Goggles

China Product


History

The Eskimos carved Inuit snow goggles from caribou antler, as well as wood and shell, to help prevent snow blindness. The goggles were curved to fit the user's face and had a large groove cut in the back to allow for the nose. A long thin slit was cut through the goggles to allow in a small amount of light, diminishing subsequent ultraviolet rays. The goggles were held to the head by a cord made of caribou sinew..

Traditional Inuit goggles used to combat snow blindness vibrating alarm

Metal nenets goggles monoxide detector

Blowtorching goggles and safety helmet ademco

Aviation goggles as worn by Amelia Earhart

Swimming goggles

Types

The requirements for goggles varies depending on the use. Some examples:

Cold weather: Most modern cold-weather goggles have two layers of lens to prevent the interior from becoming "foggy". With only a single lens, the interior water vapor condenses onto the lens because the lens is colder than the vapor, although anti-fog agents can be used. The reasoning behind dual layer lens is that the inner lens will be warm while the outer lens will be cold. As long as the temperature of the inner lens is close to that of the interior water vapor, the vapor should not condense. However, if water vapor gets between the layers of the lens, condensation can occur between the lenses and is almost impossible to get rid of; thus, properly constructed and maintained dual-layer lenses should be air-tight to prevent water vapor from getting in between the lenses.

Swimming: Must be watertight to prevent water, such as salt water when swimming in the ocean, or chlorinated water when swimming in a pool, from irritating the eyes or blurring vision. Allows swimmers to see clearly underwater. They will not be usable more than a few feet underwater, because the water pressure will press them tightly against the face. Examples of these include the Swedish goggles.

Power tools: Must be made of an unbreakable material that prevents chunks of metal, wood, plastic, concrete, and so on from hitting or piercing the eye. Usually has some sort of ventilation to prevent sweat from building up inside the goggles and fogging the surface.

Blowtorch goggles: These protect the eyes from glare and flying sparks and hot metal splashes while using or near as blowtorch. They are not dark enough for arc welding.

Motorcycle riding and other open-air activities: Prevents insects, dust, and so on from hitting the eyes.

Laboratory and research: Combines impact resistance with side shields to prevent chemical splashes' reaching the eyes. May also include laser protection which would be covered by EN 207 (Europe) and ANSI Z 136 (United States). Examples of these include red adaptation goggles.

Racquetball: Protect the eyes from racquets swinging in an enclosed area and from impact from hard rubber ball.

Winter sports: Protect the eyes from glare and from icy particles flying up from the ground.

Astronomy and meteorology: dark adaptor goggles are used before going outside at night, in order to help the eyes adapt to the dark.

Basketball: Several NBA players have worn goggles during play, including Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, James Worthy, Horace Grant, Kurt Rambis and Amar'e Stoudemire; they prevent a fellow player from scratching or hitting the eyes when trying to grab the basketball.

Aviation: In open cockpit aircraft, such as old biplanes, aviators, such as Amelia Earhart and Charles Kingsford Smith, would wear goggles to help protect from the wind and are still in use today. Examples of these include the AN-6530 goggles.

Virtual reality: A virtual reality headset, sometimes called "goggles", is a wrap-around visual interface to display computer output. Commonly the computer display information is presented as a three-dimensional representation of real-world environments.

Fashion

Goggles are often worn as a fashion statement in certain subcultures, most often as part of the cybergoth subculture. They are usually worn over the eyes or up on the forehead to secure 'falls': a type of long, often brightly-coloured, synthetic hairpiece. Fans of the Steampunk genre or subculture also frequently wear steampunk-styled goggles, particularly when performing in a live action role-playing game.

Goggles are also frequently used by anime and manga characters as a fashion statement. Several characters in the anime Digimon wear goggles, as each 'leader' of the series wears goggles. Other notable characters are Matt from Death Note and Usopp from One Piece.

Non-human

Bullfighting horse wearing eye protection

A US Military working dog attached to a helicopter hoist in Afghanistan.

Goggles are available for horses used in speed sports such as horse racing. In some traditions of horse mounted bullfighting, the horse may wear a protective cloth over its eyes.

Goggles have been used on military working dogs, for protection in harsh conditions, such as sandstorms and rotorwash from helicopters.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Goggles

Night vision device

Personal protective equipment

Safety engineering

Visor

Beer goggles

References

^ Landers T. A. (2006) Professional Care of the Racehorse, Revised Edition: A Guide to Grooming, Feeding, and Handling the Equine Athlete. Blood Horse Publications. 308 pages. Page 138.

Categories: Eyewear | Horse protective equipment | Ophthalmology | Protective gear | Sports equipment | Swimming equipment | Virtual reality | Skiing equipmentHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from October 2007 | All articles lacking sources

Black Swan Project

China Product


Ship identity

Odyssey Marine stated on 21 May 2007 that most of the recovered coins and treasure are believed to be from a particular shipwreck, but it is likely that artifacts from other wrecks have also been mixed in and recovered. Due to the location of the ship in an area known to contain a large number of colonial-era wrecks, the identity of the ship will not be disclosed pending further examination of the coins and artifacts. It is also thought the ship may be the same as a ship that Odyssey had petitioned a federal court for permission to salvage, which was located off the southwest coast of the United Kingdom, within a five-mile (8 km) radius of 4925 60 / 49.417N 6W / 49.417; -6.

There was speculation that it may be the wreck of the English merchant ship Merchant Royal, which sank on 23 September 1641 whilst returning to London. The ship sank in heavy weather when its pumps failed to keep up with the water leaking through the hull planks. Over half the crew, including the captain, John Limbrey, were able to abandon ship and were rescued by a sister-ship, Dover Merchant, which was accompanying Merchant Royal from Cadiz to London. The survivors provided a detailed description of the lost cargo  described in 1641 as "300,000 Pounds in silver, 100,000 Pounds in gold, and as much again in jewel"  as well as a general location near the Isles of Scilly, about "21 leagues" (about 35 to 40 miles) from Lands End. fredricks of

In 2005, the co-founder of Odyssey Marine, Greg Stemm, admitted to British shipwreck expert, Richard Larn, that his firm was searching for the Merchant Royal. Odyssey Marine's sonar search ships trolled the area extensively in 2005 and 2006, frequently calling in Falmouth for crew rest. water distillers

The Odyssey crew continued to search for the Merchant Royal on the Discovery Channel 2009 television show Treasure Quest (filmed in 2008). This leads to the notion that the team does not suspect the Black Swan is the Merchant Royal. water distiller

Pictures of the coins released by Odyssey have had their markings obscured to prevent identification. However, from examining the edges of the coins it appears that they come from the middle of the 18th century  too late to be from the Merchant Royal.

Investigating the findings

Rare coin expert Nick Bruyer, who examined a sample of 6,000 coins from the wreck, said of the discovery, "For this colonial era, I think (the find) is unprecedented... I don't know of anything equal or comparable to it." He also believes much or all of the coinage is uncirculated. The finds have been shipped in a chartered jet to an undisclosed location in the United States, where they are being examined. Odyssey has said they expect the wreck to become one of the "most publicised in history". The entire operation is thought to have taken years and cost millions. Odyssey Marine's co-founder admitted, in 2005, that his "for profit" company was interested in searching for the fabled wreck of the "Merchant Royal", and the company's sonar search ships were known to be trolling in the Isles of Scilly area in 2005 and 2006.

In June 2007, the Spanish government took legal action against the salvage company based on suspicion that the silver and gold coin recovered by Odyssey Marine come from a Spanish vessel, the Nuestra Seora de las Mercedes, a 36-gun Spanish frigate that went down off the Portuguese coast en route from Montevideo to Cdiz. The Mercedes, which was sunk by British Navy ships in October 1804, was known to be carrying more than a million silver dollars.

In January 2008, a US Federal Court in Tampa ordered Odyssey Marine to disclose details of the wreck site to the Spanish government and for both to return to court in March. During those proceedings, Odyssey Marine stated that its Black Swan treasure was recovered in the Atlantic approximately 180 miles (290 km) west of Portugal. That location would rule out the Merchant Royal (which sank much further north in the Atlantic), and the Mercedes (which sank approximately 30 nautical miles (56 km) off the Portuguese coast), and HMS Sussex (which sank inside the Strait of Gibraltar.) The recovered bullion, being predominately silver coins, with some gold coins and copper ingots, strongly suggests it came from a colonial-era Spanish ship that sank while transporting newly minted silver from South America to Spain.

Controversy

If the sunken ship is identified to be the Merchant Royal, then the British and Spanish governments both have potential claims to the treasure. However, salvage law in international waters, as recognized by some English speaking countries, could award 90% of recovered treasure to the salvage firm.

If the wreck is the "Nuestra Senora de las Mercedes", Spain could claim the entire ownership of the wreck. The government of Peru is also monitoring in case it's proven that the treasure came from Peru. Jose Jimenez, a senior official with the Spanish Ministry of Culture stated that Spain would be willing to share the treasure 'out of a sense of a common cultural heritage'.

Spain has said it will exercise all of its jurisdictional rights in the hypothetical event that the find is part of Spain's heritage. The Spanish Government is believed to be investigating whether a crime has been committed by, or as part of the project and is concerned that the coins might not come from the Merchant Royal at all, but from HMS Sussex, which lies off Gibraltar in international waters, within 12 miles (19 km) of Gibraltar, and contrary to international norms claimed by Spain. Both of these claims are denied by Odyssey Marine Exploration in its latest press release. The coins recovered in the Atlantic as of 18 May positively can not come from HMS Sussex, which is known to have sunk in what were Spanish waters at the time, inside the Strait of Gibraltar. The exploration agreement reached in January 2007 between Odyssey Marine and the regional government requires that official observers, approved by Andalucia, be present when the Odyssey Explorer resumes exploration of the wreck site thought to be the English warship Sussex.

On July 12, 2007, the vessel Ocean Alert belonging to Odyssey Marine was seized off Europa Point (Gibraltar) by the Spanish Civil Guard and sent to Algeciras to be searched. The seizure occurred at around 07:00 GMT soon after the ship left Gibraltar. Both Odyssey Marine and Gibraltar officials state the ship was in International Waters thereby rendering the seizure illegal. After leaving Gibraltar, the Ocean Alert was picked up at 07:00 GMT off Europa Point and sent to the Spanish port of Algeciras to be searched. The guard was investigating a possible "offence against Spanish historic heritage", it said in a statement. Odyssey said the boarding was illegal and said the Civil Guard threatened to use force if Ocean Alert's captain did not follow orders. It said Spain had earlier promised the ship would be searched at sea.

Seven hours after the detention of the Ocean Alert, the Spanish authorities decided to return passports and official documents to some members of the crew, and allowing some to leave. The survey vessel was cleared for departure by the Spanish Civil Guard on July 14, 2007.

On July 26, 2007 Odyssey Marine Exploration was granted two of the three motions for an Extension of Time to file its responses to the Spain's Motions for More Definite Statements in the three admiralty arrests which Odyssey currently has pending at the U.S. District Court that has assumed jurisdiction over the sites.

On October 16, 2007, Spain again seized another vessel, "Odyssey Explorer" owned by Odyssey Marine Exploration as it sailed out of port from the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. Odyssey Explorer's captain, Sterling Vorus, claimed to have been in International Waters, but was forced to dock at Algeciras under what Vorus declared was "threat of deadly force." Once in port, Vorus was eventually arrested for disobedience after refusing inspection of the vessel without first receiving approval of Odyssey Explorer's flag state, the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. Vorus was released the following day. Aboard the Odyssey Explorer at the time of seizure, were about a dozen journalists and photographers, all of which had their video tapes, tape recorders, and computer memory storage devices seized by Spanish officials.

On June 4, 2009, after a judge in Florida declared that he "lacked jurisdiction", he ruled in favor of Spain's claim of sovereign immunity despite what many considered a distinct lack of evidence as to the identity of the wreck. Odyssey Marine stated it plans to appeal the ruling.

On December 22, 2009, a U.S. district judge ruled that Odyssey Marine Exploration should return to Spain the treasure, until the company's appeal is cleared. "The ineffable truth of this case is that the Mercedes is a naval vessel of Spain and that the wreck of this naval vessel, the vessel's cargo, and any human remains are the natural and legal patrimony of Spain," said the judge in his order.

Gibraltar's territorial waters

Whilst respecting Gibraltar's territorial waters during the incident, the Spanish Government stated that it considers it acted within its own territorial waters. The UK argued that the incident took place in international waters and was therefore illegal. However, Spain verbally stated its claim over the waters that it does not recognise Gibraltar waters except within the port of Gibraltar and that all waters up to 12 miles (19 km) from its coastline it claims, are considered Spanish waters.

Criticism

The past activities of Odyssey Marine Exploration have been controversial and heavily criticised by organizations and charities such as UNESCO, the Council for British Archaeology, Institute of Field Archaeologists and Rescue as "ransacking" of shipwrecks by private firms pretending to do archaeological research. An early day motion was signed by over 60 British MPs condemning the salvage of HMS Sussex as treasure hunting.

Spain has ratified the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage and has expressed its strong will to protect ancient shipwrecks as cultural heritage, which should not be bartered or sold, but find their way in museums.

While the UNESCO Convention does not regulate the ownership of ancient shipwrecks, its States Parties pledge to protect them as cultural heritage of humanity, which should be shared and valued.

References

^ a b c "Shipwreck yields estimated $500 million in gold and silver coins". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/18/america/NA-GEN-US-Treasure-Ship.php?page=1. Retrieved 2007-07-28. [dead link]

^ "Black Swan Project". http://www.shipwreck.net/blackswan.php. 

^ a b c d Shipwreck yields historic riches  US$500M worth - CNN  Obtained May 19, 2007

^ a b c How to find a treasure trove - BBC News  Obtained May 19, 2007

^ 500 Million Bucks Under The Sea, from The Smoking Gun

^ a b c Record wreck 'found off Cornwall' - BBC News - Obtained May 19, 2007

^ Stop, that our treasure, Spain tells Britain - The Times - Obtained June 23, 2007

^ "Battle for the Black Swan," Discovery Channel, Apr. 4, 2009

^ http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/06/08/spain.treasure/index.html Spain's lost treasure battle in U.S. court

^ Sunken treasure stirs suspicion in Spain: Hundreds of millions of dollars in loot found at bottom of ocean could be part of country's heritage, Madrid government saysBy Alan Freeman, The Globe and Mail, May 23, 2007

^ Spain Probes Treasure Hunters - The Guardian, May 21, 2007

^ Spain suspicious over 250 m treasure haul - The Independent, May 21, 2007

^ Odyssey Provides "Black Swan" Shipwreck Information Update - News release from Odyssey's official website  Obtained May 23, 2007

^ "World | Europe | Spain seizes ship in treasure row". BBC News. 2007-07-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6896645.stm. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 

^ "Odyssey Marine Exploration Provides Comment On Reports Of Survey Vessel Inspection". http://shipwreck.net/pr140.html. 

^ a b "Spain seizes ship in treasure row". BBC. July 13, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6896645.stm. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 

^ "Detained until evening against their will  Odyssey crew are made to wait". Gibfocus. http://www.gibfocus.gi/details_headlines.php?id=1558. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 

^ "Odyssey Marine Exploration Motions Granted in Two Admiralty Cases". Odyssey Marine Exploration. http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070726005635&newsLang=en. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 

^ "U.S. ship held in $500M booty row". http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/10/17/spain.ship/index.html. 

^ "Spain takes firm stance over sovereignty of waters after Odyssey incident". Gibfocus. http://www.gibfocus.gi/details_headlines.php?id=1561. Retrieved 2007-07-28. 

^ a b "Giffords to dig 'Billion Dollar' site". The Digger - the voice of the field archeologist. May 20, 2007. http://www.bajr.org/DiggerMagazine/TheDigger30/article3.html. 

^ HMS Sussex - Rescue, May 20, 2007

^ HMS Sussex - CBA, May 20, 2007

^ HMS Sussex - CBA press release, May 20, 2007

^ "www.unesco.org/culture/en/underwater/convention". http://www.unesco.org/culture/en/underwater/convention. 

External links

Wikinews has related news: 500 million US dollars worth of treasure found off coast of Cornwall UK

UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

v  d  e

 Gibraltar topics

Buildings,

structures

and streets

The Convent  Dudley Ward Tunnel  Garrison Library  Main Street  Moorish Castle  St. Bernard's Hospital  Winston Churchill Avenue

Communications

.gi  Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation  Gibraltar Chronicle  Panorama  Royal Gibraltar Post Office (Postage stamps and postal history  Postal Orders  Study Circle)  Telephone numbers

Culture

Cuisine  Education  Music (Llvame Donde Nac)  National Day  Languages  Llanito

Demographics

Gibraltarian people (list  in the UK)  Gibraltarian Australian

Environment

Birds  Mammals (Barbary Macaques)  Reptiles and amphibians  Candytuft  Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS)  Botanic Gardens  Wildlife Park  Rock of Gibraltar  Bay of Gibraltar  Catalan Bay  Sandy Bay  Eastern Beach  Gorham's Cave  St. Michael's Cave  Geology (Azores-Gibraltar Transform Fault  Gibraltar Arc)

History

Pillars of Hercules  Battle of Gibraltar  Capture of Gibraltar  George Rooke  Treaty of Utrecht  Siege of Gibraltar (1727)  Great Siege  George Augustus Eliott  Gibraltar real  World War II  Nationality  Genoese in GIbraltar   Maltese in Gibraltar   Explosion of the RFA Bedenham  Operation Flavius  Aurora incident  New Flame incident  Fedra incident

Military

British Forces Gibraltar  Royal Gibraltar Regiment  Gibraltar Squadron  RAF Gibraltar  Gibraltar Defence Police  Royal Gibraltar Police  Napier of Magdala Battery

National symbols

Anthem  Coat of arms  Official flag (other flags)

Politics

Governor  Chief Minister  Mayor  Parliament  Speaker  Political parties  Elections (2000  2003  2007)  Sovereignty referendum (1967  2002)  Law  Court system  Gibraltarian status  Passport  Constitution Order (1969  2006  Constitutional referendum)  Disputed status (isthmus)  Black Swan Project controversy  LGBT rights

Economy

Banks  Gibraltar pound (coins)  Stock Exchange  Tourism

Religion

Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe (Bishop  Cathedral of the Holy Trinity)  Roman Catholicism (Diocese  Bishop  Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned  Our Lady of Europe  Shrine of Our Lady of Europe)  Jews and Judaism (Great Synagogue)  Hinduism  Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque  Methodism  St. Andrew's Church  Trafalgar Cemetery

Sport

Commonwealth Games  Island Games  Basketball  Cricket (National team)  Cycling  Football (GFA  National team)  Rugby union (Campo Gibraltar RUFC)  Records in athletics  Victoria Stadium

Transport

Gibraltar Airport  Vehicle registration plates

Categories: Treasure from shipwrecks | 2007 in GibraltarHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from October 2009 | Wikipedia articles in need of updating

Bible Diet

China Product


Permitted foods

The foods incorporated in this diet are organic vegetables, fruits and legumes. The diet also encourages the removal of unclean and unacceptable foods from the individual's diet. This natural, organic approach to eating suggests that one should only eat things created by God in the way they were intended. That means no processed foods or those produced with contact to hormones, pesticides or fertilizers. Rubin takes two of his main dietary laws from Leviticus. Leviticus (11:9-10) states that one should eat hatsoever hath fins and scales in the waters but not to eat "all that have not fins and scales in the seas." Rubin says that this means that fish with scales are intended to be eaten, such as salmon and trout, but smooth fish such as catfish and eels should not be eaten. It also means that crustaceans with hard shells such as lobsters, crabs, and clams are not to be eaten. The other main dietary law taken from The Bible is also taken from Leviticus (11:3 and 11:7-8). Here The Bible says that man should eat hatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, and cheweth the cud. Man should not eat he swine, though he divide the hoof, and be cloven footed, yet he cheweth not the cud; he is unclean to you.2] This means that most animals can be eaten, such as cows, goats, and sheep because all these animals chew their cud. The dietary laws that Rubin derives from these passages are generally the same as the Kosher laws followed by Jewish people. In addition to the dietary laws taken directly from The Bible, Rubin believes in eating a variety of whole foods that have not been processed, or that have not been greatly processed. This generally means choosing foods like brown rice, which has not been processed much, over white rice, which is significantly processed. Rubin also believes that organic foods and meat from animals that were raised eating grass instead of wild grain is more in line with the foods man was intended to eat. Snacks are not mandated in this diet, but it is advised to feel free to snack on the foods listed as acceptable.

The types of foods that can be eaten include: stool softener

Grains - barley, corn, millet, oats, rice, rye, wheat krill oil

Seeds - sunflower, sesame, flax, pumpkin agave nectar

Legumes - soybeans, lentils, peas, peanuts, other beans

Succulent foods containing seed - bell peppers, cucumbers, eggplant, green beans, melons, okra, pumpkins, squash, tomatoes

Fruits - citrus fruits such as lemons and limes, palm fruits, sweet fruits

Nuts - almonds, Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, pecans, walnuts

Herbs (vegetables): beet greens, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, collard, globe artichoke, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, beets, potatoes, turnips

The types of animals that can be eaten include:

Livestock - cow, deer, lamb, caribou, buffalo, elk, goat, moose

Fish - bass, bluefish, crappie, perch, pike, salmon, sunfish, trout

Birds - chicken, turkey, pheasant, grouse, quail

Insects - locusts, crickets, grasshoppers

Prohibited Foods

Phase One of the Bible diet restricts foods high in carbohydrates such as grains, pastas, breads, sugar, potatoes, corn, beans, and legumes. Although the people on the diet consumed foods containing carbohydrates, they were of high quality and less processed.

Phase One restricts meats such as pork, bacon, ostrich, ham, sausages, emu and imitation meat. Fish and sea foods such as fried fish, breaded fish, eel, shark, crab, clams, oyster, mussels, lobster, shrimp, scallops, and craw fish are prohibited. Poultry such as fried chicken and breaded chicken is restricted. Phase one inhibits luncheon meats such as turkey, ham, roast beef, and corned beef. Imitation eggs are restricted. Dairy products such as soy milk, almond milk, and rice milk are not allowed. Fats and oils such as lard, shortening, sunflower oil, cotton seed oil, margarine, soy oil, canola oil, corn oil, and any partially hydrogenated oil may not be consumed. Phase one restricts vegetables such as corn, white potato and sweet potato. Beans and legumes such as soy beans, black beans, kidney beans, white beans, and lima beans are forbidden. Nuts and seeds such as honey-roasted nuts, peanuts, cashews, nuts, or seeds dry or roasted in oil are inhibited. condiments, spices, and seasonings such as all spices that contain added sugar, commercial ketchup with sugar and barbecue sauce with sugar may not be consumed. All fruits except berries, grapefruit, limes, and lemons must be avoided. Beverages such as alcohol, fruit juices, sodas, chlorinated tap water, and pre-ground commercial coffee are not allowed. All grains and starchy foods including bread, pasta cereal, rice, oatmeal, pastries, and baked goods must be avoided. Sweeteners such as sugar, heated homey and all artificial sweeteners are forbidden. Milk or whey protein powder from cow's milk, soy protein powder and rice protein powder are restricted.

Phases of the Diet

The diet is divided into three phases over a 40 day period and broken into three levels: basic, intermediate, and advanced. According to Rubin, the dieter should choose a beginning phase based on their overall starting health and their desired improvements. The chief purpose of the diet is to achieve optimal health by means of nutrition and spirituality.

Prayer, Purpose and artial-fast" Days

The diet begins and ends each day with prayers of thanksgiving, healing, and petition. The individual should perform exercises of "Life Purpose" for two to five minutes before the day gets too stressful. The exercise should be used as a time of alignment and reflection with realignment cycles taking place every ninety minutes. Rubin recommends that one day per week in each phase, a partial fast day is taken to allow the body to cleanse and rebuild. On these partial fast days, breakfast and lunch should not be consumed, although, if supplements are being taken, they should still be consumed. Fluid consumption is crucial during these days especially raw vegetables juices and pure water. To achieve the utmost spiritual benefits from the partial fast days, it is suggested to pray each time hunger is experienced.

Daily Regimens

The daily regimens help the dieter keep track of their diet while concurrently providing guidelines to achieve optimum results. It consists of morning and evening prayers, regular consumption of breakfast, lunch and dinner, morning and evening exercise, good hygiene practices and the consumption of cleansing drinks. The hygiene factor involves eliminating germs and aromatherapy practices in the morning and evening. The cleansing drink is a mixture of two tablespoons of a whole-food fiber blend and 1-2 tablespoons of a green superfood blend in 8 to 12 ounces of purified water or diluted vegetable juice, shaken vigorously and drunken immediately. The regimen also insists that the dieter be in bed before 10:30 p.m. every night.

Phase One

The diet begins with Phase One, which encompasses the first two weeks of the diet (days 1-14). Phase One is designed to stabilize insulin and blood sugar while reducing inflammation and infection, enhancing digestion and helping to balance the hormones in the body. This phase restricts disaccharide-rich carbohydrate foods such as grains, pastas, breads, sugar, potatoes, corn, beans, and legumes. The object of this, according to Rubin, is to achieve a detoxifying effect while simultaneously improving the overall health and helping to manage the individual weight in a healthy manner. This phase should greatly reduce the risk of incurring disease by effectively helping the body reduce insulin sensitivity and balancing the omega-3/omega-6 ratio. Since Phase One is designed to correct harmful imbalances, it must temporally limit healthy, high sugar foods such as fruits, whole grains, and honey while allowing for the liberal consumption of protein foods, vegetables, and healthy oils. Phase one is considered to most difficult phase of the diet due to the commitment factors. Water intake should be increased and rest should be taken when necessary.

Phase Two

Phase Two consists of weeks three to four (days 15-28). According to Rubin, digestion should have improved along with energy level. Weight loss will continue during this phase, but at a slower pace than Phase One.

Phase Three

The final phase of the diet beings in the fifth week and continues for the duration that the individual maintains the diet (days 29-40 and beyond). It is considered to be the maintenance phase of the diet and is specifically designed to allow and encourage healthful eating of foods from each of the permitted groups. In this phase, healthy grains and foods higher in sugars and starches, such as potatoes, are reintroduced. Weight should stabilize in this phase and only key areas of the health scheme, such as overall body health, continue to improve. If one deviates from the diet, it is advised to go back to Phase One or Two for a week or two to get back into the flow of the diet.

Claimed benefits

Rubin claims that his recommendations will enable dieters to concentrate better, and will enhance their moods. He also says that his diet can reduce arthritis pain and inflammation, and can reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease. He also says that it can reverse the "accelerated aging" caused by the way people eat and live today.

Scientific acceptance and criticism

Jordan Rubin has been criticized because his education in nutrition is a degree in Naturopathic Medicine from the Peoples University of the Americas, which is not accredited by the Council on Naturopathic Medical Education nor licensed by the North American Board of Naturopathic Examiners, and a Ph.D. in Nutrition from the Academy of Natural Therapies, which is not accredited by the American Dietetic Association or other mainstream nutrition organizations.

As of 2008, there are no peer-reviewed scientific journal articles that evaluate the claims made by Rubin. In line with the general knowledge that exercise is beneficial for health, The Gale Encyclopedia of Diets praised the Bible diet for this aspect. It found, however, that the emphasis on organic foods is not directly supported by scientific evidence.

Another area of concern have been the supplements that are required or recommended for the Bible's diet program. These supplements are made by Rubin's company Garden of Life, Inc. In a letter dated May 11, 2004 the United States Food and Drug Administration ordered the company to stop making unsubstantiated claims about eight of its products and supplements. The claims were made in brochures, on labels, and in Rubin book Patient Heal Thyself.

References

^ a b c d e f g Rubin, Jordan S. The Maker Diet. New York: Penguin, 2004.

^ a b c d e f g h Helen Davidson (2008). "aker Diet". in Jacqueline L. Longe. The Gale Encyclopedia of Diets: A Guide to Health and Nutrition. Thomson Gale. pp. 64346. ISBN 1414429916. .

^ a b Rubin, Jordan S. The Maker Diet. New York: Penguin, 2004.

^ a b *Rubin, Jordan S. The Maker Diet. New York: Penguin, 2004.

^ Phase 1: Correcting Harmful Imbalances. makersdiet.17 Oct.2008. http://www.makersdiet.com/public/about-the-diet/phase1.aspx

^ Phase 2: Returning to Optimal Health. Makersdiet.17 Oct. 2008. http://www.makersdiet.com/public/about-the-diet/phase2.aspx

^ Phase 3: Claiming Health for Life. Makersdiet.17 Oct.2008. http://www.makersdiet.com/public/about-the-diet/phase3.aspx

External links

n Explanation of the Phases and Levels of the Maker Diet. The makers diet.19 Oct.2008. http://www.themakersdiet.info/makers-diet-instructions.php

Ministries. 09 Sept. 2008. http://www.biblelife.org/biblediet.htm

Jordan's Story at jordanrubin.com

Jordan Rubin and Garden of Life Ordered to Stop Making Unsubstantiated Advertising Claims at Quackwatch

Categories: Diets | Pseudoscience | Bible

Smart antenna

China Product


Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation

The smart antenna system estimates the direction of arrival of the signal, using techniques such as MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification), estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithms, Matrix Pencil method or one of their derivatives. They involve finding a spatial spectrum of the antenna/sensor array, and calculating the DOA from the peaks of this spectrum. These calculations are computationally intensive.

Matrix Pencil is very efficient in case of real time systems, and under the correlated sources. garmin gps 72 handheld gps

Beamforming cherished numbers

Beamforming is the method used to create the radiation pattern of the antenna array by adding constructively the phases of the signals in the direction of the targets/mobiles desired, and nulling the pattern of the targets/mobiles that are undesired/interfering targets. This can be done with a simple FIR tapped delay line filter. The weights of the FIR filter may also be changed adaptively, and used to provide optimal beamforming, in the sense that it reduces the MMSE between the desired and actual beampattern formed. Typical algorithms are the steepest descent, and LMS algorithms . gps receiver modules

Types of smart antennas

Two of the main types of smart antennas include switched beam smart antennas and adaptive array smart antennas. Switched beam systems have several available fixed beam patterns. A decision is made as to which beam to access, at any given point in time, based upon the requirements of the system. Adaptive arrays allow the antenna to steer the beam to any direction of interest while simultaneously nulling interfering signals . Beamdirection can be estimated using the so-called direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation methods .

In 2008, the United States NTIA began a major effort to assist consumers in the purchase of digital television converter boxes. Through this effort, many people have been exposed to the concept of smart antennas for the first time. In the context of consumer electronics, a "smart antenna" is one that conforms to the EIA/CEA-909 Standard Interface.

Extension of smart antennas

Smart antenna systems are also a defining characteristic of MIMO systems, such as the IEEE 802.11n standard. Conventionally, a smart antenna is a unit of a wireless communication system and performs spatial signal processing with multiple antennas. Multiple antennas can be used at either the transmitter or receiver. Recently, the technology has been extended to use the multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver; such a system is called a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. As extended Smart Antenna technology, MIMO supports spatial information processing, in the sense that conventional research on Smart Antennas has focused on how to provide a beamforming advantage by the use of spatial signal processing in wireless channels. Spatial information processing includes spatial information coding such as Spatial multiplexing and Diversity Coding, as well as beamforming.

References

http://www.stanford.edu/group/sarg/ : Smart Antenna Research Group.

http://www.mprg.org : Virginia Tech, Mobile and Portable & Radio research group

Frank B. Gross, "Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications with Matlab", McGraw-Hill, 2005

http://broadcastengineering.com/hdtv/smart_antennas/

Handbook on Advancements in Smart Antenna Technologies for Wireless Networks, IGI 2008

http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~bevans/courses/ee381k/lectures/13_Array_Processing/lecture13/lecture13.pdf : Array Processing Tutorial

See also

Antenna (radio)

Array processing

Phased array

CEA-909

Mimax

diversity combining

v  d  e

Digital television in North America

Digital television

Terrestrial

Digital broadcasting

ATSC tuners  Digital subchannels  Virtual channels  Distributed transmission system  Datacasting (Guide Plus  National Datacast  UpdateLogic)  Metropolitan Television Alliance  Grand Alliance

Digital switchover

All-Channel Receiver Act  SAFER Act  Digital channel election  Set-top boxes  Digital television adapter  U.S. Converter Box Coupon Program (boxes, legislation)  Analog passthrough  DVD recorders  Digital video recorders

Digital standards

ATSC Standards (ATSC  ATSC-M/H  8VSB  A-VSB  E-VSB  PSIP  PMCP  full list)  Standard-definition TV (480i  576i)  Enhanced-definition TV (480p  576p)  High-definition TV (720p  1080i  1080p)  Serial digital interface  Smart antennas (CEA-909)

Digital networks

see Template:American broadcast television

National deployment

List by country  Canada   Mexico   United Kingdom   United States (HDTV  transition  wireless spectrum auction)

Cable

Digital cable

Digital-cable-ready TV (QAM tuners)  Interactive-digital-cable-ready TV (OpenCable Application Platform  Advanced Common Application Platform)  Must-carry  Tru2way

Subscription TV

Encryption  CableCARD  Downloadable Conditional Access System

Satellite TV

DVB-S (Dish Network  GlobeCast World TV  Free-to-air receiver  Bell TV)  DigiCipher 2 (4DTV  Shaw Direct)  Digital Satellite Service/DVB-S2 (DirecTV)

Technical issues

14:9  Active Format Description  Broadcast flag  Channel protection ratios  HDTV blur  Hierarchical modulation  Pirate decryption  Standards conversion  Video on demand

Categories: Radio frequency antenna types

Kit car

China Product


History

Kit cars have been around from the earliest days of the automobile. In 1896 the Englishman Thomas Hyler White developed a design for a car that could be assembled at home and technical designs were published in a magazine called The English Mechanic. In the United States the Lad's Car of 1912 could be bought for US$160 ($3000 equivalent in 2006) fully assembled or US$140 ($2600 in 2006) in kit form.

It was not until the 1950s that the idea really took off. Car production had increased considerably and with rust proofing in its infancy many older vehicles were being sent to breaker yards as their bodywork was beyond economic repair. An industry grew up supplying new bodies and chassis to take the components from these cars and convert them into new vehicles, particularly into sports cars. Fiber reinforced plastic (aka "GRP," or "fiberglass") was coming into general usage and made limited-scale production of automobile body components much more economical. Also, in the UK up to the mid 1970s, kit cars were sometimes normal production vehicles that were partially assembled as this avoided the imposition of purchase tax as the kits were assessed as components and not vehicles. The Lotus Elan, for example, was available in this form. It was often claimed that the kits could be taken home and completed in only a weekend. suede car seats

During the 1970s many kits had bodies styled as sports cars that were designed to bolt directly to VW Beetle chassis. This was popular as the old body could be easily separated from the chassis leaving virtually all mechanical components attached to the chassis and a GRP-body from the kit supplier shop fitted. This made the Beetle one of the most popular "donor" vehicles of all time.Examples of this conversion include the Bradley GT, Sterling, and Sebring which were made by the thousands and many are still around today. Volkswagen based dune buggies also appeared in relatively large numbers in the 1960s and 1970s based usually on a shortened floor pan. air purifier ionizer

Current kit cars are often replicas of well-known and expensive classics and are designed so that anyone with a measure of technical skill can build them at home to a standard where they can be driven on the public roads. These replicas are conceptually like the original, but their bodies are often made of fiberglass mats soaked in polyester resin instead of the original sheet metal. The AC Cobra and the Lotus 7 are particularly popular examples, the right to manufacture the Lotus 7 now being owned by Caterham Cars who bought the rights to the car from Lotus founder Colin Chapman in 1973. Replica kit cars enable enthusiasts to possess a vehicle of a type that because of scarcity they may not be able to afford, and at the same time take advantage of modern technology. ionic purifier

Many people react sceptically when they first hear about kit cars as it appears to them to be technically impossible to assemble a car at home and also use it on the public roads. They may also be worried that such a car would not subsequently pass the mandatory quality control (road worthiness test) that is required in most countries. For example, to obtain permission to use a kit car in Germany, every such vehicle with a speed over 6 km/h without a general operating license (ABE) or an EC type permission (EC-TG) has to undergo, as per the 21 of Road traffic licensing regulations (STVZO), a technical inspection by an officially recognized expert of a Technical Inspection Authority. In the United Kingdom it is necessary to meet the requirements of the SVA (Single vehicle Approval) regulations.

A survey of nearly 600 kit car owners in the USA, England and Germany, evaluated by the author Dr. Ingo Stben, showed that typically 100-1500 hours are required to build a kit car, depending upon the model and the completeness of the kit.

Several sports car producers such as Lotus and TVR started as kit car makers.

Kit car manufacturers

Australia

An Elfin Type 3 Clubman kit car.

Alpha Sports

Bolwell

Pellandini Cars

PRB

Purvis Eureka

Elfin Sports Cars

Bushrangie

Canada

Spex Design Corporation

Estonia

ESTfield

Rexer

Germany

Apal

Michalak Design

Mexico

Unidiseo Mastretta

New Zealand

Chevron Engineering Ltd

De Joux

Fraser Cars Ltd

Sweden

Dala 7, is a sevenesque kit-car made in Stora Skedvi, close to Ster in Dalarna.

Technically, kit cars are not allowed in Sweden, but provided that most of the components and material are sourced by the builder personally it is possible to register them as amateur built vehicles. Before the law requiring a mandatory crash test in 1970 there was a booming kit car industry in Sweden with most companies basing their kits on the VW Beetle chassis. When amateur built vehicles again were allowed in 1982 all kit car companies in Sweden had disappeared.

The inspection (SVA equivalent) in Sweden is handled by the car builder's association SFRO who make two inspections. One when the car has reached the rolling chassis stage and the other when the car is finished. Amateur built cars are limited to 15 kW (20 hp) per 100 kg. Earlier the limit was 10 kW (13.4 hp) per 100 kg so for very light cars (like a Lotus 7 type car) it was a problem to find a suitable engine.

Boes Motor & Mekanik

Dala7

Esther

GOX Teknik

Hult Healey

Mania Spyder

Mascot

Ockelbo

Pagano

Racing Plast Burtrsk (RPB)

Roadline, Porsche Speedster and Porsche Boxer RS replicas

United Kingdom

Dutton Sierra kit car chassis and GRP bodywork prior to installation of mechanical components.

Vehicle regulations in the UK allow the production of up to 200 vehicles a year without the extensive regulation and testing requirements applied to mass-market vehicles. This has led to an expanding industry of small producers capable of offering partial and complete kits, some for export, and finished vehicles for domestic use.

The DVLA regulate kit cars in the UK, which helps to ensure that vehicles used on the road are safe and suitable for the purpose. The current test for this is Individual Vehicle Approval (IVA), which has replaced Single Vehicle Approval (SVA). When SVA was first introduced in 1998, many believed this would kill off the kit car market, but in reality it has made the kit car market stronger, as the vehicles produced now have to meet a minimum standard. IVA was introduced in summer 2009 and it is too early to tell what impact this will have on the industry.

Many, but not all, kit cars are given a 'Q' registration plate which signifies a vehicle of unknown or mixed age. All kit cars are subject to a Vehicle Identity Check, VIC, by the DVLA to determine the registration mark a kit car is assigned. This will be either, a new, current year, registration; an 'age-related' registration; or a 'Q' plate. Once a kit car has been correctly registered, a V5C, or log book, will be assigned and then a kit car is treated in exactly the same way as a production car, from any lager manufacturer. A kit car must pass it's MOT test and have a valid road fund license, or have a valid Statutory Off-Road Notification (SORN) declaration.

According to figures given to the magazine Kit Car (The UK's Top Selling Kit Car Magazine) the most popular kit in the United Kingdom in 2005 was made by Robin Hood Sportscars who sell 700 kits a year.

Aeon

AKS Continental

Arkley SS

Ashley Laminates

ADD Nova

Banham Conversions

Beauford automobiles

Buckler Cars

Burlington Cars

Car Craft Cars

Caterham Cars

Carlton Automotive

Clan

Covin

Dakar 4x4

Dax

Davrian

Diva

Dutton Cars

Elva

Fairthorpe Cars

Falcon Shells

Fisher Sports Cars

GCS Hawke

Gentry Cars (replica MGTF)

Ginetta Cars

GKD

GTM Cars

Heron Plastics

Hustler

Jago

JBA Cars

JZR Trikes

Kougar

Locost

Locust

Lomax Motor Company

MAC#1 Motorsports

Marcos

McCoy

Marlin

MINUS

Midas Cars

MK Sportscars

NG sports cars

Onyx Sports Cars

Opperman

Peel

Peerless / Warwick

Piper Cars

Quantum Sports Cars

Raw Engineering

Robin Hood

Rochdale

Scamp

Sylva

Spartan Cars

Tiger Racing

Tornado

Trident

Turner

Ultima Sports

Unipower

Westfield Sportscars

West Mains Automotive

United States

A Bernardi roadster, from the Blakely Auto Works

A glider kit is a term used in the United States for a kit used to restore or reconstruct a wrecked or dismantled vehicle. Glider kits include a chassis (frame), front axle, and body (cab). The kit may also contain other optional components.

A motor vehicle constructed from a glider kit is titled as a new vehicle.

Examples include:

Blakely Auto Works

Bradley Automotive

DDR Motorsport

Devin Cars

Factory Five Racing

Fiberfab

Frese Motorcars

Sterling Sports Cars

La Bala

La Dawri

Lad's Car

McBurnie

Meyers Manx

Brunton Automotive - V6 Roadster originally based on the Chevy S10.

Superformance

Kit vehicle

A kit vehicle is a wider concept than a kit car. A kit vehicle is a motor vehicle (car, truck or motorcycle) that is built by an individual instead of a manufacturer.

See also

List of Mini based cars

Coachbuilder

Manufacturer's Certificate of Origin

Vehicle inspection

Vehicle registration

Notes

^ Alan Sutton, "Mr White and his Motor Cars", The Automobile, June 1986

^ Georgano, Nick (Editor). Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. ISBN 1-57958-293-1. 

^ The Big Guide to Kit and Specialty Cars, Harold Pace, 2002

^ The Big Kit Car Buyer's Guide, Harold Pace and Jim Youngs, 2002

^ Published in: Bausatzkraftfahrzeuge (Kit Cars) als ein Beispiel technischer Freizeit- und Mobilittsinnovation, Tectum Verlag, Marburg 2000

^ List of the top ten selling UK Kit Cars in 2005

^ Rhode Island Division of Motor Vehicles : Salvage

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kit cars

Kit car at the Open Directory Project

How to build the FFR MK3 Roadster

kit car resource

Russian kit car club

Categories: Kit car manufacturers | Kit cars

Comparison of mobile phone standards

China Product


Comparison table

Feature

NMT motorola bluetooth hs850

GSM e2c

UMTS (3GSM) hs850

IS-95 (CDMA one)

CDMA 2000

Technology

FDMA

TDMA

W-CDMA

CDMA

CDMA

Generation

1G

2G

3G

2G

3G

Digital

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Year of First Use

1981

1991

2001

1995

2000 / 2002

Worldwide market share

0%

72%

12%

0.6%

12%

Roaming

Scandinavia

Worldwide, 200+ countries

Worldwide

Limited

Limited

Handset interoperability

None

SIM card

SIM card

None

RUIM (not commonly implemented)

Operator locking

Monopoly

Unlockable

Unlockable

ESN

ESN

Common Interference

None

Interferes with some electronics, such as amplifiers

None

None

None

Signal quality/coverage area

Good coverage due to low frequencies

Good coverage indoors on 850/900 MHz. Repeaters possible. 35 km hard limit.

Smaller cells and lower indoors coverage on 2100 MHz; equivalent coverage indoors and superior range to GSM on 850/900 MHz.

Unlimited cell size, low transmitter power permits large cells

Unlimited cell size, low transmitter power permits large cells

Frequency utilization/Call density

Very low density

0.2 MHz = 8 timeslots. Each timeslot can hold up to 2 calls through interleaving.

5 MHz = 2 Mbit/s. Each call uses 1.8-12 kbit/s depending on chosen quality and audio complexity.

 ? Comparable to UMTS

 ? Comparable to UMTS

Battery life

Low, due to high transmitter power (1 watt)

Very good due to simple protocol, good coverage and mature, power-efficient chipsets.

Lower due to high demands of WCDMA power control and young chipsets.

Lower due to high demands of CDMA power control.

Lower due to high demands of CDMA power control and young chipsets.

Handoff

Hard

Hard

Soft

Soft

Soft

Breathing

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Intellectual property

Scandinavian telecom operators

Concentrated among a few manufacturers

Concentrated among a few manufacturers

Qualcomm

Qualcomm

Traceability comparison

This section requires expansion.

Advantages of 2G GSM

GSM is mature; this maturity means a more stable network with robust features.

Less signal deterioration inside buildings.

Ability to use repeaters.

Talktime is generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of transmission.

The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules allows users to switch networks and handsets at will, aside from a subsidy lock.

GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not a problem.

The much bigger number of subscribers globally creates a better network effect for GSM handset makers, carriers and end users.

Disadvantages of 2G GSM

Pulse nature of TDMA transmission used in 2G interferes with some electronics, especially certain audio amplifiers. 3G uses W-CDMA now.

Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry participants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting competition among phone manufacturers.[citation needed]

GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 35 km, which is imposed by technical limitations.

Advantages of IS-95

Capacity is IS-95's biggest asset; it can accommodate more users per MHz of bandwidth than any other technology.

Has no built-in limit to the number of concurrent users.

Uses precise clocks that do not limit the distance a tower can cover.

Consumes less power and covers large areas so cell size in IS-95 is larger.

Able to produce a reasonable call with lower signal (cell phone reception) levels.

Uses soft handoff, reducing the likelihood of dropped calls.

IS-95's variable rate voice coders reduce the rate being transmitted when speaker is not talking, which allows the channel to be packed more efficiently.

Has a well-defined path to higher data rates.

Disadvantages of IS-95

Most technologies are patented and must be licensed from Qualcomm.

Breathing of base stations, where coverage area shrinks under load. As the number of subscribers using a particular site goes up, the range of that site goes down.

Because IS-95 towers interfere with each other, they are normally installed on much shorter towers. Because of this, IS-95 may not perform well in hilly terrain.

IS-95 covers a smaller portion of the world, and IS-95 phones are generally unable to roam internationally.

Manufacturers are often hesitant to release IS-95 devices due to the smaller market, so features are sometimes late in coming to IS-95 devices.

Even barring subsidy locks, CDMA phones are linked by ESN to a specific network, thus phones are typically not portable across providers.

Development of the Market Share of Mobile Standards

This graphic compares the market shares of the different mobile standards.

Cellphone subscribers by technology (left Y axis) and total number of subscribers globally (right Y axis)

In a fast growing market, GSM/3GSM (red) grows faster than the market and is gaining market share, the CDMA family (blue) grows at about the same rate as the market, while other technologies (grey) are being phased out.

Comparison of wireless Internet standards

As a reference, a comparison of mobile and non-mobile wireless Internet standards follows.

 v  d  e 

Comparison of Mobile Internet Access methods

Standard

Family

Primary Use

Radio Tech

Downlink (Mbit/s)

Uplink (Mbit/s)

Notes

LTE

UMTS/4GSM

General 4G

OFDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA

360

80

LTE-Advanced update expected to offer peak rates of at least 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds and 100 Mbit/s to mobile users.

WiMAX

802.16e

Mobile Internet

MIMO-SOFDMA

144

35

WiMAX update IEEE 802.16m expected offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds.

Flash-OFDM

Flash-OFDM

Mobile Internet

mobility up to 200mph (350km/h)

Flash-OFDM

5.3

10.6

15.9

1.8

3.6

5.4

Mobile range 18miles (30km)

extended range 34 miles (55km)

HIPERMAN

HIPERMAN

Mobile Internet

OFDM

56.9

56.9

Wi-Fi

802.11

(11n)

Mobile Internet

OFDM/MIMO

288.9

(Supports 600Mbps @ 40MHz channel width)

Antenna, RF front end enhancements and minor protocol timer tweaks have helped deploy long range P2P networks compromising on radial coverage, throughput and/or spectra efficiency (310km & 382km).

iBurst

802.20

Mobile Internet

HC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO

95

36

Cell Radius: 312 km

Speed: 250kmph

Spectral Efficiency: 13 bits/s/Hz/cell

Spectrum Reuse Factor: "1"

EDGE Evolution

GSM

Mobile Internet

TDMA/FDD

1.9

0.9

3GPP Release 7

UMTS W-CDMA

HSDPA+HSUPA

HSPA+

UMTS/3GSM

General 3G

CDMA/FDD

CDMA/FDD/MIMO

0.384

14.4

42

0.384

5.76

11.5

HSDPA widely deployed. Typical downlink rates today 2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 42 Mbit/s.

UMTS-TDD

UMTS/3GSM

Mobile Internet

CDMA/TDD

16

16

Reported speeds according to IPWireless using 16QAM modulation similar to HSDPA+HSUPA

1xRTT

CDMA2000

Mobile phone

CDMA

0.144

0.144

Succeeded by EV-DO

EV-DO 1x Rev. 0

EV-DO 1x Rev.A

EV-DO Rev.B

CDMA2000

Mobile Internet

CDMA/FDD

2.45

3.1

4.9xN

0.15

1.8

1.8xN

Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25 MHz chunks of spectrum used. Not yet deployed.

Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennae, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available. For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards. See also Comparison of mobile phone standards, Spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.

See also

Comparison of wireless data standards

Spectral efficiency comparison table

SMS - contain the content of its standardization

References

^ "Subscriber statistics end Q1 2007". http://www.gsmworld.com/news/statistics/pdf/gsma_stats_q1_07.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-22. 

^ http://www.gsmworld.com/news/statistics/pdf/gsma_stats_q1_07.pdf

^ http://www.arcx.com/sites/faq.htm

^ Frequently Asked PCS Questions

v  d  e

Mobile telephony and mobile telecommunications standards

0G (radio telephones)

MTS  MTA  MTB  MTC  IMTS  MTD  AMTS  OLT  Autoradiopuhelin

1G

NMT  AMPS  Hicap  Mobitex  DataTAC  TACS  ETACS

2G

GSM/3GPP family

GSM  CSD

3GPP2 family

CdmaOne (IS-95)

Other

D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)  CDPD  iDEN  PDC  PHS

2G transitional

(2.5G, 2.75G)

GSM/3GPP family

HSCSD  GPRS  EDGE/EGPRS

3GPP2 family

CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)

iDEN family

WiDEN

3G (IMT-2000)

3GPP family

UMTS (UTRAN)  WCDMA-FDD  WCDMA-TDD  UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA)

3GPP2 family

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)

3G transitional

(3.5G, 3.9G)

3GPP family

HSDPA  HSUPA  HSPA+  LTE (E-UTRA)

3GPP2 family

EV-DO Rev. A  EV-DO Rev. B

Other

Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005)  Flash-OFDM  IEEE 802.20

4G (IMT-Advanced)

3GPP family

LTE Advanced

WiMAX family

IEEE 802.16m

Related articles

History  Cellular network theory  List of standards  Comparison of standards  Spectral efficiency comparison table  Cellular frequencies  GSM frequency bands  UMTS frequency bands  Mobile broadband

Categories: Mobile telecommunications | Mobile phone standardsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from August 2007 | All articles needing additional references | Articles to be expanded from December 2009 | All articles to be expanded | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008

Coating

China Product






It has been suggested that List of coating techniques and Coating and printing processes be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) franke sink

Coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as the substrate. In many cases coatings are applied to improve surface properties of the substrate, such as appearance, adhesion, wetability, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and scratch resistance. In other cases, in particular in printing processes and semiconductor device fabrication (where the substrate is a wafer), the coating forms an essential part of the finished product. steel shower tray

Coatings may be applied as liquids, gases or solids. Coatings can be measured and tested for proper opacity and film thickness by using a Drawdown card. copper sinks

List of coating techniques

Coating and printing processes

Chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition

Conversion coating

Anodizing

Chromate conversion coating

Plasma electrolytic oxidation

Oxide (coating)

Phosphate (coating)

Detonation coating

Diffusion process, a ferrous coating

Sheradizing

Paint

Enamel (paint)

Powder coating

Industrial coating

Silicate mineral paint

Fusion bonded epoxy coating (FBE coating)

Pickled and oiled (P&O), a type of plate steel coating.

Plasma coatings

Plating

Electroless plating

Electrochemical plating

Polymer coatings, such as Teflon

Sputtered or vacuum deposited materials

Enamel (vitreous)

Paper coating

Anti-reflective coating on lenses.

Standards

ISO 1461 Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articlespecifications and test methods

ISO 4042 Fastenerslectroplated coatings

ISO 10683 Fastenerson-electrolytically applied zinc flake coatings

ISO 10684 Fastenersot dip galvanized coatings

ISO 12944 Paints and varnishesorrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systemsart 6: Laboratory performance test methods

See also

Look up coating in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Adhesion Tester

Deposition

Formulations

House painting

List of coating techniques

Thin-film deposition

UV Coating

Thermal barrier coating

This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

v  d  e

Categories: Coatings | Corrosion | Chemical processes | Industrial processes | Technology stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources | Articles to be merged from September 2009 | All articles to be merged

Alabaster

China Product


Etymology

The origin of the word, alabaster, is in Middle English, through Old French alabastre, in turn derived from the Latin alabaster and that from Greek (alabastros) or (alabastos). The latter was a term used to identify a vase made of alabaster.

This name may derive further from the Ancient Egyptian word a-labaste, which refers to vessels of the Egyptian goddess Bast, who was represented as a lioness and frequently depicted as such when placed atop these alabaster vessels. It has been suggested that the name was derived from the town of Alabastron in Egypt, while an Arabic etymological origin also has been suggested. laminator pouch

Types laminating pouches

Calcite alabaster candy wrapper

This substance, the "alabaster" of the Ancient Egyptians and Bible, often is termed Oriental alabaster, since the early examples came from the Far East. The Greek name alabastrites is said to be derived from the town of Alabastron, in Egypt, where the stone was quarried, but the locality probably owed its name to the mineral; the origin of the mineral name is obscure.

Photograph of an alabaster cosmetic jar topped with a lioness, representing the goddess Bast, a burial artifact from the tomb of Tutankhamun circa 1323 B.C. - Cairo Museum

This "Oriental" alabaster was highly esteemed for making small perfume bottles or ointment vases called alabastra, and this has been conjectured to be a possible source of the name. Alabaster also was employed in Egypt for canopic jars and various other sacred and sepulchral objects. A sarcophagus, sculptured in a single block of translucent calcite alabaster from Alabastron, is in the Sir John Soane's Museum, London. This was discovered by Giovanni Belzoni in 1817 in the tomb of Seti I near Thebes. It was purchased by Sir John Soane, previously having been offered to the British Museum.

When cut in thin sheets, alabaster is translucent enough to be used for small windows and has been used for this purpose in medieval churches, especially in Italy. Large alabaster sheets are used extensively in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which was dedicated in 2002 by the Los Angeles, California Archdiocese. The cathedral incorporates special cooling to prevent the panes from overheating and turning opaque.

Calcite alabaster is found as either a stalagmitic deposit, from the floor and walls of limestone caverns, or as a kind of travertine, similarly deposited in springs of calcareous water. Its deposition in successive layers gives rise to the banded appearance that the marble often shows on cross-section, whence it is known as onyx-marble or alabaster-onyx, or sometimes simply as onyx a term that should be restricted to siliceous minerals, however.

Egyptian alabaster has been worked extensively near Suez and Assiut; there also are many ancient quarries in the hills overlooking the plain of Tell el Amarna.

Algerian onyx-marble has been quarried largely in the province of Oran. In Mexico, there are famous deposits of a delicate green variety at La Pedrara, in the district of Tecali, near Puebla. Onyx-marble occurs also in the district of Tehuacn and at several localities in California, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and Virginia.

Gypsum alabaster

Statue made of alabaster, Yemen

Danse du ventre (Belly Dancing) - by Achiam

When the term "alabaster" is used without any qualification, it invariably means a fine-grained variety of gypsum. This mineral, or alabaster proper, occurs in England. The early use of alabaster for vessels dedicated for use in the cult of the deity, Bast, in the culture of the Ancient Egyptians is well documented, however, thousands of gypsum alabaster artifacts dating to the late 4th millennium BC also have been found in Tell Brak (present day Nagar), in Syria. In Mesopotamia, a gypsum alabaster sculpture, believed to represent the deity, Abu, dates to the first half of the 3rd millennium BC.

Mineral alabaster occurs in England in the Keuper marls of the Midlands, especially at Chellaston in Derbyshire, at Fauld in Staffordshire, and near Newark in Nottinghamshire. Deposits at all of these localities have been worked extensively. In the fifteenth century its carving into icons and altarpieces was a valuable local industry in Nottingham, as well as a major English export. Beside examples of these carvings still in Britain (especially at the Nottingham Castle Museum, British Museum, and Victoria and Albert Museum), trade in mineral alabaster (rather than just the antiques trade) has scattered examples in the material that may be found as far afield as the Muse de Cluny, Spain, and Scandinavia.

Alabaster also is found, although in subordinate quantity, at Watchet in Somerset, near Penarth in Glamorganshire, and elsewhere. In Cumbria it occurs largely in the New Red rocks, but at a lower geological horizon. The alabaster of Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire is found in thick nodular beds or "floors" in spheroidal masses known as "balls" or "bowls" and in smaller lenticular masses termed "cakes." At Chellaston, where the local alabaster is known as "Patrick," it has been worked into ornaments under the name of "Derbyshire spar" a term more properly applied to fluorspar.

Black alabaster

Black Alabaster is a rare form of the gypsum-based mineral. This black form is only found in three veins in the world, one each in Oklahoma (USA), Italy, and the People's Republic of China.

Alabaster Caverns State Park, near Freedom, Oklahoma is home to a natural gypsum cave in which much of the gypsum is in the form of alabaster. There are several types of alabaster found at the site, including pink, white, and the rare black alabaster.

Uses

This alabaster sculpture is untreated: its translucency and satin lustre are preserved and its base is of marble

The finer kinds of alabaster are employed largely as an ornamental stone, especially for ecclesiastical decoration and for the rails of staircases and halls. Its softness enables it to be carved readily into elaborate forms, but its solubility in water renders it unsuitable for outdoor work.

The purest alabaster is a snow-white material of fine tiniforni grain, but it often is associated with an oxide of iron, which produces brown clouding and veining in the stone. The coarser varieties of alabaster are converted by calcination into plaster of Paris, whence they sometimes are known as "plaster stone."

On the continent of Europe, the centre of the alabaster trade is Florence, Italy. Tuscan alabaster occurs in nodular masses embedded in limestone, interstratified with marls of Miocene and Pliocene age. The mineral is worked largely by means of underground galleries, in the district of Volterra. Several varieties are recognized veined, spotted, clouded, agatiform, and others. The finest kind, obtained principally from Castellina, is sent to Florence for figure-sculpture, while the common kinds are carved locally, at a very cheap rate, into vases, clock-cases, and various ornamental objects. These items are objects of extensive trade, especially in Florence, Pisa, and Livorno.

In order to diminish the translucency of the alabaster and to produce an opacity suggestive of true marble, the statues are immersed in a bath of water and heated gradually nearly to the boiling-point an operation requiring great care, for if the temperature is not regulated carefully, the stone acquires a dead-white, chalky appearance. The effect of heating appears to be a partial dehydration of the gypsum. If properly treated, it very closely resembles true marble and is known as marmo di Castellina.

Sulphate of lime (gypsum) also was used by the ancients. It was employed, for instance, in Assyrian sculpture. So some of the ancient alabaster is identical to the modern stone.

Alabaster may be stained to disguise it, by being heated in various pigmentary solutions. In this way a very misleading imitation of coral has been produced, that is called (alabaster coral).

References

^ Alabastos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus

^ alabaster - definition at YourDictionary

^ alabaster - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

^ Alabaster, Encyclopdia Britannica Eleventh Edition

^ http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/viewOne.asp?dep=3&item=1988.323.8&viewmode=0&isHighlight=1

^ http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/viewOne.asp?dep=3&viewmode=0&item=40%2E156

Further reading

J. A. Harrell, "Misuse of the term 'alabaster' in Egyptology," Gttinger Miszellen, v. 119, 1990, pp. 3742.

Tim Mackintosh-Smith, "Moonglow from Underground". Aramco World May-June 1999.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alabaster

Calcite

Gypsum

Anhydrite

Selenite (mineral)

Phosphogypsum

List of minerals

External links

Alabaster Craftmanship in Volterra

Alabaster Craftsmen Association "ArteInBottega"

Abdulwahhab al-Sayrafi revives Yemeni Alabaster Craft

Categories: Calcium minerals | Carbonate minerals | Sulfate minerals | Minerals | Stone | Greek loanwordsHidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica