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Naphtha normally refers to a number of different flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons, i.e. a distillation product from petroleum or coal tar boiling in a certain range and containing certain hydrocarbons, a broad term encompassing any volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture.
Naphtha is used primarily as feedstock for producing a high octane gasoline component (via the catalytic reforming process). It is also used in the petrochemical industry for producing olefins in steam crackers and in the chemical industry for solvent (cleaning) applications.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Health and safety considerations
3 Properties
3.1 Physical
4 Production in refineries
5 Different types
5.1 Paraffinic
5.2 Heavy
6 Other applications
7 Health hazards
8 Examples in daily life
9 References
10 See also
11 External links
12 Additional Sources
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Etymology
The word naphtha came from Latin and Greek. It is an Ancient Greek word that was used to refer to any sort of petroleum or pitch. It appears in Arabic as "naft" ( stuff ) ("petroleum"). Arabs and Persians have used and distilled petroleum for tar and fuel from ancient times as attested in local Greek and Roman histories of the region.
Naphtha is the root of the word naphthalene. The second syllable of naphtha can also be recognised in phthalate. It also enters in the acronym of the word napalm. This latter being derived from a mixture of naphthenic acid with aluminium and magnesium salts of palmitic acid (a fatty acid, i.e. a type of soap). In Napalm, "Na" stands for naphthenic acid and "palm" for palmitic acid, meaning naphthenic-palmitate.
In older usage, naphtha simply meant crude oil, but this usage is now obscure.
Health and safety considerations
Forms of naphtha may be carcinogenic, and frequently products sold as naphtha contain some impurities, which may also have deleterious properties of their own. [1] [2] Like many hydrocarbon products, because they are products of a refractory process where a complex soup of chemicals is broken into another range of chemicals, which are then graded and isolated mainly by their specific gravity and volatility, there is a range of distinct chemicals included in each product. This makes rigorous comparisons and identification of specific carcinogens difficult, especially in our modern environment where exposure to a great number of such products occurs on a daily basis, and is further complicated by exposure to a significant range of other known and potential carcinogens (e.g., see [3]).
Below are linked some Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) specifications for different "naphtha" products, which contain varying degrees of naphtha, as well as various other chemicals. As well as giving health guidelines, these are some of the few ways to determine what a given product contains.
JT Baker VM&P Naphtha MSDS.
Diggers Shellite MSDS
Shell Ronsonol MSDS source1 source2formula developed for Ronson
Links to more MSDS for various camping-stove fuels including several that include naphtha
Benzene in particular is a known high-risk carcinogen, and so benzene content is typically specified in the MSDS. But more specific breakdown of particular forms of hydrocarbon is not as common.
Properties
Physical
Molecular weight range is 100-215 g/mol; specific gravity range is 0.75-0.85 g/cm3; boiling point range is 320-430鐧� (160-220鐧�); vapor pressure is < 5 mm Hg (< 5 torr). Naphthas are insoluble in water; colorless (kerosene odor) or red-brown (aromatic odor) liquid; incompatible with strong oxidizers.
Production in refineries
Naphtha is obtained in petroleum refineries as one of the intermediate products from the distillation of crude oil. It is a liquid intermediate between the light gases in the crude oil and the heavier liquid kerosene. Naphthas are volatile, flammable and have a specific gravity of about 0.7. The generic name naphtha describes a range of different refinery intermediate products used in different applications. To further complicate the matter, similar naphtha types are often referred to by different names.
The different naphthas are distinguished by:
Density (g/ml or specific gravity)
PONA, PIONA or PIANO analysis, which measures (usually in volume percent but can also be in weight percent):
Paraffin content (volume percent)
Isoparaffin content (only in a PIONA analysis)
Olefins content (volume percent)
Naphthenes content (volume percent)
Aromatics content (volume percent)
Different types
Paraffinic
Generally speaking, less dense ("lighter") naphthas will have a higher paraffin content. These are therefore also referred to as paraffinic naphtha. The main application for these naphthas is as a...(and so on)