Capsule hotel

China Product


Description

View in a capsule, with TV in the upper left corner

The guest space is reduced in size to a modular plastic or fiberglass block roughly 2 m by 1 m by 1.25 m, providing room to sleep. Facilities range in entertainment offerings (most include a television, an electronic console, and wireless internet connection). These capsules are stacked side by side and two units top to bottom, with steps providing access to the second level rooms. Luggage is stored in a locker, usually somewhere outside of the hotel. Privacy is ensured by a curtain or a fibreglass door at the open end of the capsule. Washrooms are communal and most hotels include restaurants (or at least vending machines), pools, and other entertainment facilities. diving fins

This style of hotel accommodation was developed in Japan and has not gained popularity outside of the country, although Western variants with larger accommodations and often private baths are being developed. Guests are asked not to smoke or eat in the capsules. full wetsuit

These capsule hotels vary widely in size, some having only fifty or so capsules and others over 700. Many are used primarily by men. There are also capsule hotels with separate male and female sleeping quarters. Clothes and shoes are sometimes exchanged for a yukata and slippers on entry. A towel may also be provided. The benefit of these hotels is convenience and price, usually around 2000-4000 a night ($21-42, 16-31, 15-29). diving masks

Most people who stay are businessmen too tired or far away to make the trip home.

History

The first capsule hotel was the Capsule Inn Osaka, designed by Kisho Kurokawa and located in the Umeda district of Osaka. It opened on February 1, 1979, and the initial room rate was 1,600.[citation needed]

References

^ Solomon, Leonard (1997). Japan in a Nutshell. Top Hat Press, 115-166. ISBN 0912509066.

^ Accommodation in Japan

External links

Staying in a Japanese capsule hotel.

All about capsule hotels

Categories: Hotel types | Hotels in JapanHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008

Cable modem termination system

China Product


Connections

In order to provide these high speed data services, a cable company will connect its headend to the Internet via very high capacity data links to a network service provider. On the subscriber side of the headend, the CMTS enables the communication with subscribers' cable modems. Different CMTSs are capable of serving different cable modem population sizesanging from 4,000 cable modems to 150,000 or more, depending in part on traffic. A given headend may have between half a dozen to a dozen or more CMTSs to service the cable modem population served by that headend or HFC hub.

One way to think of a CMTS is to imagine a router with Ethernet interfaces (connections) on one side and coax RF interfaces on the other side. The RF/coax interfaces carry RF signals to and from the subscriber's cable modem. nikon coolpix s1

In fact, most CMTSs have both Ethernet interfaces (or other more traditional high-speed data interfaces) as well as RF interfaces. In this way, traffic that is coming from the Internet can be routed (or bridged) through the Ethernet interface, through the CMTS and then onto the RF interfaces that are connected to the cable company's hybrid fiber coax (HFC). The traffic winds its way through the HFC to end up at the cable modem in the subscriber's home. Traffic going from a subscriber's home systems go through the cable modem and out to the Internet in the opposite direction. lumix fz5

CMTSs typically carry only IP traffic. Traffic destined for the cable modem from the Internet, known as downstream traffic, is carried in IP packets encapsulated in MPEG transport stream packets. These MPEG packets are carried on data streams that are typically modulated onto a TV channel using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. canon battery 511

Upstream data (data from cable modems to the headend or Internet) is carried in Ethernet frames modulated with QPSK, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, or S-CDMA. This is done at the "subband" portion of the cable TV spectrum (also known as the "T" channels), a much lower part of the frequency spectrum than the downstream signal.

A typical CMTS allows a subscriber's computer to obtain an IP address by forwarding DHCP requests to the relevant servers. This DHCP server returns, for the most part, what looks like a typical response including an assigned IP address for the computer, gateway/router addresses to use, DNS servers, etc.

The CMTS may also implement some basic filtering to protect against unauthorized users and various attacks. Traffic shaping is sometimes performed to prioritize application traffic, perhaps based upon subscribed plan or download usage. However, the function of traffic shaping is more likely done by a Policy Traffic Switch. A CMTS may also act as a bridge or router.

A customer's cable modem cannot communicate directly with other modems on the line. In general, cable modem traffic is routed to other cable modems or to the Internet through a series of CMTSs and traditional routers. A route could conceivably pass through a single CMTS.

CMTS Manufacturers

Current CMTS Manufacturers

ARRIS

Casa Systems

Cisco Systems

Motorola

Historical CMTS Manufacturers

Broadband Access Systems (Acquired by ADC Telecommunications)

ADC Telecommunications (CMTS business acquired by BigBand Networks)

BigBand Networks (Exited CMTS business)

Cadant (Acquired by ARRIS)

Com21 (CMTS business acquired by ARRIS)

RiverDelta (Acquired by Motorola)

Terayon (Exited CMTS business)

Pacific Broadband Communications (Acquired by Juniper Networks)

Juniper Networks (Exited CMTS business)

External links

TechWeb: CMTS - explanation and diagram.

dslreports.com: Cable Users FAQ - Upstream modulation source

DOCSISHelp.com CMTS & DOCSIS Support Community

Categories: Digital cable | Internet access