatra
"Boots" (KMFDM song) by 2002 single by KMFDM
"Boots" (Mighty Gabby) song by Mighty Gabby
Boots (Noe Venable) by 2002 album by Noe Venable
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Categories: Disambiguation pages
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English musical groups
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The English musical groups category is for groups that were founded in England. It may also apply to groups which were founded elsewhere, but which include English musicians. It does not apply to groups which were founded elsewhere, but had their main success in England.
Contents:
Top 09 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
[?] English musical groups
[+] English musical groups by genre
[+] Musical groups from Birmingham, England
[+] Music from Brighton, England
[+] Music from Bristol, England
[+] Leicester musical groups
[+] Musical groups from Manchester
(previous 200) (next 200)
Pages in category "English musical groups"
The following 199 pages are in this category, out of 1,723 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
D
Dirth
The Dirty Mac
Dirty Pretty Things (band)
Dislocation Dance
The Displacements
Distant Cousins
Do Me Bad Things
Doctor Father
Doctor Spin
The Dodge Brothers
The Dodgems
The Doggs
Dogs (British band)
The Dogs D'Amour
User:Germ83
Dome (band)
Doom (UK band)
Downliners Sect
DragonForce
Dragons (band)
The Dream Academy
Dream Command
Dream Machine (band)
Drill (UK Band)
Drum Theatre
Dual Control
The Dualers
Dubblehead
Dubstar
Ducks Deluxe
Duels (band)
The Dukes of Stratosphear
Dum Dums (band)
The Dunn Thing
The Durutti Column
Dustin's Bar Mitzvah
Dutch Uncles
Dweeb (band)
The Dylans
E
E-Z Rollers
EMF (band)
The Eagles (UK band)
Earl Brutus
Earthworks (band)
East 17
Easy Cure
Eat (band)
Eat Static
Echobelly
The Echoes
Edison Lighthouse
The Edmund Fitzgerald (band)
Edsel Auctioneer
Edward II (band)
Edwards Hand
Egg (band)
Eighth Wonder
Elastica
Elbow (band)
Electrafixion
Electralyte
Electrelane
The Electric Soft Parade
Electric Wizard
Elle Milano
Ellery Bop
E cont.
Elliot Minor
Ellis, Beggs, & Howard
Embrace (English band)
The End (UK band)
Energia (band)
Engineers (band)
England's Glory (band)
English Congregation
English Freakbeat series
English Freakbeat, Volume 1
English Freakbeat, Volume 2
English Freakbeat, Volume 3
English Freakbeat, Volume 4
English Freakbeat, Volume 5
English Freakbeat, Volume 6
Enter Shikari
Envy & Other Sins
Epping Forest Pipe Band
The Equals
Erasure
Eric Zann
The Escape Club
The Escorts (Liverpool band)
Eskimos and Egypt
Etchingham Steam Band
Eternal (band)
Eurythmics
Everything but the Girl
Everything on red
Ewigkeit (music project)
Ex Pistols
Exile Parade
Existend
The Expelled
Eyeless in Gaza (band)
F
FC (band)
Fad Gadget
Fairfield Parlour
Faithless
The Fall (band)
The Fallout Trust
Family (band)
The Family Dogg
The Family Mahone
Fancy (band)
Fans of Kate
The Farm (band)
The Farmer's Boys
Fastway (band)
Fat Les
Fat Truckers
Fatal Microbes
The Favours
Fear of Music (band)
Felix & Arty
Fiction Plane
Field Music
Fightstar
Fin (band)
Final (band)
Finders Keepers (band)
Fine Young Cannibals
Fingathing
Fire + Ice
The Fireman
The Firm (Star Trekkin')
The Firm (band)
F cont.
The First Class
The Fits
Five Knuckle
Five Star
Fivepenny Piece
The Fixations
Ken Gamby
The Fixx
The Flaming Stars
Flannel (band)
Flash (band)
Flask (band)
The Flatmates
Flesh for Lulu
Fletch Cadillac
Flipron
A Flock of Seagulls
Flotation Toy Warning
The Flower Pot Men
Flowered Up
Flowers For Agatha
The Flowers of Romance (band)
Fluffy (band)
Fluke (band)
Flux Of Pink Indians
The Flying Machine (band)
Flying Saucer Attack
Foals
The Foamers
The Focus Group
Foghat
Folk Face
Fonda 500
Fony
Forefather
A Formal Sigh
The Fortunes
?Forward, Russia!
Four Bucketeers
The Four Pennies
Four Poofs and a Piano
The Fourmost
Frank (band)
Frank Chickens
Frankie Goes to Hollywood
Fraser Hayes Four
Frazier Chorus
Freak Power
Freddie and the Dreamers
Free Diamonds
Freemasons (band)
Freestylers
The French (band)
Fretblanket
Fretwork (music group)
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Labia piercing
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Labia piercing
Location
Labia minora, labia majora
Jewelry
Captive bead ring
This box: view?talk
Labia piercings are a type of female genital piercing. This piercing can be placed either through the labia minora or the labia majora. They are one of the simpler and more common genital piercings performed on women, and are often pierced in symmetrical pairs. Like all genital piercings, depending on jewellery and placement, they may provide additional stimulation to one or both partners during sexual intercourse.
Contents
1 Comparing piercings of labia major, minora
2 Jewelry
3 History and culture
4 See also
//
Comparing piercings of labia major, minora
Labia majora piercings heal more slowly than labia minora piercings, depending on the anatomy of the individual. They also tend to be more painful as there is more tissue to pierce through. Stretching of labia minora piercing may occur on its own, but more likely would have to be a manual process.
Jewelry
Almost any type of jewelry can be found in labia piercings, although rings are the most commonly used jewelry, both as initial jewelry, and on a long-term basis. Both types of labia piercings can be stretched to accommodate large jewelry; the wearing of heavy jewelry in these piercings may be a form of ongoing or temporary sexual stimulation. Both types can also be stretched to accommodate flesh tunnel or plug style jewelry.
Jewelry worn in labia piercings may have a fetish purpose. Rings or other specialised jewelry may be worn to occlude access to the vagina, as a form of short-term or long-term non-surgical infibulation. Other chastity devices might also be worn that make use of the piercing, sometimes incorporating locks.
History and culture
There is little direct evidence of pre-contemporary practice of labia piercings, outside of anecdotal reports of the use of these piercings as chastity devices. Like many genital piercings, the contemporary origin of labia piercing resides in the BDSM culture that gave rise to the resurgence of body piercing in contemporary society. In contemporary practice, these piercings often simply fill a decorative role, rather than a purely sexual one.
This piercing plays a prominent role in the French erotic novel, Story of O. The heroine, O, has a hole pierced through a labium, through which a stainless-steel ring is inserted. Another ring is linked to it, and to that, a metal disk with identifying information on it, including the name of her Master, the mysterious Sir Stephen.
See also
Body piercing
Labia stretching
v?d?eBody piercing
Piercing methods
Contemporary piercing procedures ? Body piercing materials ? Stretching ? Play piercing ? Pocketing ? Surface piercing ? Ear piercing gun
Ear piercings
Tragus ? Antitragus ? Snug ? Daith ? Conch ? Helix ? Rook ? Industrial
Facial and oral piercings
Cheek ? Eyebrow ? Anti-eyebrow ? Lip (Labret ? Lip plate ? Lip frenulum ? Monroe ? Medusa) ? Nose (Bridge) ? Tongue (Tongue frenulum) ? Uvula
Body piercings
Corset ? Hand web ? Hip ? Madison ? Navel ? Nipple ? Nape
Female genital piercings
Christina ? Clitoris ? Clitoral hood ? Triangle ? Fourchette ? Isabella ? Labia ? Nefertiti ? Princess Albertina
Male genital piercings
Ampallang ? Apadravya ? Hafada ? Foreskin ? Deep shaft ? Dolphin ? Dydoe ? Frenum ? Frenum ladder ? Guiche ? Lorum ? Magic cross ? Prince Albert ? Reverse Prince Albert ? Pubic ? Transscrotal
This body modification article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Body piercing | Genital piercings | Female genital piercings | Body modification stubs
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Puddling (metallurgy)
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Engineering portal
Schematic drawing of a puddling furnace
Puddling was an Industrial Revolution means of making iron and steel. In the original puddling technique, molten iron in a reverberatory furnace was stirred with rods, which were consumed in the process. Later, it was also used to produce a good-quality steel with the correct amount of carbon; this was a highly skilled art, but both high-carbon and low-carbon steels were successfully produced on a small scale, particularly for swords and other weapons.
Contents
1 History
2 Process
3 Puddling furnace
4 Impact
5 Precursor in China
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Bibliography
7.2 Notes
//
History
Puddling was the first true industrial process to make steel from pig iron. A primitive version of the process was known in China already in the 3rd century. The pig iron tapped off the blast furnace was puddled with iron bars, bringing it into it contact with oxygen in the air and burning off any surplus carbon.
In Europe, the process was one of several that were developed in the second half of the 18th century for producing bar iron from pig iron without the use of charcoal. It was invented by Henry Cort at Fontley in Hampshire in 178384 and patented in 1784. A superficially similar (but probably less effective) process was patented the previous year by Peter Onions. Cort's process consisted of stirring molten pig iron in a reverberatory furnace in an oxidising atmosphere, thus decarburising it. When the iron 'came to nature', that is, to a pasty consistency, it was gathered into a puddled ball, shingled, and rolled (as described above). This application of the rolling mill was also Cort's invention.
Unfortunately, Cort's process (as patented) only worked for white cast iron, not grey cast iron, which was the usual feedstock for forges of the period. This problem was resolved probably at Merthyr Tydfil by combining puddling with one element of a slightly earlier process. This involved another kind of hearth known as a 'refinery' or 'running out fire'.[1] The pig iron was melted in this and run out into a trough. The slag separated, and floated on the molten iron, and was removed by lowering a dam at the end of the trough. The effect of this process was to desiliconise the metal, leaving a white brittle metal, known as 'finers metal'. This was the ideal material to charge to the puddling furnace. This version of the process was known as 'dry puddling' and continued in use in some places as late as 1890.
The alternative to refining gray iron was known as 'wet puddling', also known as 'boiling' or 'pig boiling'. This was invented by a puddler called Joseph Hall at Tipton. He began adding scrap iron to the charge. Later he tried adding iron scale (in effect, rust). The result was spectacular in that the furnace boiled violently. This was in fact a chemical reaction between the oxidised iron in the scale and the carbon dissolved in the pig iron. Again to his surprise, the resultant puddle ball produced good iron. Hall subsequently became a partner in establishing the Bloomfield ironworks at Tipton in 1830, the firm becoming Bradley, Barrows and Hall from 1834. This is the version of the process most commonly used in the mid to late 19th century. Wet puddling had the advantage that it was much more efficient than dry puddling (or any earlier process). The best yield of iron achievable from dry puddling is a ton of iron from 1.3 tons of pig iron, but the yield from wet puddling was close to 1.0.
The production of mild steel in the puddling furnace was only achieved in about 1850 in Westphalia in Germany and was patented in Great Britain on behalf of Lohage, Bremme and Lehrkind. It only worked with pig iron made from certain kinds of ore. The cast iron had to be melted quickly and the slag to be rich in manganese. When the metal came to nature, it had to be removed quickly and shingled before further carburisation occurred. The process was taken up at the Low Moor Ironworks at Bradford in Yorkshire (England) in 1851 and in the Loire valley in France in 1855. It was widely used.
The puddling process began to be displaced with the introduction of the Bessemer process, which produced steel, which could then be converted into wrought iron using the Aston process for a fraction of the cost and time. For comparison, an average size charge for a puddling furnace was 800900lbs (360410kg)[2] while a Bessemer converter charge was 15 short tons (13,600kg). The puddling process could not be scaled up, being limited by the amount that the puddler could handle. It could only be expanded by building more furnaces.
Process
Exterior view of a single puddling furnace. A. Damper; B. Work door
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Brooks Steam Motors
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Brooks Steam Motors, Ltd. was a Canadian manufacturer of steam cars established in March 1923. Its cars more closely resembled the Stanley Steamers in terms of engineering rather than the more sophisticated Doble steam cars. The company was formed from the defunct Detroit Steam Motors Corporation.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Planned models
1.2 Technology
1.3 Brooks steam buses
1.4 The end of Brooks
2 See also
3 External links
//
History
The company and its car were named for an American financier, Oland J. Brooks, who had relocated from Buffalo, New York, to Toronto in 1920. His main area of business was finance and second mortgages, carried on by the Banking Service Corporation, Ltd.
In September 1923 a prototype car was shown at the Toronto Exhibition and the following month an agreement was reached with the city of Stratford, Ontario to purchase a former threshing machine factory for $55,000. At the same time an executive office was set up in suites 13057 of the Canadian Pacific Railway Building in Toronto.
Planned models
Brooks planned to manufacture three lines of cars, Models 1,2 and 3.
The smallest, the Model 1, had a 112-inch (2,800mm) wheelbase and an 18-inch (460mm) boiler, and prices were to being at $1,000. Variants were planned, including a four-passenger touring car and a two-passenger roadter, plus closed-body styles comprising a coupe, a four-passenger brougham and a five-passenger sedan. The specifications closely matched the smallest model of the defunct Trask-Detroit steam car.
The Model 2 had a longer 122-inch (3,100mm) wheelbase and a 20-inch (510mm) boiler. The open models were a four-passenger sports car and a five-passenger touring car. Three closed-body models were proposed: a four-passenger brougham, a five-passenger sedan and a town car. The wheels were to be Budd-Michelin steel disc type. Again, the specifications bore a close resemblance to the Trask-Detroit, in this case the larger prototype.
The Model 3 was to use a 122-inch (3,100mm) wheelbase as per the Model 2, but with a larger 23-inch (580mm) boiler. The open body models were also to be as per the Model 2, with a seven-passenger closed-body touring car. Again, all cars were to be fitted with Budd-Michelin steel disc wheels. The color choices were limited and identical to the Model 2: open-body cars could be blue (one shade being named "Brooks Blue") or maroon, while closed-body cars were available in another two shades of blue. Other colours could be supplied but would require six weeks' notice.
In the event only a single Brooks model was produced, which could best be described as a combination of the Model 2's engine and the Model 3's weight. One touring car was a prototype (and appeared to have been a renamed Trask-Detroit), while the rest were five-passenger sedans. The standard colour was black.
Technology
Brooks' first chief engineer was steam expert Eric Delling (who also formed a car company). He styled the Brooks' power plant after the Stanley two-cylinder engine, rather than the more sophisticated (and costly to produce) Doble. The Brooks was reported as being more robust than the Stanley steam cars, its boiler being wound with piano wire to strengthen it, but the boiler was undersized for the car's mass, making too little steam to propel the 3,800lb (1,700kg) car much above 35 - 40mph (64km/h).
The Brooks cars were distinguished by their fabric bodies constructed from Meritas brand cloth by the American Auto Trimming Company in Walkerville, Ontario, Meritas being a composite material formed from wire netting, two layers of wadding, canvas and an outer layer of two-ply artificial leather. There were no metal body panels. The fabric body's relatively light weight improved the cars' power-to-weight ratio and lowered the centre of gravity which improved stability. Brooks styled its fabric bodies as though they were metal, using a conventional three-window sedan shape with a certain quantity of chromed fittings.
The Brooks was an expensive car, with the sedan listed at $3,885 at a time when entry-level Pierce-Arrows could be purchased in Canada for $3,800.
Despite expectations of employing hundreds, by 1925 the factory had a mere 90 employees, with another 20 or so at service stations and showrooms in Montreal and Toronto. Most of the work was reported to consist of driving the cars throughout Canada, some accompanied by Oland J. Brooks, to promote the company. Branches were announced in various cities but may have only existed as agencies.
An English representative was appointed, and plans made to export the cars to Britain. One of the cars was shown at the October 1924 London automobile show, "Olympia", but the British price was ?996, at a time when an Itala sedan cost ?800 and a six-cylinder Packard ?775.
Brooks steam buses
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Torchiere
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A torchiere (tour-she-AIR or tour-SHARE), or torch lamp, is a lamp with a tall stand of wood or metal. Originally, torchieres were candelabra, usually with two or three lights. When it was first introduced in France towards the end of the 17th century the torchiere mounted one candle only, and when the number was doubled or tripled the improvement was regarded almost as a revolution in the lighting of large rooms.
Today, torchiere lamps use fluorescent or halogen light bulbs. Halogen torchieres usually have a TRIAC dimmer circuit built into the stem. The same circuit will not work in a fluorescent torchiere for the same reason that it won't work in other types of fluorescent applications. Namely, because the pulsing will cause the arc in the fluorescent tube to become erratic. This is overcome by adjusting the pulse-width modulation in the electronic ballast instead; and most fluorescent torchieres use this method.
Halogen torchieres have been banned in some places, such as dormitories, because of the large numbers of fires they have caused. Halogen bulbs operate at high temperatures and the tall height of the lamps bring them near flammable materials, such as curtains.
References
Categories: Lighting
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Cartier SA
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Cartier SA
Type
Subsidiary of Richemont
Founded
1847, in Paris, France
Headquarters
Paris, France
Key people
Bernand Fornas, CEOLouis-Fran?ois Cartier, Founder
Industry
Jewellers
Products
Jewelry
Website
www.cartier.com
Cartiers SA is a French jeweller and watch manufacturer that is a subsidiary of Compagnie Financie Richemont SA. The corporation carries the name of the Cartier family of jewelers whose control ended in 1964 and who were known for numerous pieces including the famous[citation needed] "Bestiary" (best illustrated by the famous Panthe brooch of the 1940s created for Wallis Simpson), the diamond necklace created for Yadavindra Singh the Maharaja of Patiala and in 1904 the first practical wristwatch, the "Santos." Cartier SA is headquartered in Paris.
The company has a long and distinguished history of serving royalty, as well as stars and celebities. One Prince of Wales hailed Cartier as "Joaillier des Rois, Roi des Joailliers" (Jeweller to Kings, King of Jewellers"). Cartier received an order for 27 tiaras for the coronation of the future King. King Edward VII was crowned in 1902 and in 1904 he honoured the Company with the Royal warrant of supplier to the Royal Court of England. Similar warrants soon followed from the courts of Spain, Portugal, Russia, Siam, Greece, Serbia, Belgium, Romania, Egypt and finally Albania, and also from the House of Orleans and the Principality of Monaco.
Cartier is at present the no. 1 seller of luxury jewellery in the world, and the no. 2 seller of luxury watches (after Rolex).[citation needed]
Contents
1 History
2 Notes
3 See also
4 External links
//
History
Cartier was founded in Paris in 1847 by Louis-Fran?ois Cartier when he took over the workshop of his master.[1] In 1874, his son Alfred Cartier took over the administration of the company, but it was Alfred's sons Louis, Pierre and Jacques, who were responsible for establishing the world-wide brand name of Cartier.
In 1904, the Brazilian aviator, Alberto Santos-Dumont complained of the unreliability and impracticality of using pocket watches while flying to his friend Louis Cartier. Cartier rose to the challenge, designing a flat wristwatch with a distinctive square bezel. This watch was not only a hit with Santos-Dumont, but also with Cartier's many clients. Thus, out of this timeless design, the "Santos" was born. This was the first men's wristwatch (Patek Phillipe made the first wristwatch, but for a woman and as a one-off).
Louis retained responsibility for the Paris branch, moving to the Rue de la Paix, in 1899. He was responsible for some of the company's most celebrated designs, like the mystery clocks[2] (a type of clock with a transparent dial and so named because their works are hidden[3]), fashionable wristwatches and exotic orientalist Art Deco designs, including the colorful "Tutti Frutti" jewels.
In 1907, Cartier signed a contract with Edmond Jaeger, who agreed to exclusively supply the movements for Cartier watches. By this time, Cartier had branches in London, New York and St. Petersburg and was quickly becoming one of the most successful watch companies in the world. The introduction of the Baignoire and Tortue models (both of which are still in production today) took place in 1912, followed by the Tank model's debut in 1917. In 1932, they manufactured a watertight watch made especially for the Pasha of Marrakesh.[citation needed]
In 1917, inspired by the newly introduced war machines on the Western Front, Louis Cartier designed the most famous Cartier watch, the Cartier Tank watch. This line too has survived, with over thirty varieties now being made.
In the early 1920s Cartier formed a joint company with Edward Jaeger (of the famed Jaeger-LeCoultre company) to produce movements solely for Cartier. Thus was the famed European watch & clock company born, although Cartier continued to use movements from other great makers. Cartier watches can be found with movements from Vacheron Constantin, Audemars-Piguet, Movado and LeCoultre. It was also during this period that Cartier began adding its own reference numbers to the watches it sold, usually by stamping a four-digit code on the underside of a lug. In fact, many collectors refuse to accept a Cartier as original, unless these numbers are present.[citation needed]
Jacques took charge of the London operation and eventually moved to the current address at New Bond Street.
Cartier's New York landmark location on 5th Avenue
Elevation of Cartier's, New York
Pierre Cartier established the New York City branch in 1909, moving in 1917 to the current location of 653 Fifth Avenue, the Neo-Renaissance mansion of Morton Freeman Plant (son of railroad tycoon Henry B. Plant) and designed by architect C.P.H. Gilbert....(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about replica zenith watch, cheap jacob/co watch, . The plastic multifunction watch products should be show more here!