Ballistic coefficient

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It is inversely proportional to the deceleration high number indicates a low deceleration. BC is a function of mass, diameter, and drag coefficient. It is given by the mass of the object divided by the diameter squared that it presents to the airflow divided by a dimensionless constant i that relates to the aerodynamics of its shape. Ballistic coefficient has units of lb/in2 or kg/m2. Normally BC's are stated in lb/in2 by gun projectiles producers without referring to this unit.Contents1 Formula 2 Bullet performance 2.1 General trends 2.2 The transient nature of bullet bcs 3 Satellites and reentry vehicles 4 See also 5 Freeware small arms ballistic coefficient calculators 6 References // FormulaThe formula for calculating the ballistic coefficient for a body is as follows:where:BC = ballistic coefficient M = mass A = cross-sectional area Cd = drag coefficient ? (rho) = average density l = body length Bullet performanceThe formula for calculating the ballistic coefficient for a bullet is as follows:where:BC = ballistic coefficient SD = sectional density, SD = mass of bullet in pounds or kilograms divided by its caliber squared in inches or meters; units are lb/in2 or kg/m2. i = form factor, i = drag coefficient of the bullet/drag coefficient of G1 model bullet (G1 drag coefficient = 0.5190793992194678)[verification needed] M = Mass of object, lb or kg d = diameter of the object, in or m This BC formula gives the ratio of ballistic efficiency compared to the standard G1 model projectile. The standard projectile originates from the "C" standard reference projectile defined by the German steel, ammunition and armaments manufacturer Krupp in 1881. The G1 model standard projectile has a BC of 1. The French Gavre Commission decided to use this projectile as their first reference projectile, giving the G1 name.A bullet with a high BC will travel farther than one with a low BC since it will retain its velocity better as it flies downrange from the muzzle, will resist the wind better, and will hoot flatter (see external ballistics).When hunting with a rifle, a higher BC is desirable for several reasons. A higher BC results in a flatter trajectory which in turn reduces the effect of errors in estimating the distance to the target. This is particularly important when attempting a clean hit on the vitals of a game animal. If the target animal is closer than estimated, then the bullet will hit higher than expected. Conversely, if the animal is further than estimated the bullet will hit lower than expected. Such a difference in bullet drop can often make the difference between a clean kill and a wounded animal.This difference in trajectories becomes more critical at longer ranges. For some cartridges, the difference in two bullet designs fired from the same rifle can result in a difference between the two of over 30 cm (1 foot) at 500 meters (550 yards). The difference in impact energy can also be great because kinetic energy depends on the square of the velocity. A bullet with a high BC arrives at the target faster and with more energy than one with a low BC.Since the higher BC bullet gets to the target faster, it is also less affected by the crosswinds.General trendsSporting bullets, with a calibre d ranging from 0.177 to 0.50 inches (4.50 to 12.7 mm), have BC in the range 0.12 to slightly over 1.00, with high being the most aerodynamic, and low being the least. Very-low-drag bullets with BC's ? 1.10 can be designed and produced on CNC precision lathes out of mono-metal rods, but they often have to be fired from custom made full bore rifles with special barrels.Ammunition makers often offer several bullet weights and types for a given cartridge. Heavy-for-caliber pointed (spitzer) bullets with a boattail design have the high BC's, whereas lighter bullets with square tails and blunt noses have lower BCs. The 6 mm and 6.5 mm cartridges are probably the most well known for having high BC bullets and are often used in long range target matches of 300-1000 meters. The 6 and 6.5 have relatively light recoil compared to larger calibers with high BC bullets and tend to take matches where accuracy is key. Examples include the 6mm PPC, 6 mm BR Norma, 6 x 47 SM, 6.5 Grendel and the 6.5-284. The 6.5 mm is also a very popular hunting caliber in Europe.In the United States, hunting cartridges such as the .25-06 Remington (a 6.35 mm caliber), the .270 Winchester (a 6.8 mm caliber), and the 7 mm-08 Remington (a .284" caliber) are used when high BCs and moderate recoil are desired. 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