Single-phase electric power for Single Phase Generator

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(Redirected from Single phase electric power)
In electrical engineering, single-phase electric power refers to the distribution of alternating current electric power using a system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in unison. Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors. A single-phase supply connected to an alternating current electric motor does not produce a revolving magnetic field; single-phase motors need additional circuits for starting, and such motors are uncommon above 10 or 20 kW in rating.
In contrast, in a three-phase system, the currents in each conductor reach their peak instantaneous values sequentially, not simultaneously; in each cycle of the power frequency, first one, then the second, then the third current reaches its maximum value. The waveforms of the three supply conductors are offset from one another in time (delayed in phase) by one-third of their period.
Standard frequencies of single-phase power systems are either 50 or 60 Hz. Special single-phase traction power networks may operate at 16.67 Hz or other frequencies to power electric railways.
Contents
1 Splitting out
2 Applications
3 Grounding
4 References
5 See also
//
Splitting out

Single phase polemount Canadian stepdown transformer.
No arrangement of transformers can convert a single-phase load into a balanced load on a polyphase system. A single-phase load may be powered from a three-phase distribution system either by connection between a phase and neutral or by connecting the load between two phases. The load device must be designed for the voltage in each case. The neutral point in a three phase system exists at the mathematical center of an equilateral triangle formed by the three phase points, and the phase-to-phase voltage is accordingly times the phase-to-neutral voltage. For example, in places using a 415 volt 3 phase system, the phase-to-neutral voltage is 240 volts, allowing single-phase lighting to be connected phase-to-neutral and three-phase motors to be connected to all three phases.
In North America, a typical three-phase system will have 208 volts between the phases and 120 volts between phase and neutral. If heating equipment designed for the 240-volt three-wire single phase system is connected to two phases of a 208 volt supply, it will only produce 75% of its rated heating effect. Single-phase motors may have taps to allow their use on either 208 V or 240 V supplies.
On higher voltage systems (kilovolts) where a single phase transformer is in use to supply a low voltage system the method of splitting varies. In North America utility distribution practice, the primary of the step-down transformer is wired across a single high voltage feed wire and neutral, at least for smaller supplies (see photo of transformer on right). Rural distribution may be a single phase at a medium voltage; in some areas single wire earth return distribution is used when customers are very far apart. In Britain the step-down primary is wired phase-phase.
Applications
Single-phase power distribution is widely used especially in rural areas, where the cost of a three-phase distribution network is high and motor loads are small and uncommon.
High power systems, say, hundreds of kVA or larger, are nearly always three phase. The largest supply normally available as single phase varies according to the standards of the electrical utility. In the UK a single-phase household supply may be rated 100A or even 125A, meaning that there is little need for 3 phase in a domestic or small commercial environment. Much of the rest of Europe has traditionally had much smaller limits on the size of single phase supplies resulting in even houses being supplied with 3 phase (in urban areas with three-phase supply networks).
In North America, individual residences and small commercial buildings with services up to about 100 kV (417 amperes at 240 volts) will usually have three-wire single-phase distribution, often with only one customer per distribution transformer. In exceptional cases larger single-phase three-wire services can be provided, usually only in remote areas where polyphase distribution is not available. In rural areas farmers who wish to use three-phase motors may install a phase converter if only a single-phase supply is available. Larger consumers such as large buildings, shopping centres, factories, office blocks, and multiple-unit apartment blocks will have three-phase service. In densely-populated areas of cities, network power distribution is used with many customers and many supply transformers connected to provide hundreds or thousands of kV load concentrated over a few hundred square metres.
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James Rumsey for barnes hydraulic pumps

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James Rumsey
James Rumsey 1743-1792) was an American mechanical engineer chiefly known for exhibiting a boat propelled by machinery in 1787 on the Potomac River at Shepherdstown, now West Virginia, before a crowd of local notables, including Horatio Gates. A pump driven by steam power ejected a stream of water from the stern of the boat and thereby propelled the boat forward.
Little is known about Rumsey until he was living in Bath, Virginia, (now Berkeley Springs, West Virginia) in 1782. He likely had moved to the area with his family some years before the American Revolution, from Calvert County, Maryland, where he had helped to run the family water mill at Bohemia Manor. In Bath, he built houses, became a partner in a mercantile business, and helped to run a boarding house and tavern called the "Sign of the Liberty Pole and Flag."
Contents
1 Early efforts and the Patowmack Company
2 Work in Shepherdtown
3 Other innovators and Rumseian Societies
4 References
5 External links
//
Early efforts and the Patowmack Company
In September 1784, when George Washington was staying at Rumsey's inn, he contracted with Rumsey to build a house and stable on property he owned at Bath. During this visit, Rumsey showed Washington a working model of a mechanical boat which he had designed. It had a bow-mounted paddlewheel that worked poles to pull the boat upstream. Washington had been making plans for making the Potomac river navigable since before the Revolution, and a company was soon to be formed for the purpose. Rumsey's pole-boat, which promised to be able to ascend the river's chutes and swift currents, must have seemed a godsend to Washington, who wrote a certificate of commendation for Rumsey and likely let him know of the river project. Armed with the certificate, Rumsey obtained a patent from the Virginia legislature for "the use of mechanical boats of his design" and also gained an investor.
In July 1785, he was recommended by Washington and appointed the superintendent of the newly formed Patowmack Company. Thus the work on the river would be overseen by the man designing the riverboat to run on it. For a year, Rumsey oversaw work on the Potomac River at present-day Great Falls, while his assistant and brother-in-law Joseph Barnes did much of the building of the boat around Shpeherdstown.
Rumsey had quickly concluded that the pole-boat design was too limited and decided to incorporate steam propulsion into his design. While making his boat much more useful, it also made the building of it far more complex and expensive. Likewise, it soon was obvious that the Patowmack Company had a much greater task than any of its members had foreseen. It required great quantities of brute labor and difficult blasting, and Rumsey found himself directing a large and restive gang of about a hundred workmen, including leased slaves and bondsmen, encamped in a remote area, without adequate supplies.
After a year Rumsey said he would resign if not given an increase in pay. Instead of an offer, his resignation was accepted, and his assistant, Richardson Stewart, was given his job. Other aspects of the matter are open to debate; Stewart may or may not have worked against Rumsey to gain his job; Rumsey thought he had, the Company (and Washington) thought Rumsey's allegations unfounded. Still, according to Company minutes, Stewart was fired soon afterward, for "sundry charges of a serious nature".
Work in Shepherdtown
Work on a hull had begun in 1785 in Bath by Joseph Barnes. The boat was brought that fall to Shepherdstown. Valve castings, cylinders, and other pieces which had been made in Baltimore and Frederick were installed that December, and the boat was taken downriver to Shenandoah Falls for a test. However, bad weather postponed testing until the following spring. When Rumsey finally tested the boat, it proved very unsatisfactory. The pole-boat mechanism caused the boat to yaw in the current, which disabled the paddlewheel and stopped the boat. In the steam pump, the engine consumed too much steam; the boiler was inadequate.
It may be that, having left the Patowmack Company, Rumsey was loath to work on a propulsion system limited to be used on rivers. Or, lacking money from the Patowmack Company, he wished to concentrate his efforts on the more promising steam pump. At some point in 1786, work on the pole-boat mechanism was abandoned. For a better boiler, he tried a coil of forged iron pipe, which proved to be not only much more efficient but much smaller and lighter. With a functioning steam engine, another problem revealed itself. The single cylinder pump would draw several gallons of water of water from beneath the boat, send it down a copper pipe to the stern. Because gallons of water were being drawn into the pump at the same time as water was still flowing from it to the stern, the pump was...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about edwards vacuum pumps, bellows pump, hydraulic motor pump, electric air pumps, automotive electric water pump, compressor pumps, 12v dc pump, fuel nozzles, high heel pump, cooking oil pump, . The Auto Leak Hunting Machine products should be show more here!

The Professionals (TV series) for Cars TV DVD

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The Professionals
The Professionals opening titles.
Format
Crime / Action
Created by
Brian Clemens
Starring
Martin ShawLewis CollinsGordon Jackson
Theme music composer
Laurie Johnson
Country of origin
United Kingdom
No. of series
5
No. of episodes
57
Production
Producer(s)
Avengers Mk1 Productions / London Weekend Television
Running time
50 minutes
Broadcast
Original channel
ITV
Original run
1977 1983
The Professionals was a British crime-action television drama series produced by Avengers Mk1 Productions and London Weekend Television that aired on the ITV network from 1977 to 1983. In all, 57 episodes were produced, filmed between 1977 and 1982. It starred Martin Shaw, Lewis Collins and Gordon Jackson as agents of the fictional "CI5". The series was conceived as a response to The Sweeney, and was similar in style to Starsky and Hutch.
The Professionals was created by Brian Clemens, who had been one of the driving forces behind The Avengers. Clemens and Albert Fennell were executive producers, with business partner Laurie Johnson providing the theme music. Sidney Hayers produced the first series in 1977, and Raymond Menmuir the remainder.
Contents
1 Outline
2 The characters
2.1 Bodie
2.2 Doyle
2.3 Cowley
3 The cars
4 Controversy
5 Legacy
6 Parodies
7 Trivia
8 DVD and VHS releases
8.1 Germany
8.2 Czechoslovakia
8.3 Australia
9 Film
10 Episode guide
11 References and footnotes
12 External links
//
Outline
CI5 (Criminal Intelligence 5) was a law enforcement department, instructed by the Home Secretary to use any means, which dealt with crimes of a serious nature that went beyond the capacity of the police, but were not tasks for the secret service or military. The name CI5 appears to be influenced by Criminal Investigation Department and MI5. This brief allowed the programme-makers to involve a wide variety of villains including terrorists, hitmen, racist groups and espionage suspects, with plots sometimes relating to the Cold War. Led by the formidable George Cowley (Jackson), CI5 was known for using unconventional and sometimes illegal methods to beat criminals, or as Cowley put it "Fight fire with fire!" The use of a fictitious force in this context was somewhat less controversial than the portrayal of the real Flying Squad on The Sweeney.
Cowley's two best agents were Ray Doyle (Shaw) and William Bodie (Collins). Doyle was an ex-detective constable who had worked the seedier parts of London, while Bodie was an ex-paratrooper, mercenary and SAS sergeant. Of the two, Doyle was the softer, compassionate and more thoughtful character, while Bodie was more ruthless and more willing to take on criminals on their own terms. That said, Doyle was more hotheaded and tended to rush in, while Bodie waited for the shooting to start.
While polar opposites, Bodie and Doyle had a deep and enduring friendship, and were almost inseparable. Although their loyalty to Cowley was beyond question, they had no qualms about disobeying orders if it meant getting the right result, either for the case or themselves.
At the same time, Collins and Shaw became friends offscreen but managed to keep up the on screen chemistry and abrasiveness of Bodie and Doyle's relationship.
Initially, Anthony Andrews was contracted to play Bodie, but he and Shaw did not have the chemistry that Clemens was looking for. As Shaw was deemed to have more 'screen presence' Andrews was dropped, and Clemens hired Collins in his place. Shaw and Collins had played villains on an episode of New Avengers ('Obsesssion') together, and reportedly had not got on with each other. Ironically, this was the reason Collins was brought in to the production.
To begin with, Clemens intended to write two or three establishing episodes and then hand over to other writers, but their scripts were uneven and lacked the energy and pace needed. Clemens re-wrote nearly 10 scripts for the first season episodes and took a direct hands-on approach to the filming. In later seasons, with the format established and the writers and directors familiar with the show, he took a more leisurely approach to the behind the scenes goings-on.
The early years of the show featured varied plots, good scripts and ongoing character development of Bodie and Doyle and to a lesser extent Cowley, but later seasons featured increasingly overused ideas and script devices and both Collins and Shaw stated they felt the show was becoming stale.
The characters
Bodie
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Toyota G1 for toyota spare parts

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The Toyota G1 was the first truck built by the company that became Toyota. It was 20feet (6m) long, could carry 1.5 tons and was loosely based on similar class Ford and GM trucks.
The G1 was succeeded by a line of similar Toyota trucks as technology progressed. The entire series was replaced by the BM truck in 1947.
Contents
1 G1
1.1 Dates
1.2 Mechanicals
2 GA
2.1 Dates and Production Figures
2.2 Mechanicals
3 GB
3.1 Dates and Production Figures
3.2 Mechanicals
4 KB
4.1 Dates and Production Figures
4.2 Mechanicals
5 KC
5.1 Dates and Production Figures
5.2 Mechanicals
6 KCY
6.1 Dates and Production Figures
6.2 Mechanicals
7 References
//
G1
Kiichiro Toyoda's desire was to produce automobiles. Unfortunately, the A1 passenger car that was under development in 1935 was unlikely to sell well due to Japan's low economy. Work still progressed on the A1 but emphasis was shifted to a truck derived from the same engine and chassis (slightly lengthened).
The financial resources of the parent company, Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, were stretched almost to breaking point and large loans were required to put the G1 into production. The total cost of the G1 development was well several times the annual profits of Toyoda.
The G1 was sold as a Toyoda. The company changed it's name from Toyoda to Toyota at the introduction of the G1's successor, the GA.
Since this was Toyoda's first production vehicle, there were still many problems to be solved. When the first production examples were driven to Tokyo for the motor show, they were packed with many spare parts. These spare parts were in case something broke during the trip - luckily only a few replacement parts were required. Early sales were only to people who were sympathetic to local manufacturers and who were willing to endure many failures. To support them, design engineers from the factory were often sent to do repairs in order to learn which parts needed the most attention. For example, broken rear axle housings were common until new welding methods were developed. Repairs were done for free and sometimes entire trucks were replaced for free. Rectifications were then applied as running changes on the production line.
Dates
The G1 prototypes were completed in August 1935, shown to the public in November 1935 and released for sale in December 1935. This was just in time to meet the government deadline for licensing motor vehicle producers.
Mechanicals
The G1 used the 3389 cc Type A 6 cylinder engine that was also used in the A1 and AA. It produced 62hp (46kW).
A single solid axle housing with 2 single wheels was used at the front while a single solid axle housing with 2 pairs of double wheels was used at the rear.
GA
A minor update to the G1.
Dates and Production Figures
The GA replaced the G1 in September 1936.
Mechanicals
Similar to the G1.
GB
A minor update to the GA.
Dates and Production Figures
Production was 19870 units between 1938 and 1942.
Mechanicals
Similar to the GA.
KB
An update to the GB to make it more suitable for war time production. The body was still made from steel but was of a simpler design with less curves.
Dates and Production Figures
Production was 21130 units between 1942 and 1944.
Mechanicals
Similar to the GB.
KC

Scale model of a Toyota KC aircraft starter truck, minus the starting equipment.

Scale model of a Toyota KC aircraft starter truck, minus the starting equipment. This is a very early version that still has curved guards over the wheels. Later versions had flat guards and a single headlight.
An update to the KB to make it even more suitable for war time production in times of limited material availability. Emphasis was on reducing the cost of materials. The engine cover was still metal but other body panels were made from plywood. The body design was extremely square, with only simple curves used on the engine cover and a flat radiator with no grill. Only a single headlight and only rear brakes were used.
The KC truck was used on Japanese military airfields to start aircraft engines. A power take-off was taken from after the gearbox. It rose behind the cabin and then projected forward. This was mated to the spinner on an aircraft's propeller to start the aircraft engine. Because it wasn't used for heavy cargo, the cargo bed was narrow and the rear wheels were singles instead of the normal doubles. Also, the cabin was very basic, having plywood sides, no doors and a canvas roof. Running boards were unique to the starter truck due to the narrow cargo bed. Hasegawa made a 1:72 scale plastic model of the KC starter truck labelled as "Starter Truck...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about ingersoll rand parts, clutch disc, heat wheel, radial tires, 18 tires, kawasaki ninja 250 parts, nitro car parts, mini dirt bike parts, bicycle coaster brake, machine replacement parts, . The Internal Engine Cover For Scania 113 products should be show more here!

Bratz for name brand makeup

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Bratz is a popular line of fashion dolls and related merchandise designed by Carter Bryant and manufactured by southern California toy company MGA Entertainment. The four original 10" dolls - Cloe, Jade, Sasha, and Yasmin - are teenagers distinguished by large heads and skinny bodies, almond-shaped eyes adorned with eyeshadow, and lush, glossy lips.
Though Bratz dolls fared poorly at their June 2001 debut, their popularity increased the following Christmas. In their first five years, 125 million were sold worldwide, and, in 2005, global sales of Bratz and Bratz products reached two billion dollars. In 2006, a toy-industry analyst indicated Bratz had captured about forty per cent of the fashion-doll market, compared with Barbie's sixty per cent.
Bratz have provoked controversy in several areas. Criticism has been leveled at the labor conditions under which the dolls are manufactured in China, and the American Psychological Association has expressed concern about the sexualization of the dolls' clothing and its effect on children. Some of the Bratz characters dress in a provocative manner and the designers at MGA have agreed that the appearance of these dolls were far from how teenagers should dress today. MGA conceded further that many of their styles were sexually provocative and were setting a bad example for the children and the pre-teens to whom these toys are marketed. The original dolls generated a number of spin-offs such as Lil' Bratz, Bratz Boyz, Bratz kidz, and Bratz Petz as well as films, music albums, and interactive DVDs.
In 2008, rival manufacturer Mattel filed suit against MGA for infringement, claiming that MGA had improperly appropriated Mattel intellectual property in creating the Bratz. The jury found in favor of Mattel and awarded them $100 million; $10 million for MGA's copyright infringement and $90 million for their breach of contract. After the verdict, Mattel filed for a permanent injunction against MGA, to stop them from making and selling Bratz and to dispose of all Bratz-related marketing materials. The superior court judge granted the injunction, but enforcement of the injunction has been stayed until at least the end of 2009, while MGA appeals the decision.
Contents
1 Bratz dolls and lines
2 History
2.1 Labor conditions
2.2 APA concerns
2.3 Alleged profanity
3 Bratz dolls vs. Barbie dolls
4 Media
4.1 Films
4.2 Albums
4.3 TV series
4.4 Interactive DVDs
5 References
6 External links
//
Bratz dolls and lines
See also List of Bratz characters and List of Bratz products
The success of the original four dolls generated an octet of similar dolls in 2002 and 2003. Sets of twins were also introduced. The dolls were sold separately and in themed environments, such as Bratz Genie Magic Dolls. Accessories such as the Bratz Make-up Bag, Spa, Nail Stencil Factory, Playsets, Furniture, Video Games and Cars were released.
Four Bratz Boyz were released in 2002 with others debuting in 2007 and 2008. Bratz also includes Bratz Boyz Twiins, Adventure Boyz, Play Sportz, and others. Lil' Bratz (2002) are miniature versions of the original four Bratz and eventually included Lil' Boyz based on the Bratz Boyz. In 2007, a clothing line was released called Lil' Bratz Couture.
Bratz Babyz debuted in 2004 with molded hair and infant accessories such as bottles and blankets. The line met with a lukewarm reception, but their popularity grew when saran hair was introduced. Other characters from the regular Bratz have been brought to the Babyz. Bratz Lil' Angelz (2007) are the newborn, collectible version of Bratz Babyz. Smaller than regular Bratz Babyz, they include their own newborn pets.
Main article: Bratz Babyz
Bratz Petz debuted in 2004, proved unpopular, and were discontinued in 2006. They were plush toys resembling foxes, cats, and dogs with their own bags, clothes, and accessories. Bratz Petz have been re-released in Australia and the UK with bobble heads and accessories.
Bratz Kidz, the "kid" equivalent of the teenaged Bratz dolls, were introduced in 2006. The dolls were 6" tall and thus, shorter than the regular Bratz. Bratz Boyz Kidz were introduced in 2007 starring four of the Bratz Boyz. Their first movie was released in July 2007 and a second movie was released in February, 2008.
Be-Bratz dolls (2007) were designed for owner customization. With a Be-Bratz USB Key, the doll owner can take a Be-Bratz doll online, name it, and create an online social homepage. Games can be played with the Be-Bratz account to acquire accessories for the doll.
History
Labor conditions
On December 21, 2006, the National Labor Committee announced that the factory workers in China, who make Bratz dolls, labor for 94? hours a week, while the factory pays only $0.515 an hour, $4.13 a day. The per doll amount is $0.17,...(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about hair removal wax, dead sea spa care, samsung air conditioner, braided wig, computer fingerprint reader, ipl photo facial, handmade lotion, microsd card reader, hyaluronic acid skin care, lady shavers, . The Egg Soybean Milk Powder products should be show more here!