China Product
Spring Creek Towers Public Safety
Starrett City's Spring Creek Towers Department of Public Safety has been used as a case study in the advantages of private security over public policy. Donovan and Walsh note, "Statistically, Starrett City must be considered one of the safest communities in the United States."
The Spring Creek Towers Department of Public Safety employs armed peace officers to preserve the life and property of the residents of the complex. Officers enforce New York State Laws as well as New York City laws. Starrett City is patrolled by Public Safety Officers 24 hours a day on foot, bikes, or in vehicles. The department also has specialized units modeled after the New York City Police Department. Serious crime is generally handled by the NYPD. residential rubber flooring
Demographics ceramic pool tile
As of the 2000 U.S. Census, there were 14,620 people living in Starett City. The demographics of Starett City were 44.7% African American, 38.0% White, 18.4% Hispanic or Latino and 4.1% Asian. As of 1999, the median family income was $68,525. porcelain mosaic tile
Sale
2007 Sale Offering
Starrett City, apartment houses, Brooklyn
On November 30, 2006, Starrett City Associates, the owner of the complex, announced an offering to sell the entire property, raising fears that a new owner will raise rents and squeeze out current tenants. CB Richard Ellis, which brokered the Peter Cooper Village/Stuyvesant Town deal earlier in 2006, served as the listing agent.
Upon finding out about the sale, tenants at Starrett City began organizing in response to the sale of their homes. The state's largest tenants rights group, Tenants and Neighbors, met with Starrett tenants to inform them of their rights and options. The Starrett City tenants also partnered with the community activist organization ACORN to form Save Starrett City.
On February 8, 2007, at 3AM, Starrett City Associates agreed to sell the sprawling complex to Clipper Equity LLC for a staggering $1.3 billion. Although the buyers insisted the complex will remain affordable, housing advocates were concerned that the high price will require rent increases and service cuts. New York's Mayor Michael Bloomberg expressed doubt about Clipper Equities intentions and contrasted the sale to the similar Stuyvesant Town sale. Bloomberg called Tishman Speyer, the purchaser of Stuyvesant Town, a reputable landlord, compared to Clipper Equities. "There are questions about this landlord and some of the plans that they have to build other things there," he said. Similarly, Congressmen Anthony Weiner and Edolphus Towns expressed concern about the sale and indicated that federal hearings may be held into the matter. Senator Charles Schumer went even further and "vowed ... that he would not allow the deal to go through without an ironclad agreement from any buyer that Starrett stays affordable."
In response to HUD's rejection of the deal, Clipper Equity proposed a new bid aimed at appeasing its critics. Clipper's new bid claims that it can "trim operating expenses by installing new heating and cooling systems, lowering management fees and improving overall efficiencies," and thus keep housing affordable. The bid further raises the possibility of turning some 6,000,000 square feet (560,000 m2) of undeveloped land on the property into "new housing for the senior residents, a retirement facility for members of the city labor unions and small-scale retail, with a designated area for local entrepreneurs." Clipper Equity has taken other steps to garner support, including receiving informal backing from influential ministers Rev. Calvin O. Butts and Rev. A.R. Bernard.
On April 7, 2007, the New York State Department of Housing and Community Renewal Commissioner Deborah Van Amerongen rejected Clipper Equity's second proposal. She stated that Clipper's plan for rents to reach market rate after three years failed to adequately protect residents and would require increased government subsidies to keep housing there affordable. Nevertheless, Clipper Equity made another attempt in August 2007.
2008 Sale Offering
In June 2008, Starrett City Associates reached an agreement with Federal, State and City officials on a sale process which would ensure that the property remains affordable. This agreement was further buttressed by federal legislation, which made preserving the property as affordable housing easier for a new buyer.
Schools
Abe Stark Elementary School, (P.S.346)
Gateway Intermediate School, (I.S. 364) Frederick Douglas Academy VIII (4th Floor of P.S. 346)
The nearest high schools, Canarsie High School and South Shore High School are located in Canarsie.
References
^ Close-Up on Starrett City, Brooklyn, The Village Voice, April 6, 2005
^ [http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/precincts/precinct_075.shtml NYPD 75 Precinct
^ With Starrett City Deal Nearly Dead, Developer Tries Again
^ Starrett Police Force
^ Spring Creek Sun
^ Donovan, Edwin J., and William F. Walsh (1986), An Evaluation of Starrett City Security Services, Pennsylvania State University, pp. 36
^ [Starrett City Security]
^ Starrett City owners eye Stuy-high offers, New York Daily News, December 1, 2006
^ Agent says auction for residential complex. Shanghai Daily, December 4, 2006
^ Apartment Complex in Brooklyn Sold for $1.3 Billion
^ Mayor wary of new Starrett owners, The Real Deal, February 9, 2007
^ Congressmen Call For Hearings Into Starrett City Sale, NY1, Feb. 11, 2007
^ Keep It Affordable or Else, The New York Observer, Feb. 12, 2007
^ Starrett City bidder readies new proposal, Crain's New York Business, Mar. 9, 2007
^ Aspiring Buyer of Starrett City Is Back Onstage, New York Times, Apr. 6, 2007
^ NY state housing chief rejects new Starrett City bid, Associated Press, Apr. 8, 2007
^ With Starrett City Near Dead Developer Tries Again, The New York Times, Aug. 3, 2007
^ In New Sale Starrett City Would Stay Affordable, New York Times, June 2, 2008
External links
TheDeal: Financial crisis tempers bids for Starrett City
Starrett City in Pictures
Timeline of Starrett City Auction
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Neighborhoods in the New York City Borough of Brooklyn
Admiral's Row ATURA Barren Island Bath Beach Bay Ridge Bedford Bedford-Stuyvesant Bensonhurst Bergen Beach BoCoCa Boerum Hill Borough Park Brighton Beach Brooklyn Heights Brownsville Bushwick Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Gardens City Line Clinton Hill Cobble Hill Coney Island Crown Heights Cypress Hills Ditmas Park Downtown DUMBO Dyker Heights East Flatbush East New York East Williamsburg Farragut Fiske Terrace Flatbush Flatlands Fort Greene Fort Hamilton Fulton Ferry Georgetown Gerritsen Beach Gowanus Gravesend Greenpoint Greenwood Heights Highland Park Homecrest Kensington Little Poland Madison Manhattan Beach Marine Park Midwood Mill Basin Navy Yard New Lots New Utrecht Ocean Hill Ocean Parkway Park Slope Pigtown Plum Beach Prospect Heights Prospect-Lefferts Gardens Prospect Park South RAMBO Red Hook Sea Gate Sheepshead Bay South Brooklyn South Park Slope Starrett City Stuyvesant Heights Sunset Park Vinegar Hill Weeksville White Sands Williamsburg Windsor Terrace Wingate
Community Boards: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
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Sunday, April 25, 2010
Starrett City, Brooklyn
Willamette Industries
China Product
History
Willamette Industries was founded in Dallas, Oregon, in 1906 as the Willamette Valley Lumber Company. Louis Gerlinger, Sr. was president of the new company and H.L. Pittock, vice president. George T. Gerlinger served as secretary and manager while F.W. Leadbetter was treasurer. George Cone served as director and mill superintendent.
In 1967, this company and several others merged to become Willamette Industries. The next year the company went public. The company continued to grow through acqusistions, including purchasing Bohemia, Inc. in 1991, which at the time was one of the largest lumber companies in Oregon. By 1999 it had grown to 14,000 employees with $4 billion in annual revenues and more than 100 facilities across the United States. coiled tube
Products stainless seamless pipe
Willamette had three operating divisions. A brown paper division produced bag paper, paper bags, cardboard, and liner board. The white paper segment made hardwood market pulp, business forms, and uncoated free sheets. The building materials unit manufactured lumber, plywood, fiberboard, particleboard, and laminated veneer lumber products. Customers were located in the US, Asia, and Europe. 316 stainless steel tube
Environment
In July 2000, the company was fined a then record $11.2 million by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for violations of the Clean Air Act. As part of a settlement with the EPA and the Department of Justice, Willamette also was required to spend an additional $74 million on pollution abatement at 13 factories. In May 2001, the company donated habitat to The Nature Conservancy in the form of permanent conservation easements. The total amount of land 1,740 acres (7.0 km) with a value of $1.5 million.
Buyout
Beginning in 1998 Washington-based competitor Weyerhaeuser contacted Willamette Industries about combining the companies. At that time Willamette management did not entertain any of these proposals. On November 13, 2000, Weyerhaeuser began an unsolicited bid to purchase Willamette through a tender offer, for $5.3 billion in cash, plus the assumption of $1.7 billion in debt, or $48.00 a share, a 38% premium to Willamette's Friday, November 11, closing stock price. The shares in Willamette went up 32.7% on Monday, November 13.
Willamette fought this hostile take-over bid. On November 29 Weyerhaeuser upped the price to $48 a share, or $5.4 billion. Willamette rejected this offer also. On December 22, 2000, Weyerhaeuser announced that it had launched a proxy fight to oust four directors of Willamette Industries, in order to get the board to vote in its favor. The offer was extended on January 5, 2001 to February 1, and on February 1, 2001, Weyerhaeuser learned that a majority of the shareholders favored the merger, with 51% of shares outstanding tendered. Weyerhaeuser secured three of the four board seats in the proxy fight in June 2001. In October 2001, Willamette said that it was worth more: "value is in the $60-a-share range, but that they would consider an offer in the high-$50 range." Willamette sought out merger talks with another forest products company, Georgia-Pacific, the largest in the world to avoid the Weyerhaeuser takeover. Willamette even talked with Georgia-Pacific about Willamette buying the GP building materials businesses and greatly increasing Willamette's debt level. The combination with the G-P that was larger than all of Willamette's operations would have created a company with annual sales of around $12.5 billion. On December 13, 2001, Weyerhaeuser increased its offer to $55.00 per share, or $6.5 billion, in cash.
Finally, in January 2002, Willamette Industries agreed to be bought by Weyerhaeuser for $55.50 per share, for a total cash equity value of approximately $6.08 billion. The deal also included Weyerhaeuser's assumption of approximately $1.53 billion of Willamette debt, making the total value of the deal approximately $7.61 billion. The deal closed in March of that year, ending a four-year process.
Company at buyout
At the time of the takeover by Weyerhaeuser, Willamette was the seventh largest forest products company in world with over 90 facilities across the United States. There were foreign operations in Mexico, Ireland, and France. Willamette Industries owned 1.7 million acres (6,900 km) of forest land, and Duane C. McDougall served as the last chief executive officer of the company. As of June 15, 2001 the company had $4.6 billion in annual revenues and a market value of $5.35 billion.
References
^ WIPO Domain Name Decision. WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^ Willamette Industries Inc 8-K For 3/14/96 EX-99. SECinfo.com. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^ a b c d Willamette Industries Donates Critical Habitats to The Nature Conservancy. The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^ a b Manning, Jeff. The past Willamette Industries charges ahead. The Oregonian, June 25, 2000.
^ Catherine A. Baldwin (1982). Making the Most of the Best: Willamette Industries' Seventy-Five Years. (Portland, OR: Willamette Industries, 172 p.).
^ a b Willamette Industries SEC 10K for 1999. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^ Tallmadge, Alice (January 4, 2005). "'Stub' Stewart, timber baron, lawmaker, dies at 93". The Oregonian: p. B1.
^ a b c d e Willamette Industries - WLL- Profile. Business.com. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^ a b Frieden, Terry. Willamette Industries settles pollution claims with $11.2 million fine. CNN.com, July 21, 2000. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^ BusinessWire: Weyerhaeuser Sends Letter to Willamette Regarding Potential Synergies
^ Weyerhaeuser filing. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^ Deogun, Nikhil, and Jim Carlton. "Weyerhaeuser Seeks Rival Willamette In an Unsolicited Offer of $5.3 Billion". Wall Street Journal, November 14, 2000.
^ Oregon's downturn: State battered by slump in manufacturing. The Seattle Times.
^ Deogun, Nikhil. "Willamette Industries Rejects Weyerhaeuser's $5.3 Billion Bid". Wall Street Journal, November 16, 2000.
^ Deogun, Nikhil. "Weyerhaeuser Makes Hostile Cash Bid Of $5.4 Billion for Willamette Industries". Wall Street Journal, November 29, 2000.
^ News Roundup: "Willamette Urges Shareholders to Reject Weyerhaeuser's $5.4 Billion Tender Offer". Wall Street Journal, December 12, 2000.
^ Business Brief: "Weyerhaeuser Co.: Proxy Fight May Push Out Four Willamette Directors". Wall Street Journal, December 22, 2000.
^ News Roundup: "Weyerhaeuser Extends Hostile Offer For Willamette Industries to Feb. 1". Wall Street Journal, January 5, 2001.
^ Business Brief: "Weyerhaeuser Bid For Rival Willamette Receives a Boost". Wall Street Journal, February 2, 2001.
^ "Weyerhaeuser a winner?" CNN: Money Magazine, June 7, 2001.
^ "Willamette sets deadline". CNN: Money Magazine, October 11, 2001.
^ Willamette Reaches Agreement in Principal (sic) for Sale to Weyerhaeuser For $55.50 Per Share in Cash. PR Newswire Association. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^ a b "Willamette disappoints Weyerhaeuser" CNN: Money Magazine, January 4, 2002.
^ Rivera, Dylan. To buy or not to buy. The Oregonian, January 20, 2002.
^ a b Rivera, Dylan. Weyerhaeuser will acquire Willamette. The Oregonian, January 22, 2002.
^ Weyerhaeuser Welcomes Oregon Willamette Employees as Companies Combine to grow Global Leader. PR Newswire Association. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^ a b McIntosh, Don. Willamette Industries workers protest Weyerhaeuser invasion. NW Labor Press, June 15, 2001.
^ EPA seeks $10 million in fines against Willamette Industries. Times.org. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
^ Associated Press. Former Willamette Industries executive promise $1M to OSU. KGW.com, September 22, 2006. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
^ Parish, Bill. Enron Lessons for Weyerhaeuser, Willamette Industries, the SEC and Arthur Andersen. Parish & Company. January 24, 2002. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
Further reading
Baldwin, Cathrine A. Making the Most of the Best: Willamette Industries' Seventy-Five Years. Portland, Oregon: Willamette Industries. 1982. OCLC 8734832
Dunn, Cathrine Baldwin. Making the Most of the Best: A History of Willamette Industries, Inc.. Portland, Oregon: Willamette Industries. 1994. OCLC 43799999
Swindells, William., and Catherine Baldwin Dunn. The Rest of the Best: Willamette Industries, Inc. 1994-2002. Portland, Oregon: Willamette Industries. 2002. OCLC 51027663
External links
Willamette Industries in the Oregon Encyclopedia.
PRnewswire.com: Willamette Industries, Inc.
AllBusiness: Weyerhaeuser, Willamette to be one.
Nintendo Misses Out On Wii.com
Willamette Industries final SEC annual report
Willamette Industries, Inc., Company History
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Modern history of Oregon (1890resent)
Topics
Tax revolt Governors Bottle Bill Centennial Tokens Roll on Columbia Meier & Frank Willamette Industries Direct Legislation League
Events
USS Oregon Lewis & Clark Expo Oregon land fraud scandal Lookout Air Raid Columbus Day Storm Exploding whale 1977 NBA Finals 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens Rajneeshee bioterror attack Rajneeshee assassination plot New Carissa
Places
Vanport Bonneville Dam Shanghai tunnels Kaiser Shipyards Fort Stevens Celilo Falls Copperfield Harbor Drive
People
Terry Baker George Chamberlain James A. Fee David B. Frohnmayer Neil Goldschmidt Matt Groening Mark Hatfield Nan Wood Honeyman Ken Kesey Phil Knight Hall S. Lusk Tom McCall Douglas McKay Charles McNary Wayne Morse Maurine Brown Neuberger Norma Paulus Steve Prefontaine Jack Ramsay Barbara Roberts James H. Weaver
History of Oregon's native peoples of Oregon to 1806 of pioneers in Oregon of Oregon in modern times
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Companies formerly based in Oregon
Moved out of state
Georgia Pacific Louisiana Pacific
Acquired by out-of-state entities
Tektronix (2007) Freightliner Fred Meyer U.S. Bancorp Hollywood Video Willamette Industries (2002) Oregon Steel Mills Meier & Frank Sequent Computer Systems
Defunct or out of business
Consolidated Freightways Floating Point Systems Joe's Troutman's Emporium
Categories: Companies established in 1906 | Companies disestablished in 2002 | Defunct companies based in Oregon | Companies based in Portland, Oregon | Weyerhaeuser | Forest products companies | Defunct pulp and paper companies
Running Fence
China Product
christojeanneclaude.net/rf.shtml. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ "Christo and Jeanne-Claude". http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2002/christo/fence.shtm. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ "Running Fence (1978)". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0220741/. Retrieved 2008-01-31. teak furniture care
^ ""Watson School Historic Park"". http://www.sonoma-county.org/parks/pk_watsn.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-31. liquid toilet cleaner
^ "Over The River". http://www.overtheriverinfo.com/page_24. Retrieved 2009-01-18. laundry liquid soap
See also
List of Sonoma County Regional Parks facilities
Christo and Jeanne-Claude
This decorative art-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Categories: 1976 works | History of Sonoma County, California | History of the San Francisco Bay Area | Installation art | Marin County, California | Parks in Sonoma County, California | West Marin | Decorative arts stubsHidden categories: California articles missing geocoordinate data | All articles needing coordinates
Motorola FONE F3
China Product
Display technology
The F3 is the first mobile phone to use electronic paper in its screen. Motorola uses the term ClearVision to describe the new display, which is manufactured using E Ink's electrophoretic imaging film. The electronic paper main display allows for the phone's thinness (no glass), longer battery life, and outdoor viewability (paper-like reflectivity). It has a backlight for the keypad and a slit that projects the backlight onto the screen so the display can be seen in darkness.
The characteristics of the display are fairly restrictive. The text display contains only two lines of six characters each, making the use of text messaging (SMS) and data services less practical than on standard LCD displays. The display uses a fixed 'digital clock' style font, with no functionality for changing between upper case and lower case text. All SMSs sent by the F3 are received entirely in lower case, and each character of any SMS received by the F3 is displayed in whichever case makes the most sense using the font. Also, the non-alphabetic characters are severely limited due to this display, as the phone can only provide support for the following characters: acrylic business card holders
Comma (,) (periods . in incoming text messages are displayed as commas) acrylic business card holder
Hyphen (-) business card holders acrylic
Question mark (?)
At-sign (@)
Asterisk (*)
(+), to write this character, hold down the 0 key
No other non-alphanumeric characters can be entered, and on receiving an SMS any non-alphabetic character not listed above is displayed as a hyphen.
Although the display can be restrictive when it comes to text applications, the display is very energy efficient and conducive to extremely long battery life.
User interface
Since the F3 has only two lines of fixed icons on the top and bottom of the display, as well as one line of six 14-segment characters and another line of six 7-segment numbers available on its display, the user interface is very different from the usual menu structure normally found on mobile phones. The only thing resembling a (flat) menu is accessed by pressing left/right on the central button: It allows writing an SMS, reading a saved SMS, call history, choosing the ringtone (out of seven melodies), setting date and time, and setting the alarm clock. The menu is visualized by fixed icons in the bottom row, following the left/right pattern of the navigation button.
The F3 has a few dedicated buttons for opening the address book (top right), canceling any action (the red button), dialing the currently displayed number (the green button) and an "action" button (top left). A few more functions are available by shortcuts: When making a call, pressing the action button twice switches the loudspeaker on/off, while pressing up/down controls the speaker volume. The same button used in standby toggles voice prompts, while pressing up/down controls ringtone volume. When the phone rings, due to incoming calls, the ringer can also be silenced by pressing up/down. All activated features (set alarm clock, activated vibration mode, roaming, ...) are indicated by simple icons in fixed positions in the top row, every successful action is acknowledged by an "OK" icon flashing on and off a few times. The only context-sensitive button is the action button which is used for "OK" on options as well as choosing a number or address book entry when writing an SMS or for answering a received SMS.
Reception strength (left) and battery status (right) are constantly displayed in two prominent strips above the actual display. Both are readable in any light condition and from considerable distances.
Special features
The F3 Motofone is designed for usage in developing countries and sports not only a display which copes well with both bright sunlight and very dim light (experience shows it is readable by candlelight even without the backlight) but also voice prompts explaining the current function in a choice of languages (depending on region; a unit bought in Germany offers German, English and Italian). It is also fairly solid and rugged and should survive not only rough handling but also very dusty and/or damp conditions well, as the case has only two openings (a charger/headset jack and the battery cover) as well as a totally sealed keyboard. There are even videos on the Internet showing the F3 being thrown from a 3 story building into tarmac, and being run over by a car on a gravel surface. The phone survived intact.
The charger/headset jack for the F3 Motofone (and variants) is not a standard 2.5 mm or 3.5 mm headset port. It is a DC connector that can support mono sound quality. This is not well-documented at Motorola and internal documentation indicates the jack is a standard 2.5 mm TRS connector jack. The jack shown on the Motorola site clearly has a pin in the center of the jack, prohibiting use of a standard 2.5 mm plug. A mono headset is available as part number CFLN6103AA and the name of it is Motorola S215 Pedestrian Kit. This is a headset only and not an adapter.
The F3 has two internal antennas to maximize reception even when partially shielded by a hand or other obstacles and a loud maximum volume for ringtones and loudspeaker to facilitate usage in crowded city environments or public transport. The unique default ringing mode is vibrating silently for some seconds, then ring in modest volume, then ring with full volume (one can also set a vibrate-only mode or modes with fixed volume). To ease repairs or recycling, it can be opened by four Torx screws on the back.
Variants
The Motorola Motofone comes in two two-band variants: The F3 900/1800 MHz GSM for Europe and much of the rest of the world except the Americas; and the F3 u2 850/1900 MHz GSM for North America and a limited number of Central and South American countries. See GSM frequency bands for specific country coverage.
Both variants come in four different colors: black, blue, red and a silverish grey.
According to its very low price (starting from 20 to 30 /$) the F3/F3c is mainly sold with prepaid (pay-as-you-go) SIM cards and it seems that the sellers often (but not always) implement a SIM-lock. However, for slightly more (starting at ca. 30) it can also be bought without SIM-lock or card, giving full freedom to choose any provider.
In Brazil, this phone (without SIM-lock) is sold for BRL 99.00 as of February 2008 (approx. USD 57.00). The SIM-locked version can be purchased for BRL 29.00 (on telephone carrier stores). The F3 is currently Brazil's cheapest cellphone.
In Hungary it could be purchased in Dec/2007 for a total of HUF 2000 (approx. USD 11.58 (~7.87) at that time), with the price already including a prepaid card from T-Mobile with a balance of HUF 600 (approx. USD 3.46 (~2.35) at that time). Prices for mobile-phones in Hungary usually are higher than in other industrial nations.
In the UK, this phone is being sold by Home Bargains (as of 29/04/2008) and -Stretcher (as of 07/06/2008) with a Virgin Mobile SIM (T-Mobile network) for 7.99 (6.99 -Stretcher). The phones do not seem to have any sort of SIM network lock and have been successfully used with Orange, Vodafone and O2.
In Canada and the US, this phone is not available through Motorola's normal retail channels. Where available, the North American version is normally sold unlocked, with no SIM card.
In Mexico, this phone is available virtually everywhere, from specialized stores to simple supermarkets, it sells both refurbished and new, for a very low price; this phone is currently the cheapest in Mexico's Market. It is only offered in Prepaid form and most of the time with SIM Lock.
Although this phone is being manufactured largely in India, it has recently become completely unavailable in major metropolitan areas such as Chennai or Madras. It seems that Motorola is in fact actively phasing out the model in India due to poor sales perhaps because of the popularity of text messaging in India, which is arguably oversimplified on the F3.
Advanced Settings
To access the advanced settings, press * * * [number code] * [action] ([action] is the key in the upper left corner of the keypad, the one printed with an upward-pointing arrow in a circle)
Documented codes
Phone Setting
Number Code
Reset Factory settings
000
Restricted Calling (Phonebook only) ON / OFF
160/161
Keypad tones ON / OFF
250/251
Auto keypad lock ON / OFF
260/261
Set SIM Pin
300
SIM Pin ON / OFF
310/311
Select time format
470
Prepaid Balance Display ON / OFF
500/501
Voice Prompts ON / OFF (1)
510/511
Change Language
520
Set Balance Inquiry Number to use when the # key is pressed and held
642
Set Voicemail number
644
(1) can also be toggled by pressing [action] on the volume menu
Undocumented codes
Phone Setting
Number Code
Display total time of accepted incoming calls
111
Display total time of outgoing calls
121
Switch Audible call minute counter (beep) ON/OFF
130/131
Region Code display ON/OFF
400/401
List available networks with option to change to another network
402
Display network currently receiving service from
480
Display list of networks within range
481
View / Edit Service Cell Number (SMS Service)
643
Delete ALL stored messages
700
Enter SMS prepay query code (?)
701
The following codes work AS IS, i.e. without entering the * around them
Phone information details
* * 9 9 9 9 * [action]
Cell phone serial number
* # 0 6 # (scroll down for complete number)
References
^ The Motofone is One Tough Phone!
^ Detailed image of charger/headset port
Motorola. "MOTOFONE Makes its Global Debut Introducing Stylish Connectivity for Everyone". Press release, November 28, 2006.
Pradhan, Priyanka (November 29, 2006). "Motorola's Motofone F3 Launched". tech2.com. http://www.tech2.com/india/news/value-mobile-phones/motorolas-motofone-f3-launched/3061/0.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Motorola FONE F3
Motorola Motofone
Motorola Motofone F3c
Review: Motorola Motofone F3
Hands-on review
Live Pics with short review
Review by The Register
Motorola Motofone F3 Dissassembly
Pin layout of the data connector
Bicycle-mounted dynamo charger for Motofone
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Motorola phones by series
A
A760 A780 A835
A845 A910 A925 A1000 A1600 A1800
C
C115 C168/C168i C350 C550 C139 C620
E
E365 E398 E680 E770 E815 E1000
EM
EM25/EM325 EM326g EM28/EM330 EM30 EM35
i
i710 i860 i870 i920/i930 i880 i455 i9
MPx
MPx200 MPx220
Q
Q Q8 Q9h Q9c Q9m Q11
T
T720
U
U9
V
V60i V180 V188 V190 V220 V265 V276 V325 V360 V400 V525 V550 V551 V557 V600 V620 V635 V710 V980
W
W156/W160 W175/W180 W181 W206/W213 W220 W230 W270 W370 W377 W385 W510
Z
Z6c Z6w Z6tv Z9
VE
VE538 VE66
4LTR
FONE F3 KRZR K1 KRZR K1m KRZR K2 VIZR KRZR K3 KRZR K3m MING MOTO Z6c PEBL RAZR RAZR maxx RAZR 2 RIZR Z3 RIZR/ROKR Z6 ROKR Z6m RIZR Z8 RIZR Z10 ROKR E1 ROKR E2 ROKR E3 ROKR E6 ROKR E8 ROKR W5 SLVR L2 SLVR L6 SLVR L7 SLVR L9/L72 SCPL ZINE ZN5
Other
CLIQ Devour Droid DynaTAC MicroTAC International 3200 StarTac VE538
Categories: Motorola mobile phones | 2006 introductionsHidden categories: Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles that may contain original research from June 2009 | Articles with a promotional tone from June 2009 | All articles with a promotional tone
Proband
China Product
Proband, or propositus, is a term used most often in medical genetics and other medical fields to denote a particular subject (person or animal) being studied or reported on. On pedigrees, the proband is noted with an arrow and the box (male) or circle (female) shaded accordingly. It is important to denote the proband, so that the relationship to other individuals can be seen and patterns established.
In many cases, the proband is the first affected family member who seeks medical attention for a genetic disorder. Between the ancestors of the proband, there are very likely other subjects with the manifest disease, but they might be unknown due to the lack of information regarding those individuals or the disease at the time they lived. Other ancestors might be undiagnosed due to the incomplete penetrance or variable expressivity. sofa furniture legs
The diagnosis of a proband raises the level of suspicion for the proband's relatives and some of them may be diagnosed with the same disease. Conventionally, when drawing a pedigree chart, instead of the first diagnosed person, the proband may be chosen from among the affected ancestors (parents, grandparents) from the first generation where the disease is found. furniture table leg
This genetics article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. adjustable table leg
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Categories: Classical genetics | Genetics stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources
Paella
China Product
Etymology
Paella is a Catalan word which derives from the Old French word paelle for panwhich in turn comes from the Latin word patella for pan as well.Patella is also akin to the modern French pole, the Welsh padell, the Italian padella, the Old Spanish padilla the Polish patelnia and the New Mexican Spanish puela. The Proto-Indo-European root for these words is *pet-.
Valencians use the word paella for all pans, including the specialized shallow pan used for cooking paellas. However, in most of Spain and throughout Latin America, the term paellera is more commonly used for this pan, though both terms are correct, as stated by the Royal Spanish Academy, the body responsible for regulating the Spanish language. girls canopy bedding
Paelleras are traditionally round and shallow, made of polished steel with two handles. travel mosquito net
A popular but inaccurate belief in the Arab world is that the word paella derives from the Arabic word for leftovers, baqiyah, (Arabic script:) because it was customary among Arab sailors to combine leftovers of previous meals which purportedly led to a paella-like creation in Moorish Spain. bed canopy netting
History
Moorish influence
Uncooked bomba rice
The people of Moorish Spain often made casseroles of rice, fish and spices for family gatherings and religious feasts, thus establishing the custom of eating rice in Spain. This led to rice becoming a staple by the 15th century when Spanish Catholics expelled the Muslims. Afterwards, it became customary for cooks to combine rice with vegetables, beans and dry cod, providing an acceptable meal for Lent. Fish always predominated with rice along Spain's eastern coast.
Valencian paella
On special occasions, 18th century Valencians used paelleras to cook rice in the open air of their orchards near lake Albufera. Marsh rat was one of the main ingredients of early paellas, along with eel and butter beans. Novelist Vicente Blasco Ibez described the Valencian custom of eating marsh rats in Caas y barro, a realist account about life among the fishermen peasants near lake Albufera.
Living standards rose with the sociological changes of the late 19th century in Spain, giving rise to reunions and outings in the countryside. This led to a change of paella's ingredients as well, these being rabbit, chicken, duck, seafood and sometimes snails. This dish became so popular that in 1840 a local Spanish newspaper first used the phrase paella to refer to the recipe rather than the pan.
The most widely used complete ingredient list of this era was as follows: short-grain white rice, chicken, rabbit, snails (optional), duck (optional), butter beans, great northern beans, runner beans, artichoke (a substitute for runner beans in the winter), tomatoes, fresh rosemary, sweet paprika, saffron, garlic (optional), salt, olive oil and water. (Poorer Valencians, however, sometimes used nothing more than snails for meat.) It's these ingredients, and only these, that Valencians insist go into making modern Valencian paella.
Seafood and mixed paella
On the mediterranean coast, however, Valencians used seafood instead of meat and beans to make seafood paella. Later, Spaniards mixed seafood into the original Valencian recipe and mixed paella was born.
During the 20th century, paella's popularity spread past Spain's borders. As other cultures set out to make paella, the dish invariably acquired regional influences. Consequently, paella recipes went from being relatively simple to including a wide variety of seafood, meat, sausage, (the most popular being Spanish, chorizo) vegetables and many different seasonings. However, the most globally popular recipe is seafood paella.
In Spain, mixed paella is very popular. Some restaurants in Spain (and many in the United States) that serve this mixed version, refer to it as Valencian paella but Valencians insist only the original Valencian recipe can bear the name paella valenciana.
International paella
Paella is now an international dish with recipes that include ingredients very different from its original versions in Valencia.
Various international versions of paella are well known in Australia, Asia (especially the Philippines), Latin America (very popular in Mexico and Venezuela), the U.S., and Western European countries such as Portugal, Germany, Sweden, Norway and Denmark.
Basic cooking methods
According to tradition in Valencia, paella is cooked by men over an open fire, fueled by orange and pine branches along with pine cones. This produces an aromatic smoke which infuses the paella. Also, dinner guests traditionally eat directly out of the paellera.
Valencian paella
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Paella Valenciana
Valencian paella
This recipe is standardized because Valencians consider it traditional and very much part of their culture. Rice in Valencian paella is never braised in oil, as pilau, though the paella made further southwest of Valencia often is.
Heat oil in a paellera.
Saut meat after seasoning with salt.
Add green vegetables and saut until soft.
Add garlic (optional), grated tomatoes, beans and saut.
Add paprika and saut.
Add water, saffron (or food coloring), snails and rosemary.
Boil to make broth and allow it to reduce by half.
Add rice and simmer until rice is cooked.
Garnish with fresh rosemary.
Seafood paella
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Paella de Marisco
Seafood paella
Recipes for this dish vary somewhat, even in Valencia. Below is a recipe by Juanry Segui, a prominent Valencian chef.
Make a seafood broth from shrimp heads, onions, garlic and bay leaves.
Heat oil in a paellera.
Add mussels. Cook until they open and then remove.
Saut Norway lobster and whole, deep-water rose shrimp. Then remove both the lobster and shrimp.
Add chopped cuttlefish and saut.
Add shrimp tails and saut.
Add garlic and saut.
Add grated tomato and saut.
Add rice and braise in sofrito.
Add paprika and saut.
Add seafood broth and then saffron (or food coloring).
Add salt to taste.
Replace the deep-water rose shrimp, mussles and Norway lobster.
Simmer until rice is cooked.
Mixed paella
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Paella Roja
Red, mixed paella
There are countless mixed paella recipes. The following method is common to most of these. Seasoning depends greatly on individual preferences and regional influences. However, salt, saffron and garlic are almost always included.
Make a broth from seafood, chicken, onions, garlic, bell peppers and bay leaf.
Heat oil in a paellera
Sear red bell pepper strips and set aside.
Sear crustaceans and set aside.
Saut meat until golden brown.
Add garlic and saut until brown.
Add grated tomatoes and saut.
Add onions and bell peppers. Saut until vegetables are tender.
Add dry seasonings except for salt.
Add rice.
Braise rice until covered with sofrito.
Add broth.
Add salt to taste.
Add saffron (or food coloring).
Simmer until rice is almost cooked.
Replace crustaceans.
Continue simmering until rice and crustaceans are finished cooking.
Garnish with seared red bell pepper strips.
For all recipes
Paella usually has a layer of toasted rice at the bottom of the pan. This is considered a delicacy in Spain and is essential to a good paella. The toasted rice develops on its own if the paella is cooked over a burner or open fire. If cooked in an oven, however, it will not. To correct this, place the paellera over a high flame while listening to the rice toast at the bottom of the pan. Then, remove it from the heat once the aroma of toasted rice wafts upwards. The paella must then sit for about five minutes to absorb the remaining broth.
Competitions and records
It has become a custom at mass gatherings in the Valencian Community (festivals, political campaigns, protests, etc.) to prepare enormous paellas, sometimes to win mention in the Guinness Book of World Records. Chefs make gargantuan paelleras for these events.
Valencian restaurateur Juan Galbis claims to have made the world's largest paella with help from a team of workers on 2 October 2001. This paella fed about 110,000 people according to Galbis' website. Galbis says this paella was even larger than his earlier world-record paella made on 8 March 1992 which fed about 100,000 people. Galbis's record-breaking 1992 paella is listed in Guinness World Records
Similar dishes
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Arroz Negro
Arrs negre (also called arroz negro and paella negra)
Traditional Valencian cuisine offers recipes similar to paella valenciana and paella marisco such as arrs al forn, arrs a banda and arrs en fesols i naps. Fideu is a noodle dish variation of the paella cooked in a similar fashion, though it may be served with allioli sauce.
The following is a list of other similar rice dishes:
Thieboudienne
Biriyani
Arroz a la valenciana
Arroz con pollo
Arrs negre
Jambalaya
Pilaf
Risotto
Jollof Rice
See also
Valencian cuisine
Spanish cuisine
Hispanic cuisine
Mediterranean cuisine
References
^ a b c "Info about Paella on About.com". Spanishfood.about.com. 2009-12-15. http://spanishfood.about.com/od/maincourses/a/paella.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ Delia Online -Rice(accessed 12/04/2008)
^ a b Tienda.com - Paella Rice(accessed 12/04/2008)
^ "Etymology of the word paella on the J. Robertson website". Roots.jrobertsons.com. http://roots.jrobertsons.com/roots/etymologies/P/PA/PAE/word_PAELLA_84936.html. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Etymology of the word paella on Yahoo's Education website". Education.yahoo.com. http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/paella. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ Spain. "Etymology of the word paella on the Answers.com website". Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/paella. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Etymology of the word paella on the Your Dictionary website". Yourdictionary.com. http://www.yourdictionary.com/paella. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Ancient meaning of the Latin word ''patella''". Thefreedictionary.com. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/patella. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Meaning of the modern French word ''pole''". Woxikon.com. http://www.woxikon.com/fra/po%EAle.php. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "English-Welsh dictionary provides the meaning of the modern Welsh word ''padell''". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=RiMVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA482&lpg=PA482&dq=padell+Welsh+pan&source=bl&ots=DuxHdUVrY5&sig=6j_Jsdm5nrJkAqtxTEA7icNrPpo&hl=en&ei=5S-xSZ39M9WDtwel08C8Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Meaning of the modern Italian word ''padella''". Woxikon.com. http://www.woxikon.com/ita/padella.php. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Meaning of the Spanish word ''padilla''". Spanishdict.com. http://www.spanishdict.com/translate/padilla#. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Polish dictionary". Polish dictionary. http://www.polish-dictionary.com/f.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ John M. Lipski:La lengua espaola en los Estados Unidos : ... Unos nuevomexicanismos tpicos son: nsara 'ganso', ganso, ccano, jojolote 'pavo', puela 'sartn',...
^ "The Indoeuropean family presented on". Ethnologue.com. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90017. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Indoeuropean root for the Latin word ''patella''". Myetymology.com. http://www.myetymology.com/english/patella.html. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Discussion in Spanish about the name of the pan and the recipe". Lapaella.net. http://www.lapaella.net/el-recipiente.aspx. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ a b c d Lynne Olver (2009-09-16). "The Food Timeline presents a history of paella". Foodtimeline.org. http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodfaq6.html#paella. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ Manuel Vzquez Montalbn, La cocina de los mediterrneos, Ediciones B - Mexico
^ "Csar Bes Portals, ''Vicente Blasco Ibez y el Naturalismo'', I.E.S. Clara Campoamor, Alaqus (Valencia)". Ucm.es. http://www.ucm.es/info/especulo/numero31/viblasco.html. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ a b Tu nombre. "Arroz SOS presents a history of paella". Arrozsos.com. http://www.arrozsos.com/articulos/ver/historia_de_la_paella. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ Recipe courtesy Tyler Florence. "Foodnetwork's paella recipe with seafood, chicken and chorizo". Foodnetwork.com. http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/tyler-florence/paella-with-seafood-chicken-and-chorizo-recipe/index.html. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Epicurean's paella recipe with chorizo". Recipes.epicurean.com. http://recipes.epicurean.com/recipe/15697/traditional-paella.html. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "An assortment of paella recipes". Spain-recipes.com. http://www.spain-recipes.com/paellarecipes.html. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ Posted by roadside (2008-06-20). "International Dish". Recipescooks.blogspot.com. http://recipescooks.blogspot.com/2008/06/paella.html. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Dining-downunder, Australian paella". Dining-downunder.com. http://www.dining-downunder.com/index.php?id=106. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ Australian Institute of Sports, Seafood paella
^ Stephen C. Mason. "Style Paella (Philippine)". Recipehound.com. http://www.recipehound.com/Recipes/4600.html. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Sauerkraut-paella". Schlemmerli.de. http://www.schlemmerli.de/bio-produkte/418/sauerkraut-paella. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Paella Swedish Style". Gretchencooks.com. 2006-03-08. http://www.gretchencooks.com/recipes/748_Paella_Swedish_Style. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "seafood from Norway". Seafoodfromnorway.com. http://www.seafoodfromnorway.com/page?id=104&key=24131. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Paella in Copenhagen". Fodors.com. 2010-02-01. http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/denmark/copenhagen/review-36442.html. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ a b "Chef Juanry Segui cooks a Valencian paella over an open fire". Lacocinadejuanry.com. http://www.lacocinadejuanry.com/paellavalencianalena.html. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ Juan Galbis' recipe for Valencian paella[dead link]
^ Marqus, Vicent (2004): Els millors arrossos valencians. Aldaia: Edicions Alfani.
^ "Casa Salavador restaurant in Cullera, Spain". Casasalvador.com. http://www.casasalvador.com/cocina-arroz-uk.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Chef Juanry Segui's recipe for seafood paella". Lacocinadejuanry.es. http://www.lacocinadejuanry.es/paellademarisco.html. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Mixed paella recipe". Spain-recipes.com. http://www.spain-recipes.com/mixed-paella.html. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ 24 augustus 2007. "A Spanish grandmother near Madrid cooks her mixed paella recipe on video". Youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuCmO3Zlbng&NR=1. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ "Paella competitions". Gospain.about.com. 2009-10-30. http://gospain.about.com/od/fooddrink/qt/paellaintroduct.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
^ Info on Galbis.com about world record paella[dead link]
^ "Galbis's 1992 record listed on the Guinness website". Guinnessworldrecords.com. http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2007/10/071030.aspx. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Paella
Paella and the Carnestoltes Carnival in Catalonia, Spain
Easy paella
Categories: Spanish cuisine | Rice dishesHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from February 2010 | Articles containing Spanish language text
Royal Standard of Spain
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The Royal Guidon
The Standard of the Prince of Asturias
The Royal Guidon (Guin) is regulated by Title II, Rule 1, of Royal Decree 1511/1977. It is identical to the Royal Standard except that the Royal Guidon has a Gold fringe. It is made of silk taffeta. The size of the guindon is 80 x 80 cm. It is the personal command sign or positional flag of the monarch and carried nearby him. burberry silk scarves
The Standard and the Guidon of the Prince of Asturias wholesale silk scarves
The Standard of the Prince of Asturias (Estandarte del Prncipe de Asturias) is regulated by Royal Decree 284/2001 that modified the Title II of Spanish Royal Decree 1511/1977. silk square scarves
The Standard of the Prince consists of a light blue (the colour of the Flag of Asturias) square flag with the Coat of arms of the Prince of Asturias in the center. The Guidon (Guin) is identical to the Standard except that the Royal Guidon has a Gold fringe. It is made of silk taffeta. The size of the guindon is 80 x 80 cm.
Historical standards, guidons and banners of arms of Spanish monarchs
The Banner of Arms was the ceremonial ensign of the monarch, the Royal Standard or Royal Flag was the ensign for a common use.
From Philip II reign the Royal Guidon was identical to the Royal Standard or Royal Flag with the Cross of Burgundy and a Gold fringe.
The Banners of Arms
Banner of Arms
Dates
Details
1475 - 1506
The banner of arms of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage unified Spain, were on a crimson background:
Quarterly, 1 and 4. quarterly Castile-Leon, 2 and 3. per pale Aragon and Argon-Sicily.
In 1492 the conquest of Granada was symbolized by the addition ent en point of a quarter for Granada.
The banner of arms was also used as Catholic Monarchs's Infantry ensign.
1518 - 1556
In 1504, Archduke Philip the Handsome (King of Castile and Leon by marriage with Joanna) immediately staked his claim to her inheritance by quartering his own arms with those of the Catholic Kings, the Spanish quarters were given precedence over his. Hence the arrangement became, quarterly: 1. and 4. grand quarters, quarterly: A. and D. quarterly Castile-Leon, B. and C. per pale Aragon-Sicily, the grand quarter ent en point for Granada; 2. and 3. grand quarters, quarterly Austria, Burgundy ancient, Burgundy modern, Brabant, with an escutcheon per pale Flanders and Tyrol. In 1518 their son Charles I of Spain (Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor) adopted a banner of arms that comprised these arms on a crimson background. The arms were crowned with the old royal crown (an open crown). After his election as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 Charles used more often the imperial banner: A shield with his own arms surmounting a black double-headed eagle on a golden background.
1580 - 1668
During the reign of King Phillip II the arms of the Spanish Monarchy become fixed for the remainder of the House of Austria. Originally Philip II used the simplified arms as devised for his father, namely per fess with the Spanish quarters in chief and the Austrian quarters in base.
After the conquest of Portugal in 1580, the arms of the Monarchy became per fess, in chief per pale, A. quarterly Castile and Leon, B. per pale Aragon and Aragon-Sicily, the whole ent en point Granada and with an escutcheon of Portugal on the honor point; in base quarterly Austria, Burgundy ancient, Burgundy modern and Brabant, with an escutcheon (in the nombril point) per pale Flanders and Tyrol.
1668 - 1700
Even though Portugal and its possessions were lost in 1666, the Spanish kings retained the use of the Portuguese arms as arms of pretence until 1668.
1700 - 1761
The arms of Bourbon-Anjou were added in 1700 when Phillip V became king of Spain. He introduced changes in the royal arms of Spain. The king's new arms were designed by the French heraldist Clairambault in November 1700, and were as follows:
Per fess: 1. per pale, quarterly Castile and Aragon, ent en point Granada, and per pale, Aragon and Aragon-Sicily; 2. Quarterly, Austria, Burgundy ancient, Burgundy modern and Brabant; ent en point, per pale Flanders and Tyrol. Overall an escutcheon Anjou.
1761 - 1868
1875 - 1931
In 1761 Charles III modified the arms as follows:
Quarterly of six (in three rows of two each): 1. per pale Aragon and Aragon-Sicily; 2. per pale Austria and Burgundy modern; 3. Farnese 4. Medici; 5. Burgundy ancient; 6. Brabant; ent en point per pale Flanders and Tyrol. Overall an escutcheon quarterly of Castile and Leon ent en point of Granada, overall Anjou. The royal arms were removed by the revolution of 1868. When the Bourbons were restored with Alfonso XII, a decree (8 Jan 1875) recovered the coat of arms (and the banner of arms) as it stood until September 29, 1868 as personal arms. In 1930 Alfonso XIII, substituted the Aragon quarter with Jerusalem. The Spanish Monarch hasn't used a Banner of Arms since April 14, 1931, when the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed.
Royal Standard or Royal Flag
Standard
Dates
Details
1475 1492
The Royal Standard or Royal Flag of the Catholic Monarchs was a white flag with the arms of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in the center with an open royal crown.
1492 1506
From 1492 the Catholic Monarchs's arms were borne by the eagle of Saint John, sable, and the conquest of Granada was symbolized by the addition ent en point, a Pomegranate, of a quarter for Granada.
1556 - 1580
1668 - 1700
The Spanish Monarchs of the House of Habsburg used a crimson flag with the royal arms, crowned with a royal crown with three visible arches and the Order of the Golden Fleece.
1580 - 1668
After the conquest of Portugal in 1580 an escutcheon of Portugal was added on the honor point in the royal arms.
1580 1668
Philip V introduced in the Royal Standard the changes of the royal arms of Spain.
1761 1834
In 1761 Charles III modified the royal arms, added the Farnese and Medici arms.
1838 - 1868
1875 - 1931
In 1838 the colour of the Royal Standard was modified (crimson to Purpure).
See also
Coat of arms of the King of Spain
Coat of arms of the Prince of Asturias
Heraldic flag
Spanish monarchy
Footnotes
Sources
Spanish Royal Decree 1511/1977 (Spanish)
The flag in the Spanish Armada. Armada Espaola (Spanish)
The Royal Standard of Spain. Flags of the World
The Standard of the Prince of Asturias. Flags of the World
References
^ History of Spanish Flag, Spanish Army. (Spanish)
^ The Standard of Charles I of Spain, Cervantesvirtual.com (Cervantes Virtual Library) (Spanish)
^ The Royal Banner 1761- 1868, 1874-1931 (Flags of the World)
External links
Royal and Governmental Standards of Spain (Images). Web of Luis Miguel Arias (In Spanish)
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Categories: Personal flags of Spain | Spanish monarchy
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References bag filter housings
Notes fiberglass pool manufacturers
^ Slotted hex, http://www.spstech.com/aero/products/nuts/slotted.html, retrieved 2008-11-30 . ceramic membrane
^ a b Smith, p. 105
^ a b Aerotight, http://www.premierscrew.com/aerotight.html, retrieved 2008-11-30 .
Bibliography
Smith, Carroll (1990), Carroll Smith's Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, ISBN 0879384069, http://books.google.com/books?id=A81HmmRCN7YC .
Categories: Fasteners
