Johnny Weissmuller

China Product


Early life

Weissmller was an ethnic German born to Peter Weissmller and his wife Elisabeth Kersch, in Banat, Romania. The ship's roster from his family's arrival at Ellis Island lists his birthplace as Mea, in border area of Serbia,. It has been claimed that he was actually named Peter by his parents, but when he arrived in the US he used his brother's name, Johnny, because it was more American. However, the records of St Rochus Church in Freidorf show that Johann, son of Peter Weissmller and Elizabeth Kersch, was baptized there on 6 May 1904. The passenger manifest of the S.S. Rotterdam, which arrived in New York on 26 January 1905, lists Peter Weissmller, a 29-year-old laborer, his 24-year-old wife Elisabeth, and seven-month-old Johann, The family is listed as Germans, last residence Temesvr, despite the fact that they lived for a long time in Freidorf (Szabadfalu). They were going to join their brother-in-law Johann Ott of Windber, Pennsylvania. On November 5, 1905, Johann Peter Weissmller was baptized at St John Cantius Catholic Church in Windber. In the 1910 census, Peter and Elizabeth Weisenmller as well as John and Eva Ott were living at 1521 Cleveland Ave in the 22nd Ward of Chicago, with sons John, age six, born in Temesvr and Peter Jr., age five, born in Illinois. Peter Weissmller and John Ott were both brewers, Ott immigrating in 1902, Weissmller in 1904. The ethnic group known as Banat Swabians had lived for several centuries in that region and developed a distinctive dialect and cultural traits.

R. Brever, B. Skelton, Johnny Weissmuller. c. 1925 hein gericke motorcycle jacket

When Weissmller was a small child, the family emigrated to the United States aboard the S.S. Rotterdam as steerage passengers. They left Rotterdam on January 14, 1905, and arrived at Ellis Island in New York harbor twelve days later as Peter, Elisabeth and Johann Weissmller. The passenger list records them as ethnic Germans and citizens of Romania. After a brief stay in Chicago, visiting relatives, they moved to the coal mining town of Windber, Pennsylvania. (For most of Weissmller's career, show business biographies incorrectly listed him as having been born in Pennsylvania. Some sources state that Weissmller lied about his birthplace in order to ensure his place on the US Olympic swimming team.) Peter Weissmuller worked as a miner, and his youngest son, Peter Weissmller, Jr., was born in Windber on 3 September 1905. Peter Jr. is listed on one census as born in Illinois. motorcycle leather racing suit

At age nine, Weissmller contracted polio. At the suggestion of his doctor, he took up swimming to help battle the disease. After the family moved from Western Pennsylvania to Chicago, Weissmller continued swimming and eventually earned a spot on the YMCA swim team. While living in Chicago, Weissmller's father owned a bar for a time and his mother became head cook at a famed restaurant. After Peter's business failed, he began drinking heavily and abusing both his wife and children. Elizabeth Weissmller eventually filed for, and was granted, a divorce (various biographies erroneously state that Weissmller's father died of tuberculosis leaving her a widow). According to draft registration records for World War I, Peter and Elizabeth were apparently still together as late as 1917. On his paperwork, Peter was listed as a brewer, working for the Elston and Fullerton Brewery. He and his family were living at 226 West North Avenue in Chicago. In his book, Tarzan, My Father, Johnny Weissmuller Jr. stated that although rumors of Peter Weissmller living to "a ripe old age, remarrying along the way and spawning a large brood of little Weissmllers" were reported, no one in the family was aware of his ultimate fate. Peter signed his consent for 19-year old John "Weissmuller"'s passport application in 1924, preceding Johnny's Olympic competition in France. In the 1930 federal census, Elizabeth Weissmller, age 49, has listed with her, her sons John P. and Peter J., and Peter's wife Dorothy. Elizabeth is listed as a widow. leather motorcycle racing suit

Careers

Swimming

Medal record

Men swimming

Competitor for the  United States

Olympic Games

Gold

1924 Paris

100 m freestyle

Gold

1924 Paris

400 m freestyle

Gold

1924 Paris

4 x 200 m freestyle

Gold

1928 Amsterdam

100 m freestyle

Gold

1928 Amsterdam

4 x 200 m freestyle

Men water polo

Bronze

1924 Paris

Team

As a teen, Weissmuller attended Lane Technical H.S. before dropping out to work various jobs including a stint as a lifeguard at a Lake Michigan beach. While working as an elevator operator and bellboy at the Illinois Athletic Club, Weissmuller caught the eye of swim coach William Bachrach. Bachrach trained Weissmuller and in August 1921, Weissmuller won the national championships in the 50-yard and 220-yard distances. Though he was foreign-born, Weissmuller gave his birthplace as Tanneryville, Pennsylvania, and his birth date as that of his younger brother, Peter Weissmuller. This was to ensure his eligibility to compete as part of the United States Olympic team, and was a critical issue in being issued an American passport. (This comment seems to be contradicted by data on his actual passport application - On his 1924 passport application, he listed his date of birth as June 2, 1904, and his place of birth as Windbar, Pennsylvania. His father, Peter signed an affidavit to this effect, giving his 19-year-old son permission to travel abroad to participate in the Paris Olympics and for other competitions in England and Belgium. His passport was issued in May, 1924.)

On July 9, 1922, Weissmuller broke Duke Kahanamoku's world record on the 100-meters freestyle, swimming it in 58.6 seconds. He won the title in that distance at the 1924 Summer Olympics, beating Kahanamoku for the gold. He also won the 400-meters freestyle and the 4 x 200 meters relay. As a member of the American water polo team, he also won a bronze medal. Four years later, at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, he won another two Olympic titles.

In all, he won five Olympic gold medals, one bronze medal, won fifty-two US National Championships and set sixty-seven world records. Johnny Weissmuller never lost a race and retired from his amateur swimming career undefeated.

Motion pictures

In 1929, Weissmuller signed a contract with BVD to be a model and representative. He traveled throughout the country doing swim shows, handing out leaflets promoting that brand of swimwear, signing autographs and going on talk shows. In that same year, he made his first motion picture appearance as an Adonis, wearing only a fig leaf, in a movie entitled Glorifying the American Girl. He appeared as himself in the first of several Crystal Champions movie shorts featuring Weissmuller and other Olympic champions at Silver Springs, Florida.

He co-starred with Esther Williams in Billy Rose's Aquacade during the San Francisco World's Fair, 193941, pursuing her throughout a span of two years.

His acting career began when he signed a seven year contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and played the role of Tarzan in Tarzan the Ape Man (1932). The movie was a huge success and Weissmuller became an overnight international sensation. Tarzan author, Edgar Rice Burroughs, was pleased with Weissmuller, although he so hated the studio's depiction of a Tarzan who barely spoke English that he created his own concurrent Tarzan series filmed on location in Central American jungles and starring Herman Brix as a suitably articulate version of the character.

Weissmuller starred in six Tarzan movies for MGM with actress Maureen O'Sullivan as Jane (with whom he had a brief affair[citation needed]) and Cheeta the Chimpanzee. The last three also included Johnny Sheffield as Boy. Then, in 1942, Weissmuller went to RKO and starred in six more Tarzan movies with markedly reduced production values. Unlike MGM, RKO allowed Weissmuller to play other roles, though a three picture contract with Pine-Thomas Productions led to only one film, Swamp Fire, being made, co-starring Buster Crabbe. Sheffield appeared as Boy in the first five features for RKO. Another co-star was Brenda Joyce, who played Jane in Weissmuller's last four Tarzan movies. In a total of twelve Tarzan films, Weissmuller earned an estimated $2,000,000 and established himself as what many consider the definitive Tarzan. Although not the first Tarzan in movies, (that honor went to Elmo Lincoln), he was the first to be associated with the now traditional ululating, yodeling Tarzan yell. (During an appearance on television's The Mike Douglas Show in the 1970s, Weissmuller explained how the famous yell was created. Recordings of three vocalists were spliced together to get the effect soprano, an alto, and a hog caller).

When Weissmuller finally left that role, he immediately traded his loincloth costume for a slouch hat and safari suit for the role of Jungle Jim (1948) for Columbia. He made thirteen Jungle Jim films between (1948) and (1954). Within the next year, he appeared in three more jungle movies, playing himself. In 1955, he began production of the Jungle Jim television adventure series for Screen Gems, a film subsidiary of Columbia. His costars were Martin Huston and Dean Fredericks. The show produced only twenty-six episodes, which were subsequently played repeatedly on network and syndicated television. Aside from a first screen appearance as Adonis and the role of Johnny Duval in the 1946 film Swamp Fire, Weissmuller played only three roles in films during the heyday of his Hollywood career: Tarzan, Jungle Jim, and himself.

After movies

In the late 1950s, Weissmuller moved back to Chicago and started a swimming pool company. He lent his name to other business ventures, but did not have a great deal of success. He retired in 1965 and moved to Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where he was Founding Chairman of the International Swimming Hall of Fame.

According to David Wallechinsky's Complete Book of the Olympics, while playing in a celebrity golf tournament in Cuba in 1958, Weissmuller's golf cart was suddenly captured by rebel soldiers. Weissmuller sized up the situation, got out of the cart and gave his trademark Tarzan yell. The shocked rebels soon began to jump up and down, calling "Tarzan! Welcome to Cuba!" Johnny and his companions were not only not kidnapped, but were given a rebel escort to the golf course.

Sometime in the 1960s, Weissmuller built a doomed tourist attraction called Tropical Wonderland, aka Tarzan's Jungleland, on US 1 in Titusville, Florida. In September 1966, Weissmuller joined former screen Tarzans James Pierce and Jock Mahoney to appear with Ron Ely as part of the publicity for the upcoming premiere of the Tarzan TV series. The producers also approached Weissmuller to guest star as Tarzan's father, but nothing came of it.

In 1970, he attended the British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, where he was presented to Queen Elizabeth II. That same year, he made a cameo appearance with former co-star Maureen O'Sullivan in The Phynx (1970).

Weissmuller lived in Florida until the end of 1973, then moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, where he worked as a greeter at the MGM Grand Hotel for a time. In 1976, he appeared for the last time in a motion picture, playing a movie crewman who is fired by a movie mogul, played by Art Carney, in Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood, and he also made his final public appearance in that year when he was inducted into the Body Building Guild Hall of Fame.

Personal life

Weissmuller had five wives: band and club singer Bobbe Arnst (married 1931 divorced 1933); actress Lupe Vlez (married 1933 divorced 1939); Beryl Scott (married 1939 divorced 1948); Allene Gates (married 1948 divorced 1962); and Maria Baumann (married 1963 his death 1984).

With his third wife, Beryl, he had three children, Johnny Weissmuller, Jr. (September 23, 1940 July 27, 2006), Wendy Anne Weissmuller (b. June 1, 1942), and Heidi Elizabeth Weissmuller (July 31, 1944 November 19, 1962).

Declining health and death

In 1974, Weissmuller broke both his hip and leg, marking the beginning of years of declining health. While hospitalized he learned that, in spite of his strength and lifelong daily regimen of swimming and exercise, he had a serious heart condition. In 1977, Weissmuller suffered a series of strokes. In 1979, he entered the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, California for several weeks before moving with his last wife, Maria, to Acapulco, Mexico, the location of his last Tarzan movie.

On January 20, 1984, Weissmuller died from pulmonary edema at the age of 79. At his request, he was buried in Acapulco at Valley of the Light Cemetery where, also at his request, a recording of the Tarzan yell he invented was played.

Influence

His former co-star and movie son, Johnny Sheffield, wrote of him, "I can only say that working with Big John was one of the highlights of my life. He was a Star (with a capital "S") and he gave off a special light and some of that light got into me. Knowing and being with Johnny Weissmuller during my formative years had a lasting influence on my life."

For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Johnny Weissmuller has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6541 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood.

Filmography

Film

Year

Film

Role

Notes

1929

Glorifying the American Girl

Adonis

Cameo appearance in the segment "Loveland"

1931

Swim or Sink

Himself

Short subject

Water Bugs

Himself

Short subject

1932

Tarzan, the Ape Man

Tarzan

The Human Fish

Himself

Short subject

1934

Tarzan and His Mate

Tarzan

1936

Tarzan Escapes

Tarzan

1939

Tarzan Finds a Son!

Tarzan

1941

Tarzan's Secret Treasure

Tarzan

1942

Tarzan's New York Adventure

Tarzan

1943

Tarzan Triumphs

Tarzan

Complete title: Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan Triumphs

Tarzan's Desert Mystery

Tarzan

Complete title: Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan's Desert Mystery

Stage Door Canteen

Himself

1945

Tarzan and the Amazons

Tarzan

Complete title: Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan and the Amazons

1946

Tarzan and the Leopard Woman

Tarzan

Complete title: Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan and the Leopard Woman

Swamp Fire

Johnny Duval

1947

Tarzan and the Huntress

Tarzan

Complete title: Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan and the Huntress

1948

Tarzan and the Mermaids

Tarzan

Complete title: Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan and the Mermaids

Jungle Jim

Jungle Jim

1948

The Lost Tribe

Jungle Jim

1950

Mark of the Gorilla

Jungle Jim

Captive Girl

Jungle Jim

Alternative title: Jungle Jim and the Captive Girl

Jungle Jim in Pygmy Island

Jungle Jim

Alternative title: Pygmy Island

1951

Fury of the Congo

Jungle Jim

Jungle Manhunt

Jungle Jim

1952

Jungle Jim in the Forbidden Land

Jungle Jim

Voodoo Tiger

Jungle Jim

1953

Savage Mutiny

Jungle Jim

Valley of Head Hunters

Jungle Jim

Killer Ape

Jungle Jim

1954

Jungle Man-Eaters

Jungle Jim

Cannibal Attack

Johnny Weissmuller

1955

Jungle Moon Men

Johnny Weissmuller

Devil Goddess

Johnny Weissmuller

1970

The Phynx

Himself

1976

Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood

Stagehand #2

Television

Year

Title

Role

Notes

1956-1958

Jungle Jim

Jungle Jim

26 episodes

References

^ "Interview with Johnny Weissmuller, Jr.". germanhollywood.com. http://www.germanhollywood.com/tarzan_myfather1.html. 

^ "Johnny Weissmuller." Britannica Online Encyclopedia.

^ "Serbia: Monument to Tarzan". The New York Times. 2007-02-17. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/17/world/europe/17briefs-tarzanmonument.html?%20(ex=1172725200&en=a945f654fa0398cc&ei=5070. 

^ "Businessweek report."

^ Bio in Sports Illustrated

^ a b Rasmussen, Frederick N. (2008-08-17). "From the pool to Hollywood stardom". baltimoresun.com. http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-id.backstory17aug17,0,2204240.column. Retrieved 2008-10-09. 

^ a b Weissmuller, Jr., Johnny; Weissmuller, Johnny; Reed, William (2002). Tarzan, My Father. Burroughs, Danton. ECW Press. pp. 2528. ISBN 1-550-22522-7. 

^ The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind. Macmillan. 2007. p. 943. ISBN 0-312-37659-6. 

^ Christopher, Paul J.; Smith, Alicia Marie (2006). Greatest Sports Heroes of All Times: North American Edition. Encouragement Press, LLC. p. 204. ISBN 1-933-76609-3. 

^ Kirsch, George B.; Othello, Harris; Nolte, Claire Elaine (2000). Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 488. ISBN 0-313-29911-0. 

^ Simonton, Dean Keith (1994). Greatness: Who Makes History and Why. Guilford Press. p. 156. ISBN 0-898-62201-8. 

^ The Million Dollar Mermaid: An Autobiography, By Esther Williams, Digby Diehl, Published by Harcourt Trade, 2000, ISBN 0156011352, 9780156011358.

^ a b Fury, David (1994). Kings of the Jungle: An Illustrated Reference to "Tarzan" on Screen and Television. McFarland & Company. p. 57. ISBN 0-899-50771-9. 

^ Sisson, Richard; Zacher, Christian; Cayton, Andrew Robert Lee (2007). The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. p. 902. ISBN 0-253-34886-2. 

^ Weissmuller, Johnny, Jr.; Weissmuller, Johnny; Reed, William (2002). Tarzan, My Father. Burroughs, Danton. ECW Press. p. 83. ISBN 1-550-22522-7. 

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008)

Further reading

Fury, David A. Fury. Johnny Weissmuller: Twice the Hero (Minneapolis, Minnesota: Artist's Press. 2000) ISBN 0924556021

Weissmuller, Johnny Jr. Tarzan My Father, Toronto: ECW Press 2002

External links

Johnny Weissmuller at the Internet Movie Database

Tarzan Fan Site

Louis S. Nixdorff, 1928 Olympic games collection, 1926-1978, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.

The passenger list of the ship that brought the Weissmullers to Ellis Island

"Serbia: Monument to Tarzan", The New York Times, February 17, 2007. The article states that Johnny Weissmuller was born in Serbia.

Johnny Weissmuller at Find a Grave

v  d  e

Tarzan movies

Silent films (8)

Tarzan of the Apes (1918) The Romance of Tarzan (1918) The Revenge of Tarzan (1920) The Son of Tarzan (1920) The Adventures of Tarzan (1921) Tarzan and the Golden Lion (1927) Tarzan the Mighty (1928) Tarzan the Tiger (1929)

With

Johnny Weissmuller (12)

Tarzan the Ape Man (1932) Tarzan and His Mate (1934) Tarzan Escapes (1936) Tarzan Finds a Son! (1939) Tarzan's Secret Treasure (1941) Tarzan's New York Adventure (1942) Tarzan Triumphs (1943) Tarzan's Desert Mystery (1943) Tarzan and the Amazons (1945) Tarzan and the Leopard Woman (1946) Tarzan and the Huntress (1947) Tarzan and the Mermaids (1948)

With Lex Barker (5)

Tarzan's Magic Fountain (1949) Tarzan and the Slave Girl (1950) Tarzan's Peril (1951) Tarzan's Savage Fury (1952) Tarzan and the She-Devil (1953)

With Gordon Scott (6)

Tarzan's Hidden Jungle (1955) Tarzan and the Lost Safari (1957) Tarzan and the Trappers (1958) Tarzan's Fight for Life (1958) Tarzan's Greatest Adventure (1959) Tarzan the Magnificent (1960)

Competing films

Tarzan the Fearless (1933) The New Adventures of Tarzan (1935) Tarzan and the Green Goddess (1938) Tarzan Revenge (1938) Tarzan, the Ape Man (1959)

Later RKO series films

and independent films

Tarzan Goes to India (1962) Tarzan's Three Challenges (1963) Tarzan and the Valley of Gold (1966) Tarzan and the Great River (1967) Tarzan and the Jungle Boy (1968) Tarzan's Deadly Silence (1970)

Later films

Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981) Greystoke - The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984) Tarzan and the Lost City (1998) Tarzan of the Apes (1999) Tarzan (1999) Tarzan & Jane (2002) Tarzan II (2005)

v  d  e

Olympic Champions in Men's 100 m Freestyle

1896: Alfrd Hajs | 1904: (100 yards) Zoltn Halmay | 1906: Charles Daniels | 1908: Charles Daniels | 1912: Duke Kahanamoku | 1920: Duke Kahanamoku | 1924: Johnny Weissmuller | 1928: Johnny Weissmuller | 1932: Yasuji Miyazaki | 1936: Ferenc Csk | 1948: Walter Ris | 1952: Clarke Scholes | 1956: Jon Henricks | 1960: John Devitt | 1964: Don Schollander | 1968: Michael Wenden | 1972: Mark Spitz | 1976: Jim Montgomery | 1980: Jrg Woithe | 1984: Rowdy Gaines | 1988: Matt Biondi | 1992: Alexander Popov | 1996: Alexander Popov | 2000: Pieter van den Hoogenband | 2004: Pieter van den Hoogenband | 2008: Alain Bernard

v  d  e

Olympic Champions in Men's 400 m Freestyle

1904: (440 yards) Charles Daniels | 1906: Otto Scheff | 1908: Henry Taylor | 1912: George Hodgson | 1920: Norman Ross | 1924: Johnny Weissmuller | 1928: Alberto Zorrilla | 1932: Buster Crabbe | 1936: Jack Medica | 1948: William Smith | 1952: Jean Boiteux | 1956: Murray Rose | 1960: Murray Rose | 1964: Don Schollander | 1968: Mike Burton | 1972: Brad Cooper | 1976: Brian Goodell | 1980: Vladimir Salnikov | 1984: George DiCarlo | 1988: Uwe Daler | 1992: Yevgeny Sadovyi | 1996: Danyon Loader | 2000: Ian Thorpe | 2004: Ian Thorpe | 2008: Park Taehwan

v  d  e

Olympic Champions in Men's 4200 m Freestyle Relay

1908: Great Britain (Derbyshire, Radimilovic, Foster, Taylor) | 1912: Australasia (Healy, Champion, Boardman, Hardwick) | 1920: USA (McGillivray, Kealoha, Ross, Kahanamoku) | 1924: USA (Weissmuller, O'Connor, Glancy, Breyer) | 1928: USA (Weissmuller, Clapp, Laufer, Kojac) | 1932: Japan (Yusa, Miyazaki, Yokoyama, Toyoda) | 1936: Japan (Yusa, Sugiura, Arai, Taguchi) | 1948: USA (Ris, McLane, Wolf, Smith) | 1952: USA (Moore, Woolsey, Konno, McLane) | 1956: Australia (O'Halloran, Devitt, Rose, Henricks) | 1960: USA (Harrison, Blick, Troy, Farrell) | 1964: USA (Schollander, Clark, Saari, Ilman) | 1968: USA (Schollander, Spitz, Nelson, Rerych) | 1972: USA (Spitz, Kinsella, Tyler, Genter) | 1976: USA (Bruner, Furniss, Naber, Montgomery) | 1980: Soviet Union (Kopliakov, Salnikov, Stukolkin, Krylov) | 1984: USA (Heath, Larson, Float, Hayes) | 1988: USA (Dalbey, Cetlinski, Gjertsen, Biondi) | 1992: Unified Team (Lepikov, Pyshnenko, Tayanovich, Sadovyi) | 1996: USA (Davis, Hudepohl, Schumacher, Berube) | 2000: Australia (Thorpe, Klim, Pearson, Kirby) | 2004: USA (Phelps, Lochte, Vanderkaay, Keller) | 2008: USA (Phelps, Lochte, Berens, Vanderkaay)

Honorary titles

Preceded by

Frank Merrill

Actors to portray Tarzan

1932-1948

Succeeded by

Buster Crabbe

Persondata

NAME

Weissmuller, Johnny

ALTERNATIVE NAMES

Weissmller, Peter Johann

SHORT DESCRIPTION

Swimmer and actor

DATE OF BIRTH

June 2, 1904

PLACE OF BIRTH

Temesvr, Austria-Hungary (now Timioara, Romania)

DATE OF DEATH

January 20, 1984

PLACE OF DEATH

Acapulco, Mexico

Categories: Tarzan films | Actors from Chicago, Illinois | American Roman Catholics | Austrian Americans | American film actors | American television actors | American swimmers | Austro-Hungarian Empire immigrants to the United States | Olympic swimmers of the United States | Olympic water polo players of the United States | Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics | Swimmers at the 1928 Summer Olympics | Water polo players at the 1924 Summer Olympics | Water polo players at the 1928 Summer Olympics | European American sportspeople | Deaths from lung disease | Danube Swabian | Naturalized citizens of the United States | People from Timioara | People from Somerset County, Pennsylvania | Olympic gold medalists for the United States | Olympic bronze medalists for the United States | People from Elk Grove Village, Illinois | 1904 births | 1984 deathsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 | Articles needing additional references from October 2008 | All articles needing additional references

Whole wheat flour

China Product


Overview

The word "whole" refers to the fact that all of the grain (bran, germ, and endosperm) is used and nothing is lost in the process of making the flour. This is in contrast to white, refined flours, which contain only the endosperm. Because the whole flour contains the remains of all of the grain, it has a textured, brownish appearance.

Benefits chainsaws prices

Whole wheat flour is more nutritious than refined white flour. However, in a process called food fortification, some micronutrients are added back to the white flour (required by law in some jurisdictions). Fortified white wheat flour does not, however, contain the macronutrients of the wheat's bran and germ (especially fiber and protein). Whole wheat is a good source of calcium, iron, fiber, and other minerals like selenium. manual wood splitter

Drawbacks carbide chain saw

Whole wheat flour has a shorter shelf life than white flour, as the higher oil content leads to rancidification. It is also more expensive.

Usually, whole wheat flour is not the main ingredients of baked goods, as it adds a certain "heaviness" which prevents them from rising as well as white flours. This adds to the cost per volume of the baked item as it requires more flour to obtain the same volume, due to the fewer and smaller air pockets trapped in the raised goods. Thus, many baked goods advertised as whole wheat are not entirely whole wheat; they may contain some refined white wheat, as long as the majority of the wheat used is whole wheat.

Nevertheless, it is possible to make a high-rising, light loaf of 100% whole wheat bread, so long as one increases the water content of the dough (the bran and germ in whole wheat absorb more water than plain white flour), kneads the dough for a longer period of time to develop the gluten adequately, and allows for a longer rise before shaping the dough. Some bakers let the dough rise twice before shaping. The addition of fats, such as butter or oil, and milk products (fresh milk, powdered milk, buttermilk, yogurt, etc.) can also greatly assist the rise.

White whole wheat

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.

White whole wheat flour is flour produced from soft white wheat varieties. Instead of being made from red wheat, the most common type in the United States, like most whole wheat flour, white whole wheat is made from white wheat, more common in the United Kingdom. The difference is that soft white wheat has a lower gluten content as well as lacking the tannins and phenolic acid that red wheat does, causing white whole wheat to appear and taste more like refined red wheat; it is whitish in color and does not taste bitter.

White whole wheat has almost the same nutrient content as red whole wheat. However, soft white whole wheat has a lower gluten content and contains a lower protein content (between 9% and 11%) when compared with harder wheats like red (1516% protein content) or golden wheat.[citation needed]

Standardization of the food products

ISO 11050

References

^ Nutrition Facts Comparison of whole wheat and white flour

"White wheat: Best thing since ...", USA Today

Whole Wheat Bread, Mayo Clinic

See also

Wheat flour

Whole grain

Categories: FlourHidden categories: Articles with limited geographic scope | USA-centric | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008

Random number generation

China Product


Practical applications and uses

Main article: Applications of randomness

Random number generators have applications in gambling, statistical sampling, computer simulation, cryptography, completely randomized design, and other areas where a random number is useful in producing an unpredictable result. flavoured condom

Note that, in general, where unpredictability is paramountuch as in security applicationsardware generators are generally preferred, where feasible, over pseudo-random algorithms. lubricated condom

Random number generators are very useful in developing Monte Carlo method simulations as debugging is facilitated by the ability to run the same sequence of random numbers again by starting from the same random seed. They are also used in cryptography so long as the seed is secret. Sender and receiver can generate the same set of numbers automatically to use as keys. condom factory

The generation of pseudo-random numbers is an important and common task in computer programming. While cryptography and certain numerical algorithms require a very high degree of apparent randomness, many other operations only need a modest amount of unpredictability. Some simple examples might be presenting a user with a "Random Quote of the Day", or determining which way a computer-controlled adversary might move in a computer game. Weaker forms of randomness are also closely associated with hash algorithms and in creating amortized searching and sorting algorithms.

Some applications which appear at first sight to be suitable for randomization are in fact not quite so simple. For instance, a system that 'randomly' selects music tracks for a background music system must only appear to be random, and may even have ways to control the selection of music; a true random system would have no restriction on the same item appearing two or three times in succession.

Online poker sites, such as PokerStars, have said they use a random number generator as their software gaming method, but individual statistics gathered from hundreds of multiple players and tens of thousands of played hands show that the outcome of games are nowhere near the statistical occurences that happen when using standard playing cards in live games. Therefore, the 'randomness' has been called in to question by many players over recent years. Just as the music system that 'appears' to be random yet may have ways to control the selection of music, the random number generator used in online software poker games may also be able to control the outcome of cards which will appear thereby benefiting, almost 'chosing', the winner and loser of each game. Moreover, there is talk that the actual player is 'randomly' chosen by the program to be a pre-determined winner before the games even begin by where they are randomly seated. At this time, that theory has yet to be proven.

"True" random numbers vs. pseudorandom numbers

Main article: Pseudorandom number generator

There are two principal methods used to generate random numbers. One measures some physical phenomenon that is expected to be random and then compensates for possible biases in the measurement process. The other uses computational algorithms that produce long sequences of apparently random results, which are in fact completely determined by a shorter initial value, known as a seed or key. The latter type are often called pseudorandom number generators.

A "random number generator" based solely on deterministic computation cannot be regarded as a "true" random number generator, since its output is inherently predictable. How to distinguish a "true" random number from the output of a pseudo-random number generator is a very difficult problem. However, carefully chosen pseudo-random number generators can be used instead of true random numbers in many applications. Rigorous statistical analysis of the output is often needed to have confidence in the algorithm.

Generation methods

Physical methods

Main article: hardware random number generator

The earliest methods for generating random numbers dice, coin flipping, roulette wheels are still used today, mainly in games and gambling as they tend to be too slow for most applications in statistics and cryptography.

A physical random number generator can be based on an essentially random atomic or subatomic physical phenomenon whose unpredictability can be traced to the laws of quantum mechanics. Sources of entropy include radioactive decay, thermal noise, shot noise, avalanche noise in Zener diodes, clock drift, the timing of actual movements of a hard disk read/write head, and radio noise. However, physical phenomena and tools used to measure them generally feature asymmetries and systematic biases that make their outcomes not uniformly random. A randomness extractor, such as a cryptographic hash function, can be used to obtain uniformly distributed bits from a non-uniformly random source, though at a lower bit rate.

Recently, a team in Bar-Ilan University in Israel has been able to create a physical random bit generator at a 300 Gbit/sec rate, making it the fastest ever.

Various imaginative ways of collecting this entropic information have been devised. One technique is to run a hash function against a frame of a video stream from an unpredictable source. Lavarand used this technique with images of a number of lava lamps. HotBits measures radioactive decay with GM tubes, while Random.org uses variations in the amplitude of atmospheric noise recorded with a normal radio.

Another common entropy source is the behavior of human users of the system. While people are not considered good randomness generators upon request, they generate random behavior quite well in the context of playing mixed strategy games. Some security-related computer software requires the user to make a lengthy series of mouse movements or keyboard inputs to create sufficient entropy needed to generate random keys or to initialize pseudorandom number generators.

Computational methods

Pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) are algorithms that can automatically create long runs of numbers with good random properties but eventually the sequence repeats (or the memory usage grows without bound). The string of values generated by such algorithms is generally determined by a fixed number called a seed. One of the most common PRNG is the linear congruential generator, which uses the recurrence

to generate numbers. The maximum number of numbers the formula can produce is the modulus, m. To avoid certain non-random properties of a single linear congruential generator, several such random number generators with slightly different values of the multiplier coeffient a can be used in parallel, with a "master" random number generator that selects from among the several different generators.[citation needed]

A simple pen-and-paper method for generating random numbers is the so-called middle square method suggested by John Von Neumann. While simple to implement, its output is of poor quality.

Most computer programming languages include functions or library routines that purport to be random number generators. They are often designed to provide a random byte or word, or a floating point number uniformly distributed between 0 and 1.

Such library functions often have poor statistical properties and some will repeat patterns after only tens of thousands of trials. They are often initialized using a computer's real time clock as the seed. These functions may provide enough randomness for certain tasks (for example video games) but are unsuitable where high-quality randomness is required, such as in cryptographic applications, statistics or numerical analysis. Better pseudo-random number generators such as the Mersenne Twister are widely available. Much higher quality random number sources are available on most operating systems; for example /dev/random on various BSD flavors, Linux, Mac OS X, IRIX, and Solaris, or CryptGenRandom for Microsoft Windows.

An example of a simple pseudo-random number generator that is computationally fast, has good (albeit not cryptographically strong) randomness properties, is given by the following "Multiply-With-Carry" generator of G. Marsaglia (note that this example is not thread safe):

m_w = <choose-initializer>; /* must not be zero */

m_z = <choose-initializer>; /* must not be zero */



uint get_random()

{

m_z = 36969 * (m_z & 65535) + (m_z >> 16);

m_w = 18000 * (m_w & 65535) + (m_w >> 16);

return (m_z << 16) + m_w; /* 32-bit result */

}

Generation from a probability distribution

There are a couple of methods to generate a random number based on a probability density function. These methods involve transforming a uniform random number in some way. Because of this, these methods work equally well in generating both pseudo-random and true random numbers. One method, called the inversion method, involves integrating up to an area greater than or equal to the random number (which should be generated between 0 and 1 for proper distributions). A second method, called the acceptance-rejection method, involves choosing an x and y value and testing whether the function of x is greater than the y value. If it is, the x value is accepted. Otherwise, the x value is rejected and the algorithm tries again.

Post-processing and statistical checks

Even given a source of plausible random numbers (perhaps from a quantum mechanically based hardware generator), obtaining numbers which are completely unbiased takes care. In addition, behavior of these generators often changes with temperature, power supply voltage, the age of the device, or other outside interference. And a software bug in a pseudo-random number routine, or a hardware bug in the hardware it runs on, may be similarly difficult to detect.

Generated random numbers are sometimes subjected to statistical tests before use to ensure that the underlying source is still working, and then post-processed to improve their statistical properties.

See also: Statistical randomness

Other considerations

Random numbers uniformly distributed between 0 and 1 can be used to generate random numbers of any desired distribution by passing them through the inverse cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the desired distribution. Inverse CDFs are also called quantile functions. To generate a pair of statistically independent standard normally distributed random numbers (x, y), one may first generate the polar coordinates (r, ), where r~22 and ~UNIFORM(0,2) (see Box-Muller transform).

Some 0 to 1 RNGs include 0 but exclude 1, while others include or exclude both.

The outputs of multiple independent RNGs can be combined (for example, using a bit-wise XOR operation) to provide a combined RNG at least as good as the best RNG used. This is referred to as software whitening.

Computational and hardware random number generators are sometimes combined to reflect the benefits of both kinds. Computational random number generators can typically generate pseudo-random numbers much faster than physical generators, while physical generators can generate true randomness.

Low-discrepancy sequences as an alternative

Some computations making use of a random number generator can be summarized as the computation of a total or average value, such as the computation of integrals by the Monte Carlo method. For such problems, it may be possible to find a more accurate solution by the use of so-called low-discrepancy sequences, also called quasirandom numbers. Such sequences have a definite pattern that fills in gaps evenly, qualitatively speaking; a truly random sequence may, and usually does, leave larger gaps.

Activities and demonstrations

The SOCR resource pages contain a number of hands-on interactive activities and demonstrations of random number generation using Java applets.

See also

Flipism

Hardware random number generator

List of random number generators

PP (complexity)

Procedural generation

Randomization

Randomized algorithm

Random number generator attack

Random password generator

Randomness

Slot machine

Random.org

References

^ Walker, John. "HotBits: Genuine Random Numbers". http://www.fourmilab.ch/hotbits/. Retrieved 2009-06-27. 

^ Haahr, Mads. "Introduction to Randomness and Random Numbers". http://random.org/randomness/. Retrieved 2009-04-08. 

^ Halprin, Ran; Naor, Moni (PDF). Games for Extracting Randomness. Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science. http://www.neko.co.il/games4rand.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-27.  Main site

^ TrueCrypt Foundation. "TrueCrypt Beginner's Tutorial, Part 3". http://www.truecrypt.org/docs/?s=tutorial3. Retrieved 2009-06-27. 

^ Marsaglia, George (1999-01-12). "sci.stat.math". http://groups.google.com/group/sci.crypt/browse_thread/thread/ca8682a4658a124d/. Retrieved 2010-02-10. 

^ The MathWorks. "Common generation methods". http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/stats/index.html?/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/stats/bqttfc1.html. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Random

RandomResult.com free random results and drawings

Categories: Information theory | RandomnessHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from June 2009 | All articles needing additional references | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009

Picnic

China Product


Etymology

Hunt Picnic by Franois Lemoyne, 1723

The first usage of the word is traced to the 1692 edition of Origines de la Langue Franaise de Mnagehich mentions 'pique-nique' as being of recent origin; it marks the first appearance of the word in print. The term was used to describe a group of people dining in a restaurant who brought their own wine. For long a picnic retained the connotation of a meal to which everyone contributed something. Whether picnic is actually based on the verb piquer which means 'pick' or 'peck' with the rhyming nique meaning "thing of little importance" is doubted; the Oxford English Dictionary says it is of unknown provenance. The word does not come from any racist origin, as a false rumor spread mostly via the internet suggests. crushed ice machines

The word picnic first appeared in English in a letter of the Gallicized Lord Chesterfield in 1748 (OED), who associates it with card-playing, drinking and conversation, and may have entered the English language from this French word. The practice of an elegant meal eaten out-of-doors, rather than a harvester worker's dinner in the harvest field, was connected with respite from hunting from the Middle Ages; the excuse for the pleasurable outing of 1723 in Lemoyne's painting (illustration, left) is still offered in the context of a hunt. home ice shaver

Usage ice shaving machine

A typical picnic setup on the ground with picnic basket and red plaid sheet.

In British and American English, the phrase "no picnic" is used to describe a difficult or trying situation or activity. For example, "Driving in rush hour traffic is no picnic."

In established public parks, a picnic area generally includes picnic tables and possibly other items related to eating outdoors, such as built-in grills, water faucets, garbage containers, and restrooms.

Related historical events

After the French Revolution in 1789, royal parks became open to the public for the first time. Picnicking in the parks became a popular activity amongst the newly enfranchised citizens.

Early in the 19th century, a fashionable group of Londoners formed the 'Picnic Society'. Members met in the Pantheon on Oxford Street. Each member was expected to provide a share of the entertainment and of the refreshments with no one particular host. Interest in the society waned in the 1850s as the founders died.

From the 1830s, Romantic American landscape painting of spectacular scenery often included a group of picnickers in the foreground. An early American illustration of the picnic is Thomas Cole's The Pic-Nic of 1846 (Brooklyn Museum of Art) In it a guitarist serenades the genteel social group in the Hudson River Valley with the Catskills visible in the distance. Cole's well-dressed young picnickers have finished their repast, served from splint baskets on blue-and-white china, to stroll about in the woodland and boat on the lake.

A picnic in front of the Orangerie Kassel, Germany, c. 2003

The image of picnics as a peaceful social activity can be utilised for political protest too. In this context, a picnic functions as a temporary occupation of significant public territory. A famous example of this is the Pan-European Picnic held on both sides of the Hungarian / Austrian border on the 19 August 1989 as part of the struggle towards German reunification.

In the year 2000, a 600-mile-long picnic took place from coast to coast in France to celebrate the first Bastille Day of the new Millennium. In the United States, likewise, the 4 July celebration of American independence is a popular day for a picnic. In Italy the favourite picnic day is Easter Monday.

Cultural representations of picnics

Perhaps the most famous depiction of a picnic is Le djeuner sur l'herbe, painted by Edouard Manet in 1862.

"A book of verse beneath the bough,

A loaf of bread, a jug of wine, and thou

Beside me singing in the Wilderness

Ah, wilderness were paradise enow!"

mar Khayyam , in his 12th century Rubaiyat

The active Canadian children's health association Pediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada carry the acronym PICNIC

The Wind in the Willows, by Kenneth Grahame begins with a boating picnic enjoyed by Rat and Mole that exemplifies an English tradition:

"The Rat brought the boat alongside the bank, tied it up, helped awkward Mole safely ashore, and swung out the picnic basket. The Mole begged to be allowed to unpack it all by himself. He took out all the mysterious packets one by one and arranged their contents, gasping 'Oh my! Oh my!' at each fresh surprise."

In literature

From Charles Dickens' The Mystery of Edwin Drood: "...Miss Twinkleton (in her amateur state of existence) has contributed herself and a veal pie to a picnic." (Project Gutenberg Entry: )

In Jane Austen's novel Emma at the Box Hill picnic which turned out to be a sore disappointment, Frank Churchill said to Emma: "Our companions are excessively stupid. What shall we do to rouse them? Any nonsense will serve..." (Project Gutenberg Entry: )

In Fernando Arrabal's Picnic in the Field the young and inexperienced soldier Zepo is visited unexpectedly by his devoted parents. Despite the war setting they have a cheerful picnic together.

The novel Roadside Picnic by Boris and Arkady Strugatsky, which was written in 1972, was the source for the film Stalker (1979) by Andrei Tarkovsky. The novel is about a mysterious "zone" filled with strange and often deadly extraterrestrial artifacts, which are theorized by some scientists to be the refuse from an alien "picnic" on Earth.

No Picnic on Mount Kenya, by Felice Benuzzi recounts the attempt of three Italian prisoners of war during the Second World War to reach the top of Mount Kenya.

In art

Le djeuner sur l'herbe (Manet, 1862)

"Le Djeuner sur l'Herbe" (1865-1866), often referred to as "The Picnic" or "The Luncheon on the Grass" in English, was one the earliest works of Manet.

In film

The film Picnic, which is based on the Pulitzer Prize winning play by William Inge, was a multiple Oscar winner from 1955. Since then the film has been remade twice, once in 1986 and again in 2000, but neither subsequent version received much acclaim.

With Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975), Peter Weir constructs a film of haunting mystery. Three girls and one of their teachers on a school outing mysteriously disappear. The only one that is later found remembers almost nothing.

Baji on the Beach, Gurinder Chada (1993). The German version of the film is titled Picknick on the Beach. Nine Indian women of various ages flee from their everyday life into a joint excursion to the English resort town of Blackpool. A rather unharmonious journey because conflicts between generations raise emotions to a fever pitch.

Blissfully Yours, a film with a picnic in a jungle.

Picnickers are used to illustrate the scale of one metre in the film Powers of Ten.

The Office Picnic (1973) is a dark comedy set in an Australian Public Service office. It was written and produced by film maker Tom Cowan, who is now famous for his work on the series Survivor.

In music

In 1906, the British composer John William Bratton wrote a musical piece originally titled "The Teddy Bear Two Step". It became popular in a 1908 instrumental version renamed "Teddy Bears Picnic", performed by the Arthur Pryor Band. The song regained prominence in 1932 when the Irish lyricist Jimmy Kennedy added words and it was recorded by the then popular Henry Hall (and his BBC Dance Orchestra) featuring Val Rosing (Gilbert Russell) as lead vocalist, which went on to sell a million copies. The Teddy Bears' Picnic resurfaced again in the late 1940s and early 1950s when it was used as the theme song for the Big Jon and Sparkie children's radio show. This perennial favorite has appeared on many children's recordings ever since, as well as being the theme song for the AHL's Hershey Bears hockey club. lyrics and audio from the BBC

"Stone Soul Picnic", by Laura Nyro (released in 1968) It was a major hit for the group The 5th Dimension. cover version by Swing Out Sister

"Malcolm's X-Ray Picnic" was a moderate hit for the indie-pop group Number One Cup.

References

^ Mary Ellen W. Hern, "Picnicking in the Northeastern United States, 1840-1900", Winterthur Portfolio 24.2/3 (Summer - Autumn 1989), pp. 139-152.

^ "Etymology of Picnic". snopes.com. http://www.snopes.com/language/offense/picnic.asp. Retrieved 2009-12-07. 

^ The German Picknick , nor part of lord Chesterfield's cultural sphere, may simply be a parallel borrowing from French pique-nique.

^ English picnics are described in Georgina Battiscombe, English picnics, (London: Harvill Press) 1949; there is also a National Trust Book of Picnics, 1982.

^ Mary Ellen W. Hern, "Picnicking in the Northeastern United States, 1840-1900", Winterthur Portfolio 24.2/3 (Summer - Autumn 1989), pp. 139-152, illus. fig. 1.

^ Austin Chronicle article A Loaf of Bread, a Jug of Wine - The simple but elegant art of picnic pairing published APRIL 22, 2005 says "But what constitutes the Perfect Picnic? Some sandwiches you throw together or grab and go? An elegant plate of poached salmon accompanied by a fruit and cheese platter? A couple of dogs on a grill? Each of these menus has its charms, but it doesn't get any better than the outdoor dining menu devised by Omar Khayyam in his 12th century The Rubaiyat."

^ "The Mystery of Edwin Drood by Charles Dickens - Project Gutenberg". Gutenberg.net. 1996-06-01. http://gutenberg.net/etext/564. Retrieved 2009-12-07. 

^ "Emma by Jane Austen - Project Gutenberg". Gutenberg.net. 1994-08-01. http://gutenberg.net/etext/158. Retrieved 2009-12-07. 

Further reading

BBC Food Picnic Guide

Urban Legends: Language (Picnic)

Picnic Recipes, Games and Ideas

Picnic Ideas

Snopes.com page debunking false claims of racist etymology

Categories: Meals

Cranberry glass

China Product


antiques.about.com/cs/otherglass/a/aa111400.htm

http://www.laterlife.com/laterlife-family-treasures9.htm

http://www.glass.co.nz/gibruby.htm patio swing sets

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Glass science topics patio swing set

Basics

Glass definition  Is glass a liquid or a solid?  Glass-liquid transition  Physics of glass  Supercooling

Glass formulation

AgInSbTe  Bioglass  Borophosphosilicate glass  Borosilicate glass  Ceramic glaze  Chalcogenide glass  Cobalt glass  Cranberry glass  Crown glass  Flint glass  Fluorosilicate glass  Fused quartz  GeSbTe  Gold ruby glass  Lead glass  Milk glass  Phosphosilicate glass  Photochromic lens glass  Silicate glass  Soda-lime glass  Sodium hexametaphosphate  Soluble glass  Ultra low expansion glass  Uranium glass  Vitreous enamel  ZBLAN

Glass-ceramics

Bioactive glass  CorningWare  Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals  Macor  Zerodur

Glass preparation

Annealing  Chemical vapor deposition  Glass batch calculation  Glass forming  Glass melting  Glass modeling  Ion implantation  Liquidus temperature  Sol-gel technique  Viscosity

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Achromat  Dispersion  Gradient index optics  Hydrogen darkening  Optical amplifier  Optical fiber  Optical lens design  Photochromic lens  Photosensitive glass  Refraction  Transparent materials

Surface modification

Anti-reflective coating  Chemically strengthened glass  Corrosion  Dealkalization  DNA microarray  Hydrogen darkening  Insulated glazing  Porous glass  Self-cleaning glass  Sol-gel technique  Toughened glass

Diverse topics

Diffusion  Glass-coated wire  Glass databases  Glass electrode  Glass fiber reinforced concrete  Glass history  Glass ionomer cement  Glass microspheres  Glass-reinforced plastic  Glass science institutes  Glass-to-metal seal  Porous glass  Prince Rupert's Drops  Radioactive waste vitrification  Windshield

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Glass makers and brands

Contemporary

companies

Anchor Hocking  Arc International  Ardagh  Armashield  Asahi  Aurora Glass Foundry  Baccarat  Blenko Glass Company  Bodum  Corning  Dartington Crystal  Daum  Edinburgh Crystal  Fanavid  Fenton Art Glass Company  Firozabad glass industry  Franz Mayer  Glava  Glaverbel  Hardman & Co.  Heaton, Butler and Bayne  Holmegaard Glassworks  Holophane  Hoya  Kingdom of Crystal  Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works  Kosta Glasbruk  Libbey Owens Ford  Liuli Gongfang  Iittala  Luoyang  Johns Manville  Mats Jonasson Mlers  Moser Glass  Mosser Glass  Nippon Sheet Glass  Ohara  Orrefors Glasbruk  Osram  Owens Corning  Owens-Illinois  Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano  Phu Phong  PPG  Pilkington  Preciosa  Quinn Group  Riedel  Royal Leerdam Crystal  Saint-Gobain  Samsung Corning Precision Glass  Schonbek  Schott  Shrigley and Hunt  Steuben Glass  Sterlite Optical Technologies  Swarovski  Tyrone Crystal  Val Saint Lambert  Verrerie of Brehat  Waterford  Watts & Co  World Kitchen  Xinyi Glass  Zwiesel

Historic

companies

Bakewell Glass  Belmont Glass Company  Boston and Sandwich Glass Company  Carr Lowrey Glass Company  Cambridge Glass  Chance Brothers  Clayton and Bell  Dunbar Glass  Fostoria Glass Company  General Glass Industries  Alexander Gibbs  Grnvik glasbruk  Hazel-Atlas  Heisey  Hemingray Glass Company  Knox Glass Bottle Company  Lavers, Barraud and Westlake  Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs  Morris & Co.  Old Dominion Glass Company  James Powell and Sons  Ravenhead glass  The Root Glass Company  Sneath Glass Company  Ward and Hughes  Westmoreland Glass Company  Whitall Tatum Company  White Glass Company  Worshipful Company

Glassmakers

John Adams  Richard M. Atwater  Frederick Carder  Irving Wightman Colburn  Henry Crimmel  Henry Clay Fry  Friedrich  A. H. Heisey  Libbey  Antonio Neri  Alastair Pilkington  Salviati  Otto Schott  S. Donald Stookey  W. E. S. Turner  John M. Whitall

Trademarks

and brands

Bohemian glass  Bomex  Burmese glass  Chevron bead  Corelle  CorningWare  Cranberry glass  Cristallo  Duran  Endural  Favrile  Fire King  Gold Ruby  MACOR  Murano glass  Opaline glass  Pyrex  Ravenhead glass  Tiffany glass  Vitrite  Vitrolite  Vycor  Waterford Crystal  Wood's glass  Zerodur

This glass material related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Fire alarm pull station

China Product


Coded pull stations

In the past, pull stations controlled the entire system. These coded pull stations were much bigger than modern pulls and had a code wheel in them. This was a gear mechanism that was wound up when the station was pulled (and, unlike modern pull stations, the handle did not stay down). The gears would turn a small wheel with a specific number of teeth, which determined the coding. The teeth would push up on a contact, which would open and close a circuit, pulsing the code to the bells or horns. This code was used by building security to determine where the alarm was originating from. Example: a pull station in the fourth floor elevator lobby of an office building has a code of 5-3-1. When the station is pulled, the security officers in the building look up 5-3-1 in a master list of codes. After finding the location of the pull, they check to see if there is a real fire. If there is, they evacuate the building and call the fire department.

Antique Holtzer-Cabot coded pull station. infineon ddr2 ram

System tests could be conducted in one of two ways: In a coded pull station, there is either a test hole on the front (which is usually activated with an allen wrench) or a test switch on the inside. Turning the switch one way causes the notification appliances to sound continuously (or in the case of single-stroke bells, ding once). Turning it the other way and then activating the pull allows a silent test to be done in which the station's mechanical parts are checked to ensure proper function. Once pulled, the station would do at least four rounds of code before resetting itself. Coded pulls were used in new fire alarm systems until roughly the 1970s. Up until the late 1980s and early 1990s, some panels were made with an extra zone to accommodate any existing coded pull stations. Nowadays, coded pull stations are very rare and almost never seen in working fire alarm systems. pc133 ecc ram

Modern pull stations rf keyboard mouse

Many modern fire alarm pull stations are single action and only require the user to pull down the handle. Other fire alarm pull stations are dual-action, and as such require the user to perform a second task before pulling down, such as lifting up or pushing in a panel on the station or shattering a glass panel with an attached hammer. Perhaps the most recognizable pull station is the T-bar style pull. The style is so named because the handle is shaped like the letter "T". This style is manufactured by many companies.

A Simplex single action "T-bar" pull station.

Resetting a fire alarm pull station after it has been operated normally requires building personnel or emergency responders to open the station using a key, which often is either a hex key or a more traditional key. Opening the station normally causes the handle to go back to its original position, allowing the alarm to be reset from the fire alarm control panel after the station has been closed.

In areas where false calls are a problem, pull stations may be covered with a clear plastic cover that sounds a loud tamper alarm when removed, creating focus on the fire alarm. If this is not a sufficient deterrent, the pull handle may be treated with ink, powder, or gel dye which can be used to help identify who pulled the alarm.

Manual call points

An activated Nohmi manual call point in Japan. Telephone jacks are visible beneath the open cover.

In Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Asia, pull stations are generally not used; instead a manual call point is used, which is usually referred to as an MCP within the fire protection industry, as a "transmitter" in Japan, or as a "break glass" by the UK public. They are used to allow building occupants to signal that a fire or other emergency exists within the building. They are usually connected to a central fire alarm panel which is in turn connected to an alarm system in the building, and often to a local fire brigade dispatcher as well. The first modern MCP arrived in Europe in 1972 and was developed by KAC.

MCPs would historically be printed with FIRE as a title above a glass element, where the element would be glass which would be covered with plastic. This element design would be the old British Standard. The new European Standard, EN 54, says that the title should be the House Flame symbol, and the glass would appear differently. The glass will still be covered with plastic on the printed side.

Previously, the old British standard did not allow hinged covers and plastic resettable elements. Plastic elements must have the same printing as the EN54 glass.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fire alarm pull stations

Fire safety

References

^ "KAC Home Page". Kac.co.uk. http://www.kac.co.uk/final/home.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-16. 

External links

Video demonstrating a coded pull station made by Simplex.

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Fire protection

General

Passive fire protection   Active fire protection   Fire alarm system   Fire drill

Fire suppression

Fire extinguisher   Fire sand bucket   Fire sprinkler   Gaseous fire suppression   Fire blanket

Detection

Control panel   Heat detector   Pull station   Fire alarm box   Notification appliance   Smoke detector

Categories: Fire detection and alarm | Active fire protectionHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from October 2008 | All articles lacking sources | Articles with limited geographic scope

Ballpoint pen

China Product


History

An authentic "birome", made in Argentina by Br & Meyne

The manufacture of economical, reliable ballpoint pens resulted from a combination of experimentation, modern chemistry, and the precision manufacturing capabilities of 20th century technology. Many patents worldwide are testaments to failed attempts to make these pens commercially viable and widely available. The ballpoint pen went through several failures in design throughout its early stages. It has even been argued that a design by Galileo Galilei (during the 17th century), was that of a ballpoint pen[citation needed]. The first patent on a ballpoint pen was issued on 30 October 1888, to John Loud,, a leather tanner, who was attempting to make a writing implement that would be able to write on the leather he tanned, which the then-common fountain pen couldn't do. The pen had a rotating small steel ball, held in place by a socket. Although the pen could be used to mark rough surfaces such as leather, as Loud intended, it proved to be too coarse for letter writing and was not commercially exploited. mechanical colored pencil

In the period between 1904 and 1946, there was intense interest in improving writing instruments, particularly alternatives or improvements to the fountain pen. Slavoljub Eduard Penkala invented a solid-ink fountain pen in 1907, a German inventor named Baum took out a ballpoint patent in 1910, and yet another ballpoint pen device was patented by Van Vechten Riesburg in 1916. In these inventions, the ink was placed in a thin tube whose end was blocked by a tiny ball, held so that it could not slip into the tube or fall out of the pen. The ink clung to the ball, which spun as the pen was drawn across the paper. These proto-ballpoints did not deliver the ink evenly. If the ball socket was too tight, the ink did not reach the paper. If it were too loose, ink flowed past the tip, leaking or making smears. Many inventors tried to fix these problems, but without commercial success. mechanical colored pencils

Lszl Br, a Hungarian newspaper editor, was frustrated by the amount of time that he wasted in filling up fountain pens and cleaning up smudged pages, and the sharp tip of his fountain pen often tore his pages of newsprint. Br had noticed that the type of ink used in newspaper printing dried quickly, leaving the paper dry and smudge free. He decided to create a pen using the same type of ink. Since, when tried, this viscous ink would not flow into a regular fountain pen nib, Br, with the help of his brother George, a chemist, began to work on designing new types of pens. Br fitted this pen with a tiny ball in its tip that was free to turn in a socket. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball rotated, picking up ink from the ink cartridge and leaving it on the paper. Br filed a British patent on 15 June 1938. colored mechanical pencils

Earlier pens leaked or clogged due to improper viscosity of the ink, and depended on gravity to deliver the ink to the ball. Depending on gravity caused difficulties with the flow and required that the pen be held nearly vertically. The Biro pen both pressurized the ink column and used capillary action for ink delivery, solving the flow problems.

In 1940 the Br brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to Argentina fleeing Nazi Germany and on June 10, filed another patent, and formed Br Pens of Argentina. The pen was sold in Argentina under the Birome brand (portmanteau of Br and Meyne), which is how ballpoint pens are still known in that country. Lszl was known in Argentina as Ladislao Jos Br. This new design was licensed by the British, who produced ball point pens for RAF aircrew as the Biro, who found they worked much better than fountain pens at high altitude, as fountain pens were prone to ink-leakage due to the decreased atmospheric pressure.

Eversharp, a maker of mechanical pencils teamed up with Eberhard-Faber in May 1945 to license the design for sales in the United States. At about the same time a U.S. businessman saw a Biro pen in a store in Buenos Aires. He purchased several samples and returned to the U.S. to found the Reynolds International Pen Company, producing the Biro design without license as the Reynolds Rocket. He managed to beat Eversharp to market in late 1945; the first ballpoint pens went on sale at Gimbels department store in New York City on 29 October 1945 for US$12.50 each. This pen was widely known as the rocket in the U.S. into the late 1950s.

Similar pens went on sale before the end of the year in England, and by the next year in most of Europe. Cheap disposable instruments were produced by the BIC Corporation with "Bic" as the tradename (pronounced BiK, not Beak); as with 'Hoover' and 'Xerox', the tradename has subsequently passed into general use. With BIC's expanding product range, the original Bic pen design is now termed the Bic Cristal.

Description

Ballpoint pen rolling over a paper surface, leaving behind a trail of ink.

There are two basic types of ball point pens: disposable and refillable.

Disposable pens are chiefly made of plastic throughout and discarded when the ink is consumed; refillable pens are metal and some plastic and tend to be much higher in price. The refill replaces the entire internal ink reservoir and ball point unit rather than actually refilling it with ink, as it takes special high-speed centrifugation to properly fill a ball point reservoir with the viscous ink. The simplest types of ball point pens have a cap to cover the tip when the pen is not in use, while others have a mechanism for retracting the tip. This mechanism is usually controlled by a button at the top and powered by a spring within the pen apparatus, but other possibilities include a pair of buttons, a screw, or a slide.

Tip of a ballpoint pen highly magnified

Rollerball pens combine the ballpoint design with the use of liquid ink and flow systems from fountain pens;

Space Pens, developed by Fisher in the United States, combine a more viscous than normal ballpoint pen ink with a gas pressurized piston which forces the ink toward the point. This design allows the pen to write even upside down or in zero gravity environments.

Standards

The International Organization for Standardization has published standards for ball point and roller ball pens:

ISO 12756

1998: Drawing and writing instruments Ball point pens Vocabulary

ISO 12757-1

1998: Ball point pens and refills Part 1: General use

ISO 12757-2

1998: Ball point pens and refills Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)

ISO 14145-1

1998: Roller ball pens and refills Part 1: General use

ISO 14145-2

1998: Roller ball pens and refills Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)

ISO 14145-1938 is when the pen was invented

Ballpoint pens in everyday life

Ballpoint pens are ubiquitous in modern culture. While other forms of pen are available, ballpoint pens are certainly the most common and almost every household is likely to have several. The fact that they are cheaply available and convenient to use means they are often to be found on desks and also in pockets, handbags, purses, bags and in cars almost anywhere where one could conceivably need to use a pen. Ballpoint pens are often provided free by businesses as a form of advertising printed with a company's name, a ballpoint pen is a relatively low cost advertisement that is highly effective (customers will use, and therefore see, a pen on a daily basis). Businesses and charities may also include ballpoint pens in direct mail mailings in order to increase a customer's interest in the mailing.

Some people, also create art on themselves with the pens; this is sometimes known as a ballpoint tattoo. Due to this, and to ballpoints widespread use by schoolchildren, all ballpoint ink formulas are non-toxic, and the manufacturing and content of the ink is regulated in most countries.

Ballpoint pen art

Ballpoint pen drawing

File:Ballpen Drawing(3).jpg

Ballpoint pen drawing

In recent years, the ballpoint pen has become a popular medium for professional artists as well as amateurs. The instrument offers immediacy of results with little or no preparation required, along with portability and relative low price. Point size and ink characteristics such as lightfastness and opacity are considerations in choosing a make and model of pen. Contemporary artists working in ballpoint pen include Juan Francisco Casas and New Yorkased Lennie Mace. Other artists, like Rezo Kaishauri, use ballpoint pens as part of their mixed media technique.

Characteristics of ballpoint pens

Pentel R.S.V.P. ballpoint pens.

Compared to rollerball and fountain pens, ballpoints require more pressure to write. Ballpoints lack the free flowing supply of ink that other types have, requiring the writer to apply more pressure to the page. As a result, the ballpoint pens are less likely to leak. Their robustness makes them suitable where a firm press is required, namely for carbon copy-type forms where a layer of carbon paper transfers the writing, but not the ink, to subsequent copies. In such use other types of pens may over time get damaged beyond usability.

They have difficulty writing on surfaces with low adherence (such as plastics, shiny surfaces, and wet or oily surfaces). Due to the pen's reliance on gravity to coat the ball with ink, most ballpoint pens cannot be used to write upside down; however, there are special pens that do work upside-down.

References

^ "How does a ballpoint pen work?". Engineering. HowStuffWorks. 19982007. http://science.howstuffworks.com/question683.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-16. 

^ GB Patent No. 15630, 30 October 2008

^ Herend - A porceln-arany csoda

^ Space Pen, Bullet Pen, Personalized Pens from Fisher Pen

^ ISO 12756:1998 - Drawing and writing instruments - Ball point pens and roller ball pens - Vocabulary

^ ISO 12757-1:1998 - Ball point pens and refills - Part 1: General use

^ ISO 12757-2:1998 - Ball point pens and refills - Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)

^ ISO 14145-1:1998 - Roller ball pens and refills - Part 1: General use

^ ISO 14145-2:1998 - Roller ball pens and refills - Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)

^ discusses using ballpoint pens to create temporary tattoos, and also the danger of using them to create permanent ones

^

^ How Ballpoint Pens Work

See also:

Gel pen

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ballpens

Synosphre , ballpoint drawing,

Biro Art - Doodles with a ball point pen.

SCHNEIDER - The history of the SCHNEIDER ballpoint pens.

Rare photo-realistic drawings done in ball-point (birodrawing.co.uk)

A history of the ballpoint pen.

Dennis Carlisle, Ball point pen artist.

Eric Bostrom's gallery (has come up with some blending techniques, as well)

Did Biros really revolutionise writing? - BBC News - October 24, 2006

RichardInk.com - Modern independent pen maker and pen information blog

Writing Instrument Manufacturers Association

Founder of an American folk art program called Ball Point Pen Art. Jerry Stith has been introducing what a ballpoint pen can do as an art medium by publishing 800 artists, 153 video's and 5,440 drawings.

- Allan Barbeau Colored ballpoint pen Drawing.

Categories: Hungarian culture | Hungarian loanwords | Hungarian inventions | Pens | Argentine cultureHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008

Case Unclosed

China Product


Host

SEASON

HOST canvas garment bag

GUEST-HOST nylon garment bags

1 cotton garment bag

Kara David

Ivan Mayrina / Rhea Santos / Tina Panganiban-Perez

2

Arnold Clavio

List of episodes

2008 Episodes

October

Ozone Disco.

Alaala ng Ozone (Memories of Ozone)

On March 18, 1996, 161 people died in the Ozone Disco Tragedy. Some others that the victims are unidentified and the owner became responsible for what happened. Directed by Adolfo Alix Jr.

Yaman ni Yamashita (Yamashita's Treasure)

One of the most controversial treasures of all time. Some of the treasures of General Tomoyuki Yamashita still exists. The discovery of the Golden Bhudda by Roger Roxas in 1971 that leads him to his death. Directed by Tata Illenberger.

Bakas ng Karahasan (Trace of Violence): The Chiong Murder Case

On July 16, 1997, sisters Marijoy and Jacqueline Chiong was kidnapped by unidentified persons in Cebu. Marijoy's body was found the next morning while Jacqueline is not yet found until now. Some of the suspects came from some prominent families in Cebu. Directed by Milo Tolentino.

The Hultman-Chapman double-murder case

On July 13, 1991, Maureen Hultman, Roland John Chapman and Jussi Leino were shot by Claudo Teehankee, Jr., son of former Supreme Court Chief Justice Claudio Teehankee, Sr. It also became controversial when Teehankee was released from jail. Directed by Raya Martin.

Lihim ng 1897 (The Secret of 1897)

On May 10, 1897, Andres Bonifacio, known as the Supreme leader of the Katipunan together with his brother Procopio was killed at Mount Buntis in Maragondon, Cavite after a military trial. Some say that Emilio Aguinaldo was responsible for the killings. Directed by Paul Morales.

November

The Nida Blanca Murder Case

On November 7, 2001, actress Nida Blanca was found dead in a building in Greenhills. Philip Medel, Jr. said that her husband Rod Strunk was the mastermind, but he made a big mistake. Strunk died in the United States in an accident.

Kapatiran hanggang Kamatayan (Death in the Fraternity) (literally, Fraternity Until Death)

Cris Mendez was killed by hazing by some of the members of the Sigma Rho Fraternity. Lenny Villa suffered that same fate in 1991. But the case is still in court. Directed by Rica Arevalo.

Desaparecidos

During the Marcos administration, many activist were kidnapped but up until now, not yet found, even their remains. Some were killed during the Arroyo administration. Directed by Alvin Yapan.

Vizconde massacre

On June 30, 1991, Estrelita, Carmela and Jennifer Vizconde were killed inside their house in Paraaque. At first, some of the suspects were acquitted. After four years, Jessica Alfaro became responsible for re-opening the case. But Hubert Webb, son of then-Senator Freddie Webb was not in the Philippines when the murder occurred. Directed by Mark Shandii Bacolod.

December

Dacer-Corbito murder case

On November 24, 2000, PR man Bubby Dacer and his driver Emmanuel Corbito were kidnapped and were found dead four days after. P/Col. Glenn Dumlao, one of the accused, named former Po/Supt. Cezar Mancao and former S/Supt. Michael Ray Aquino as the brains behind the crime. Mancao and Aquino were members of Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Task Force or PAOCTF, headed by then Gen. Panfilo Lacson. Directed by Charlie Bebs Gohetia.

Ang Pagkawala ni Geraldine Palma (The Disappearance of Geraldine Palma)

On August 16, 2007, the body of Geraldine Palma, a seven year-old girl was found in North Harbour packed in a luggage. Some say that the nanny is responsible for her death. But there are speculations that the body found is not Geraldine Palma's. Directed by Jay Abello.

Magsaysay plane crash

On March 17, 1957, an airplane crashed at Mount Manunggal in Cebu. One of those who were killed by the crash is President Ramon Magsaysay. Speculations say that it was an accident while some claim it was a sabotage. Nestor Mata is the sole survivor in the crash. Directed by Sigrid Andrea P. Bernardo.

Case Unclosed: Balik Tanaw"

This episode was the year-end special, showing three previous episodes of the show: "Yaman ni Yamashita", "Lihim ng 1897" and "Magsaysay Plane Crash".

2009 Episodes

January

Gregorio del Pilar.

Yearend Special

This episode was the Part 2 of the year-end special, showing nine previous episodes of the show: "Alaala ng Ozone", "Kapatiran hanggang Kamatayan", "Desaparecidos", "Hultman-Chapman Double Murder Case", "Dacer-Corbito Murder Case", "Nida Blanca Murder Case" "Vizconde Massacre", "Ang Bakas ng Karanasan: The Chiong Murder Case" and "Ang Pagkawala ni Geraldine Palma".

Gregorio del Pilar: Bayani o Berdugo? (Gregorio del Pilar: A Hero or Executioner?)

On December 2, 1899, General Gregorio del Pilar was assissinated after the Battle of Tirad Pass. Directed by Sari Lluch Dalena.

Payatas Tragedy

On July 10, 2000, More than 300 people were buried alive when a mountain of garbage collapsed in Payatas eight years ago. Although almost a decade has passed, no one has been made responsible and punished for what happened until now. Directed by Eli Balce.

RCBC Massacre

On May 16, 2008, Ten lives ended after a group of men robbed the RCBC Light and Science branch in Cabuyao, Laguna in May of last year. Because victims were shot in the head, the case has been dubbed as the bloodiest bank robbery in the history of the Philippines. Directed by Joaquin Pedro Valdes.

Pestao: suicide o murder? (Pestao: suicide or murder?) (substitutely hosted by Ivan Mayrina)

On September 27, 1995, Philippine Navy Ensign Philip Pestao was found dead with a gunshot in his head. It said had he killed himself, but other said that he was murdered. Directed by Maikel Cardoz.

February

ULTRA Stampede (substitutely hosted by Rhea Santos)

On February 6, 2006, 78 people died and 400 people were injured in the stampede at the PhilSports Arena for the first anniversary of the ABS-CBN noontime show Wowowee. Up until now, no one is responsible for the tragic incident. Directed by indie director Anna Isabelle Matutina.

Gumuhong mga Pangarap (Shattered Dreams) (substitutely hosted by Tina Panganiban-Perez)

Education is believed to be the best legacy we can leave our children. So to ensure their children's future, thousands of Filipinos buy educational plans. In April 2005, however, 30,000 parents were alarmed when news broke out that Pacific Plans, Incorporated, one of the largest companies in the pre-need industry, went bankrupt and would not be able to pay for the tuition fees of its planholders. Directed by indie director Sigfried Barros Sanchez.

Lucila Lalu: Chop Chop Lady

Chop-chop. A term coined to describe what is done to easily and inconspicuously dispose of the remains of a murder victim. The term was first used in the Philippines when the dismembered body parts of Lucila Lalu were found in different cities in May of 1967. Directed by Gawad CCP awardee indie director Sandino Magno

Jabidah Massacre

More than a hundred men Brought to the southern part of the Philippines to be secretly trained in guerrilla tactics The year was 1967 and their mission was to infiltrate and invade Sabah, Malaysia. But early in the morning of March 18, 1968, something happened. Directed by Onin Tagaro

March

Plaza Miranda Bombing

August 21, 1983 has gone down in history as the day former Senator Ninoy Aquino was assassinated. But 12 years before Ninoy death, another event happened that left a deep mark in history: the Plaza Miranda Bombing. Directed by Kiri Lluch Dalena.

Flor Contemplacion

Flor Contemplacion, a 42-year old maid was hanged to death for murder. She was accused of killing Delia Maga, another OFW, and her four-year old Singaporean ward. It was a bitter ending for Flor as she was hanged at 6:00 on the morning of March 17, 1995 together with three male drug traffickers. Directed by Jon Red.

Jailbreak

March 14, 2005, 6:30 a.m. A suspected member of the Abu Sayyaf was scheduled to be brought to court for an early hearing. Just as handcuffs were about to be put on him, he grabbed the jail guard's firearm and shot at other prison officers. Other imprisoned members of the Abu Sayyaf immediately got out of their cells, armed themselves and barricaded the second floor of the building at Camp Bagong Diwa in Bicutan where they were incarcerated. Directed by Sasi Casas

Sino ang pumatay kay Ninoy? (Who Killed Ninoy?)

Despite the presence of more than a thousand members of the military and police force on the tarmac when his plane flew in from the United States, despite three armed bodyguards escorting him, someone still found an opportunity to fatally shoot Ninoy Aquino in the head. Directed by Richard Somes

April

Bocaue Pagoda tragedy

On July 2, 1993, during the Bocaue River Festival tragedy struck when around 500 people rode the floating pagoda causing it to sink killing more than two hundred people. The pagoda float was way beyond its capacity. Despite hundreds of lives lost, no one seems to have been made accountable for the tragedies. Directed by J. Pacena

Maricris Sioson: Namatay o Pinatay? (Maricris Sioson: Died or Killed?)

In April 1991 Maricris Sioson, a 22-year-old dancer arrived in the Philippines in a casket. The Japanese government said that she died from hepatitis, but she had burns, bruised and stabbed all over her body. Directed by Benji Garcia

Tara Santelices

It was the night of August 6, 2008 and the birthday of Tara Santelices. She was on her way home to Cainta with her friend, Joee Mejias, when the jeepney they were riding got mugged. Tara was shot in the head after struggling with the mugger over her bag. Directed by Jade Francis Castro

May

Dr. Jose Rizal: Kristo ng Lahing Kayumanggi? (Dr. Jose Rizal: Christ of Brown Race?)

Dr. Jose Rizal is known to be the Philippines' national hero. To some Filipinos, however, he is more than that. They consider Rizal to be the "Kristong Kayumanggi" or the "Brown Christ". Directed by Ruelo Lozendo

A replay of this episodee was aired on January 1, 2010 as part of the 2009 Rizal Day celebrations.

Cochise-Beebom Double Murder Case

On the night of April 25, 1990, UP Law graduate Ernesto "Cochise" Bernabe II and his beautiful girlfriend Anna Lourdes "Beebom" Castaos were abducted outside a restaurant where they planned to have dinner. After 19 years, the prime suspect Rodolfo Manalili was granted Executive Clemency although he was sentenced to double-life imprisonment. Directed by Aloy Adlawan

Ang Pagkawala ni Edgar Bentain (The Disappearance of Edgar Bentain)

Edgar Bentain, a former PAGCOR employee became known as the one who caught then-Vice President Joseph Estrada on cam playing poker with some friends. After many years, he just disappeared. Directed by Martin Cabrera

Wala na si "Neneng" ("Neneng" was Already Gone)

It was in May of 1987 when the death of a young girl, who was given by GMA "Neneng" as a pseudonym, woke the country to the reality of pedophilia. Young Neneng died after a piece of metal that broke off from a dildo rot for several months inside her private part. The dildo was said to have been inserted in Neneng by a foreigner. Directed by Jeyow Evangelista

June

Danyos (Humans rights victims under Marcos dictatorship)

More than two decades have passed since former President Ferdinand Marcos was ousted from power but the shadow of his regime reaches to this day. Directed by Mario AV Guzman

Cherry Hills Tragedy

Every family dreams to have a house of their own. Cherry Hills Subdivision was built for the poor families who cannot afford a house and lot of their own. But to those who bought a property in Cherry Hills Subdivision in Antipolo, tragedy struck. Typhoon Olga was letting out its wrath when a landslide occurred burying 300 houses and more than 50 people in Cherry Hills. Directed by Paolo Herras

Brother Eli, paninirang Puri? (Is Brother Eli a Victim of Slander?)

Bro. Eli Soriano, the well-known televangelist and leader of Ang Dating Daan was charged of raping a fellow male named Daniel Veridiano. Today, Veridiano is now a member of Iglesia ni Cristo. Directed by Michael Angelo Dangalan

Olalia-Alay-ay Double murder case

Kilusang Mayo Uno leader Rolando Olalia and his driver Leonor Alay-ay met their deaths in November 1986 when members of the Rebolusyonaryong Alyansang Makabansa were said to have killed them to wreak havoc. This was during the term of former President Cory Aquino when coup d' etats were being launched left and right. Directed by Ogi Suhatan

July

Antonio Luna

It was the height of the war between the United States and the Philippines when rumours that Gen. Antonio Luna was going to launch a coup d etat against then President Emilio Aguinaldo. To prevent him from carrying out his alleged plan, soldiers close to the president hacked Gen. Luna to death. Strangely, not one of the soldiers involved in the general death was punished. Directed by Tara Illenberger

PNP's Most Wanted Bong Panlilio

Jose Ma. "Bong" Panlilio was charged for the murder of brother's Albert Gutierrez and Ariel De Castro. Today, he is one of the PNP's Most Wanted criminals with a reward of 5 million pesos and is now posted everywhere around the country. The PNP's search for Panlilio continues up until now. Directed by EJ Salcedo

Marlene Esperat

Marlene Esperat, a former employee of the Department of Agriculture, once dreamed of ridding the government agency she worked for of corruption. But on March 24, 2005, she was forever silenced by a single gunshot. Directed by Ron Bryant

Antipolo Massacre

Something strange happened in Sitio Kulasisi, Antipolo on December 3, 1993. The usually meek Winefredo Masagca went into rage and hacked five people to death. Many thought he was possessed by evil spirits. Directed by Jerrold Tarog

Tara Santelices (Part 2)

Tara Santelices died on July 27, 2009, after struggling to live for almost a year. Directed by Jade Francis Castro

August

Melissa Roxas Story

It was said to be Filipino-American Melissa Roxas worst nightmare: to be allegedly abducted and tortured. According to Melissa's account, the incident happened on May 19, as she said, when soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines accused her of being a member of the New People Army. Directed by Ed Lejano

Didith Reyes, Namatay o Pinatay? (Didith Reyes Died or Killed?)

On December 10, 2008, people were shocked to hear from the news that former 1970s singing star Didith Reyes died. The reports said she had a heart attack. Her only son, Arvey however, thinks otherwise. He believes that the alleged constant beating her mother experienced from her live-in partner Eulogio Disongla may have caused her death. Directed by Earl Bontuyan

Naabong Kalinga (A Care for Children that Turned to Ashes)

On the midnight of December 3, 1998, 28 people are died and many of them are rescued from the fire in the Associacion de Damas de Filipinas Settlement House. But, due to the help of President Joseph Estrada, the Settlement House was reconstructed. Directed by Cris Pablo

Overkill?

On November 7, 2005, a shoot-out was done in Ortigas Avenue according to the Traffic Management Group of the Philippine National Police. Members of the Valle Verde Group, one of the known carnapping groups in Metro Manila were been killed by the police. Directed by Philip Espina

September

Abadilla 5

On June 13, 1996, 5 men were responsible for the ambush murder of Col. Rolando Abadilla in Katipunan Avenue, Quezon City. The suspects became known as the "Abadilla 5". Directed by Borgy Torre III

Ruby Rose Barrameda Story

Ruby Rose Barrameda-Jimenez, sister of former beauty queen Rochelle Barrameda went missing since March 14, 2007. After two years, she was found in a steel case in a drum filled with cement in a sea in Navotas. Directed by Vic Acedillo Jr.

Laban ni Karen Vertido (The Battle of Karen Vertido)

Forty two year old mother and wife Karen Vertido will never forget March 29, 1996. She claims that she was raped by her 60-year old boss, Jose Custodio on that date. Her grief continued when the court found Custodio not guilty of rape. Directed by Pam Miras

Sisig Queen

On April 16, 2008, Apong Lucing Cunanan was found dead inside her own home in Pampanga. Her husband and children suspect robbers came into the house to steal money and jewelry from the family vault and when they found out that she was awake, they killed her. Directed by Hector Macaso

October

Ang Pagragasa ni Ondoy (The Wrath of "Ondoy")

The Philippines was badly hit by typhoon "Ondoy". Metro Manila was heavily flooded, resulting to more than two hundred deaths as of press time. Millions worth of properties were also damaged due to the raging flood water. With these casualties, many still wonder how it happened. What are the measures that should have been done to prevent Ondoy's wrath?

Pyramid Scam

Because they were promised that the company would double their investments, many agreed to put their money in Multitel. Unfortunately, their get-rich-easy plans turned into one of the biggest scam in the country's history. It was called the Multitel Pyramiding Scam. Directed by Arnold S. Argao

The December Shootout

Tragedy struck in a subdivision in Paranaque on December 5, 2008. Jun De Vera and his daughter, Lia was allegedly caught in a crossfire between the police and a gang of criminals. Jun and Lia died. Ten months after their death, Jun's widow Lilian is still crying for justice. She wants to know if there was foul play in the supposedly accidental shooting. Directed by Elfardo

Ang Bakas ng Kahapon ni Lola (The Mark of the Past of the Grandmother)

It's been almost seven decades, but the worst memories of the comfort women from the Japanese Imperial army are still etched in their minds. They filed every possible case against them, but up to now, the government of Japan ignores their plea. Directed by Arnold S. Argao

November

Glorietta Blast

It has been two years, October 19, 2007, since the Glorietta Mall bombing in Makati, but a lot of questions are still left unanswered. What caused the fatal bombing? Was it an accident or an act of terrorism? Directed by Ray Defante Gibraltar

Ramon Pagdanganan Ambush: Sino ang may Sala? (Ramon Pagdanganan Ambush: Who is The Criminal?)

The celebration of Calumpit, Bulacan fiesta two years ago was suddenly cut short when the town former mayor, Ramon onching" Pagdanganan, younger brother of former Governor Obet Pagdanganan was ambushed. He died on the spot. Directed by Elfardo

Walang Bakas, ang Kwento ni Ka Prudencio (No Trace, The Story of Ka Prudencio)

On June 26, 2006, Prudencio Calubid along with his wife were abducted and tortured as they were going home in Samar. They say that they were abducted by the military. Up until now, they are still missing. Directed by Arnold Argao

Bayani nga ba? (Is He Really a Hero?)

Some historians claim that during the last few days, Rizal retracted all his strong views of corruption and abuse of power by the Spanish friars. If proven true, it can be a basis to question Rizal's status as our National Hero. Directed by Arnold Argao

December

Hustisya ni Judge Gingoyon (Justice of Judge Gingoyon)

On New Year's Eve, 2005, Judge Henrick Gingoyon was shot to death in Bacoor, Cavite. Gingoyon is known as the judge in some of the most talked issues in the Philippine. Up until now, the suspect is still unknown. Directed by Ric Reyes

Trahedya sa Perya (Tragedy at the Carnival)

On Christmas Day 2006, the Picardal family went into a carnival in Marikina. But, tragedy strucked to Kimberly and Katherine Picardal. Reyes family was also present in the carnival, but the child was disabled by the tragedy. Both victims of the tragedy, Picardals helps Reyeses for the justice which is still elusive for them. Directed by Arnold Argao

MV Doa Paz Tragedy

December 20, 1987. More than four thousand passengers from the Samar and Leyte provinces boarded MV Dona Paz. They were all hoping to celebrate Christmas in Manila . Halfway to the travel, tragedy struck. Directed by Arnold Argao

Case Update

This episode was the year-end special, showing three previous episodes of the show: "Dacer-Corbito Murder Case", "Ang Pagkawala ni Geraldine Palma" and "Ang Bakas ng Karanasan: The Chiong Murder Case".

2010 episodes

January

The Mayor Resuello Murder Case

On April 28, 2007, San Carlos City, Pangasinan Mayor Julian Resuello was shot dead while attending their town fiesta. Directed by Elfardo

Ballot Snatching

Teachers are said to be modern-day heroes during the election season. But in some cases, such momentous event could also have a tragic ending. It was dawn of May 9, 1995 when two men allegedly snatched the ballots from a group of election officers at Talaga Elementary School in Mabini, Batangas. In the middle of the commotion, Filomena Tatlonghari was shot by unidentified man. Directed by Arnold Argao

The Roger Mariano Murder Case

On July 31, 2004, Radio commentator Roger Mariano, was ambushed by armed men while on his way home. After 6 years, there is no court decision yet on his case. Directed by Arnold Argao

Ang Pagpaslang kay Ernest Santiago (The Murder of Ernest Santiago)

On December 16, 2007, fashion designer Ernest Santiago was found dead in Pagsanjan, Laguna after robbers invaded his house and killed him. After two years, the family of Santiago is still hoping for justice. Directed by Arnold Argao

February

Bakas ng Trahedya (Marks of Tragedy)

In the Part 1 of the special episode, Case Unclosed will revisit the worst tragedies that besieged the nation. Cases of fire, maritime disasters and landslides that took thousands of lives and damaged millions of properties. Has anyone been made accountable for these tragedies?

Ang mga Kontrobersya ng Kasaysayan (The Controversies of History)

In the Part 2 of the special episode, Case Unclosed will revisit again the Controversies of the History and Showing the Episodes are the following: "Antonio Luna", "Gregorio del Pilar, Bayani o Berdugo?", "Bayani nga ba?", "Lihim ng 1897", "Yaman ni Yamashita", "Desaparecidos", "Plaza Miranda Bombing" and "Magsaysay Plane Crash".

Karahasan laban sa mga Kababaihan (Violence against Women)

In the Part 3 of the Special episode, Case Unclosed will revisit again the stories of violence against Wwmen and showing the episodes are the following: "Nida Blanca Murder Case", "Sisig Queen", "Ruby Rose Barrameda Story", "Lucila Lalu: Chop-chop Lady" and "Didith Reyes: Namatay o Pinatay?".

Awards & Recognition

Public Attorney's Office Awards

2009 Best Public Affairs show

Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption

2009 Outstanding TV Program

References

See also

List of Philippine television shows

List of programs broadcast by GMA Network

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