GE Marc V

China Product


Details

These radios are seen as obsolete and there is only one known instance of this system operating in the U.S. today (Grant County, Oklahoma). The general category of this kind of trunked system is called, "Scan-based trunking." In the U.S. and Australia, these systems used analog FM, operated in the 806-869 MHz band, and were primarily used for commercial, non-public-safety trunking. Some earlier systems offered half-duplex, (push-to-talk) telephone interconnect and later versions also offered full duplex telephone interconnect. This feature was popular before the rollout of analog cellular telephones.

Radio models used in these systems included the names, "Classic", "Corona", "Centura" , generally referred to as 3C radios. While most radio models were sold with a speaker and microphone, some had a telephone handset and cradle attached to the front of the dash-mount radio housing. There was an earlier trunk-mount model that looked like a MASTR Executive II with the name Mastr. A MPR-series hand-held model was offered for GE Marc V trunked systems. Later models included a Japanese-made radio with model numbers beginning with TMX (mobiles) and TPX (portables). Certain later models of PCS and MDX radios were dual-mode, supporting GE Marc V and EDACS. internal folding doors

A large system operator might own their radio backbone (repeaters). GE Marc V Specialized Mobile Radio systems, where subscribers paid a company to operate the trunked radio system, were present in major U.S. cities. The operators typically charged a monthly fee for each radio plus airtime charges. folding sliding door

Some mobile units could be programmed to work on more than one GE Marc V trunked system. For example, if the SMR operator had a system in Bloomington and another covering Chicago, many radio models offered an "area" switch. This selected the transmit area priority. Different radio models had 29- to 100-channel capacity and there were limitations on the number of areas and the number of channels per area. In its default configuration, the radios function in the same way a talk-back-on-scan option works: regardless of which area was selected, the radio would join a conversation on the system where it was taking place. folding closet doors

Early first generation radios were crystal controlled and had crystal oscillator modules with temperature compensators (ICOMS), and later models were synthesized and had an 82S123 32x8 (not 32Kx8) PROM which defined RF frequencies. Option settings and tones were selected by jumpers and laser-etched hybrids called Versatones. Second generation "3C" radios used an Intel MCS-48 microprocessor and programming was burned into two 82S123 PROMs. In subsequent generation radios, a PC programming interface set the radio's RF channels and options. In U.S. systems, the set of channel frequencies for a system or area were usually unique to each trunked system. The radios could scan multiple systems provided that the total number of channels in the combined systems did not exceed 20. The radios were not capable of roaming. (Roaming in this use means working with an unknown GE Marc V system the user happened to run across in their travels).

How it worked

In a GE Marc V system:

electronics that determine which channel a conversation will occur on are inside each radio. Radios scan all available channels in the system to find an unused channel for a conversation. They also scan to look for a tone sequence initiating a conversation from another radio in their own group.

repeaters are essentially stand-alone repeaters, except for tone handshaking electronics, deadbeat disable computer, telephone patch equipment, or equipment used to bill air time, (talking time). Some of these were options.

because call set up was slower than transmission-trunked systems, repeaters had a long hang time in order to hold a group's mobile radios on a channel until a conversation was finished. This conversation trunking was the primary difference between Ge Marc V and other systems.

a trunked system or area could have up to 20 channels. Some 100-channel models, for example, could accommodate five 20-channel areas.

the user would hear a low-pitched error tone if they took the microphone off hook and no channels were available or the radio was out-of-range.

Two-tone sequential

GE Marc V used a two-tone sequence to identify a group: what modern systems call agency-fleet-subfleet or talk groups. Each radio had at least one tone pair, which identified the group of radios it could talk with. It was similar in format to two-tone sequential paging codes except that, in a GE Marc V system, the first tone was much longer than the second. This long first tone gave a bigger time window for all the scanning radios to find and decode a two-tone sequence. The first tone was lengthened for systems with more channels.

It was possible for radios to have several tone pairs or groups. These could be used to make phone calls over a patch without all other users in the same group having to listen to the call. Some systems had hierarchies: manager groups could talk amongst one another without going out over everyone's radio.

As larger systems used up most of the available tone pairs, it became necessary to alter the tone sequence to generate a total of four tones, one longer "collect" tone followed by three group tones in rapid sequence. This was known as GE Marc V-E for "enhanced". This also reduced a falsing problem that existed in larger systems where mobile radios would open up on other users tones as well as intermodulation products occurring in large metropolitan areas.

Continuous tone squelch

Systems transmitted a continuous tone at 3051.9 Hz, called Busy Tone. A low-pass filter eliminated most of the tone from speaker audio. The 3051.9 Hz tone was present through the transmission, but cut off just before the repeater dropped in order to eliminate squelch tail. There were two programmable continuous tones: all radios on a single system used the same tone. These were used to distinguish between sites in the same way SAT tones were used on AMPS cellular systems. Radios using the system had to have their continuous tone set to match the desired system and have a compatible two-tone sequence for their group.

Transmitter tests

Since the radio would not transmit unless the ready light was lit, checking output power, frequency, or deviation on the bench or outside the system coverage area required the technician to attach a test box. The box bypassed the radio trunking logic so adjustments could be made in a conventional single-channel mode. Antenna forward and reflected power in a vehicle on a working system was typically checked by bringing up a talk channel and transmitting normally. Once a channel was brought up it could be 'held' for up to 3 minutes (the limit of the system carrier control timer).

Operator view for trunked radio historians

If the operator desired to make a radio call, they would pull the mike out of the hang-up box. This would cause the radio to look for a channel with no busy tone (3052 Hz) present. When a vacant channel was found, the push-to-talk relay would chatter and the transmit indicator would flicker. The radio would handshake with the repeater using a single analog tone. The handshake would identify the repeater as "in range" and the channel as "not busy." If the radio successfully performed the busy handshake, its two-tone group sequence was transmitted over the air. As soon as the tones were sent, the receiver audio turned on and the radio made a doorbell-like "ding dong" chime to tell the operator the channel was available to talk. A green "ready-to-talk" light-emitting diode on the radio lit. The speaker turned on and the operator heard idle channel noise on a carrier.

Other radios in the same group would scan until they heard a first tone matching their own two-tone sequence. Hearing a matching first tone, the scanning would stop and wait to determine if the second tone matched its group. If the tone didn't match, the radio would silently go on searching. On hearing a matching tone, every radio in the group would do the doorbell chime, display a green, ready indicator, and the speaker audio would turn on. The user would hear the open carrier until someone talked or the repeater carrier dropped after approximately 8 seconds.

Since the doorbell sound was annoying, users tended to try to hold the repeater carrier on until the called party answered so they wouldn't have to listen to continual ding-dongs. If base was slow to answer, the transmission might sound like, "Unit four to base," <squelch tail>... <squelch tail>... <squelch tail>... <repeater drops>. On some radio models, the doorbell sound was programmable but it's not clear if those responsible for systems knew this (Note: as an operator of this system, we knew this was possible but did not change it as it would confuse the users).

Missed calls

A major drawback to this architecture is the fact that a missed two-tone sequence at the beginning of a transmission, or a lost signal during a transmission, causes the rest of a transmission to be missed. If the mobile receiver gets interference or loses the repeater signal for the moment the second selective calling tone is sent, it remains muted, missing the entire conversation. The same is true if the repeater signal is lost at any time during a transmission. Only another two-tone sequence being sent will allow it to rejoin the conversation.

Some later systems were equipped with a 'join' feature to overcome this problem. The system would monitor all channels in a given system and, if it detected a mobile attempting to acquire a second channel, that user would be invalidated on that channel (dumped), and immediately afterwards a 2-tone signaling sequence would begin on the original channel, bringing the lost unit into the original conversation. This could be highly annoying to users already in a conversation, as the very audible collect and group tones would interrupt the conversation, and if the invalidated user persisted in attempting to bring up a channel rather than waiting for the system to signal him, the collect and group tones would continue to be sent out on the working channel repeatedly on each channel attempt.

A modern trunked system with a control channel is more costly and complicated, but sends continual messages for all in-progress conversations. If your radio is in a talk group conversing on channel 3, the control channel continually sends "<go to channel 3>" messages over and over until the transmission ends. Suppose the user is driving through a tunnel with no signal then exits and acquires the signal. If the mobile receiver acquires the control channel signal any time during the conversation, it immediately decodes the channel assignment and switches over to join the conversation.

Tech trivia

System documentation shows at least some radio models, including Classic and Centura, were not capable of being programmed for areas near the Mexican Border. Federal Communications Commission channel assignments along the border follow 25 kHz offsets (example: 809.775 MHz) unlike the rest of the US where they follow 12.5 kHz offsets, (example: 811.1625 MHz).

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Trunked radio systems

Central controller

Motorola systems: Type I Type II Type IIi Hybrid Type II SmartZone Type II SmartZone OmniLink iDEN

Other: APCO Project 16 APCO Project 25 EDACS EDACS Provoice MPT-1327 OpenSky TETRA TETRAPOL

Scan-based / distributed control

General Electric Mobile Radio: GE Marc V

Logic Trunked Radio: LTR Standard LTR Passport LTR Standard and Passport LTR MultiNet LTR-Net

Categories: Trunked radio systems

Coffee pot

China Product


Types

The traditional coffee pot used for cooking, called a percolator, is made of metal and sits directly on the source of heat. Ground coffee is placed in a small internal basket sitting on a funnel; boiling water is forced through this repeatedly and soaks the coffee, thus producing an extract which becomes more concentrated as the coffee brewes. Machines such as percolators or automatic coffeemakers brew coffee by gravity. In an automatic coffeemaker, hot water drips onto coffee grounds held in a coffee filter made of paper or perforated metal, allowing the water to seep through the ground coffee while absorbing its oils and essences. Gravity causes the liquid to pass into a carafe or pot while the used coffee grounds are retained in the filter. In a percolator, boiling water is forced into a chamber above a filter by steam pressure created by boiling. The water then passes downwards through the grounds due to gravity, repeating the process until shut off by an internal timer, or, more commonly, a thermostat which turns off the heater when the entire pot reaches a certain temperature. This thermostat also serves to keep the coffee warm (it turns on when the pot cools), but requires the removal of the basket holding the grounds after the initial brewing to avoid additional brewing as the pot reheats. Purists do not feel that this repeated boiling is conducive to achieving the best flavoured coffee.

Coffee may also be brewed by steeping in a device such as a French press (also known as a cafetire or coffee press). Ground coffee and hot water are combined in a coffee press and left to brew for a few minutes. A plunger is then depressed to separate the coffee grounds, which remain at the bottom of the container. Because the coffee grounds are in direct contact with the water, all the coffee oils remain in the beverage, making it stronger and leaving more sediment than in coffee made by an automatic coffee machine. kitchenaid artisan series stand mixer

Espresso is brewed by forcing high pressure water through a small dose of highly ground coffee. As a result of brewing under high pressure (ideally between 9-10 atm) the espresso beverage is more concentrated (as much as 10 to 15 times the amount of coffee to water as gravity brewing methods can produce) and has a more complex physical and chemical constitution. A well prepared espresso has a reddish-brown foam called crema that floats on the surface. The drink "Caff Americano" is popularly thought to have been named after American soldiers in WW II who found the European way of drinking espresso too strong. Baristas would cut the espresso with hot water for them. cordless mixer

Types of coffee pot (for cooking) bosch stand mixer

Coffee percolator

Drip coffee maker

Electric coffee maker

French Press or Plunge coffee maker

The coffee pot used for serving may be a plastic, glass, ceramic or thermos vessel.

A silver tea service may include a coffee pot.

Famous coffee pots

Trojan Room coffee pot

Moka Express

See also

Benjamin Thompson

The Coffee Pot

Cookware

Tea set

Teapot

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Coffee pot

Categories: Coffee preparationHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources

Methyl violet

China Product


Compounds and Uses

The term methyl violet encompasses three main molecules, each with different uses. They are all soluble in water, ethanol, diethylene glycol and dipropylene glycol. Specifically, methyl violet 2B is 2.93% solution in water and 15.21% soluble in ethanol, due to the hydrophobicity of the aromatic rings.

Methyl Violet 2B neato cd labels

Methyl Violet 6B tyvek tags

Methyl Violet 10B inkjet address labels

Methyl Violet 2B

Methyl violet 2B is the tetramethyl homolog. In pure crystals it is lustrous and blue-green in color; melting at 137C (279F). It is used as a pH indicator in chemistry, with a range between 0 and 1.6. The protonated form (found in acidic conditions) is yellow, turning blue-violet above pH levels of 1.6. It can be supplied as crystals, which are dissolved in the solution being tested, or as pH paper[citation needed].

Methyl violet 2B (pH indicator)

below pH 0.0

above pH 1.6

0.0

1.6

Methyl Violet 6B

Methyl violet 6B contains five methyl groups. It is a darker blue than 2B.

Methyl Violet 10B

Methyl violet 10B has six methyl groups. It is known in medicine as Gentian violet (or crystal violet) and is the active ingredient in a Gram stain, used to identify bacteria. Gentian violet destroys cells and can be used as a disinfectant[citation needed]. It is poisonous to some or most animals, including dogs and cats, and should never be used as a wash for animals' skin.

10B also inhibits the growth of many Gram positive bacteria, except streptococci. When used in conjunction with nalidixic acid (which destroys gram-negative bacteria), it can be used to isolate the streptococci bacteria for the diagnosis of an infection.

Methyl violet also binds to DNA. This means it can be used in cell viability assays in biochemistry. However, this binding to DNA will cause replication errors in living tissue, possibly leading to mutations and cancer.

Degradation

Methyl violet is a mutagen and mitotic poison, therefore concerns exist regarding the ecological impact of the release of methyl violet into the environment. Methyl violet has been used in vast quantities for textile and paper dyeing, and 15% of such dyes produced worldwide are released to environment in wastewater. Numerous methods have been developed to treat methyl violet pollution. The three most prominent are chemical bleaching, biodegradation, and photodegradation.

Chemical bleaching

Chemical bleaching is achieved by oxidation or reduction. Oxidation either destroys the dye completely or causes a change in the bonding of the chromophore[citation needed]. Two examples of dye oxidants are sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, common bleach) and hydrogen peroxide. NaClO produces hypochlorous acid (HClO), hypochlorite ions (ClO-) and chlorine, which are all in equilibrium:

NaOCl + H2O Na+ + OH + H+ + OCl

When any one of these compounds come in contact with the amine groups of the dye, they hydrolyze and degrade them. Methyl violet has three amine groups, and when one or more of these groups are hydrolyzed the molecule must rearrange itself to form a more stable compound. This breaks the chromophore bonds, meaning the molecule no longer absorbs light.

Hydrogen peroxide breaks the dye's bonds by forming radical species in the presence of light. These oxidize the dye by adding oxygen atoms on to the nitrogen in the amine group.

The reduction of methyl violet mostly occurs in microorganisms but it can be attained chemically using sodium dithionite and sodium hydrosulfide[citation needed].

Biodegradation

Biodegradation is the most interesting and most investigated method of dye degradation. This method is suitable because biodegradation could occur in large sewage plants with specialized microorganisms- which is highly cost effective. Certain animals and plants can degrade this dye, as well as microorganisms[citation needed], but the microorganisms are the most practical solution.

Two microorganisms that have been studied in depth are the White Rot Fungus and the bacterium Nocardia Corallina. In particular, the White Rot Fungus degraded a 12.3 M methyl violet solution to 35% of the initial concentration in 6 hours. In 12 hours only 1% remained and after 72 hours the dye was deemed to be completely degraded[citation needed].

Nocardia Carollina's growth was inhibited by the toxic dye at the start of an incubation, but was able to degrade dyes with a concentration of under 5 mol cm3. The bacteria were completely inhibited with concentrations higher than 7 mol cm3[citation needed].

Photo degradation

Light alone is not enough to cause major degradation of methyl violet[citation needed]. However, with the addition of large band-gap semiconductors, TiO2 or ZnO, the photodecomposition speeds up.

The mechanism behind the TiO2 catalysis is that it causes the production of oxygen free radicals, which break up the dye molecule. The rate of degradation can be increased by adding oxidizers or radical-forming molecules such as hydrogen peroxide, or Ag+ ions.

Other methods

Many others methods have been developed to treat the contamination of dyes in a solution such as:

Electrochemical Degradation

This is accomplished by running DC current through the dye solution to break the dye apart. This works well with dyes that are molecularly simple, but is ineffective against very complex dyes. This methods work very well when it is used to decomposed methyl violet. This method can be further improved by the addition of a redox mediator such as Co+2/+3 .

Ion Exchange Membrane

In this method a membrane is used to separate the cation of the dye from the solution. The experimental results indicates that the addition of an organic solvent containing ions (1M NaCl and 60% CH3OH) increases the separation of the cation from solution to 100%.

Laser Degradation

It was found that Kr2 excited with a 530 nm laser allowed for electron transfer from the triplets state to the Cationic dye methyl violet. The addition of this electron to the cation forces the molecule to rearrange.

Absorption

Absorbance of the dye from solution has been observed using solid Porous material such as: Pumice powder Porous silicon additive Porous glass Activated charcoal Micro tubes Ceramics

Many methods are available for dye removal from waste water but most are expensive, impractical or they just allow for the polluted dye to leave from one source to the next. In current removal techniques many of the procedure listed are used in combination to degrade the dye in the waste water.

See also

Potassium ferrocyanide

Potassium ferricyanide

Methylene blue

Methyl blue

Egyptian Blue

Han Purple

Gentian violet

Fluorescein

References

[*Kristallviolett ein pH-Indikator (in German)

Mechanism of action of sodium hypochlorite

Hydrogen Peroxide[

XP-Chloro Degradation Malachite green US Patent 2755202)

Senthilkumaar S., and Porkodi.(2005). Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Decomposition of Crystal Violet in UV-illuminated Sol Gel

Derived Nanocrystalline TiO2 Suspension. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 288(1):184-189.

Bumpus J.A. and Brook B. J.(1988). Biodegradation of Crystal Violet by the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology.54(5):1143-1150.

Pizzolato T. M. et al.(2002). Colour Removal with NaClO of Dye Wastewater From Agate-processing plant in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. International journal of Mineral Processing.65 (1-4):203-211.

Bhasikuttan C.A. et al.(2008).Photo ionization of Crystal Violet in Aqueous Solution. Photochemistry and Photobiology.62(2):245-250.

Yatome C. et al.(1993).Degradation of Crystal Violet by Nocardia corallina. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.38-565-569.

Bhasikuttan A.C. et al.(1995). Oxidation of Chrystal Violet and Malachite green in aqueous solutions- a kinetic spectrophotometric study. Journal of Photochemistry and photobiology A:Chemistry. 90(2-3):177-182.

Sahoo, A.K.G. and Pal, A.(2005. Photocalalytic Degradation of Cystal violet(C.I. Violet) on Dilver Ion Doped TiO2. Dyes and Pigments. 66(3):189-196.

Saroman , M. A. et al.(2004). Electrochemical Decolonization of Structurally Different Dyes. Chemosphere. 57(3):233-239.

Wu, J. et al. (2008). Removal of Catonic Dye Methyl Violet 2B From Water by Cation Exchange Membrances. Journal of Membrance Science.309(1-2):239-245.

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Stains

Iron/Hemosiderin

Prussian blue

Lipids

Sudan stain (Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, Oil Red O, Sudan Black B)

Carbohydrates

Periodic acid-Schiff stain

Amyloid

Congo red

Bacteria

Gram staining (Methyl violet/Gentian violet, Safranin)  Ziehl-Neelsen stain/acid-fast (Carbol fuchsin/Fuchsine, Methylene blue)  Auramine-rhodamine stain (Auramine O, Rhodamine B)

Connective tissue

trichrome stain: Masson's trichrome stain/Lillie's trichrome (Light Green SF yellowish, Biebrich scarlet, Phosphomolybdic acid, Fast Green FCF)

Van Gieson's stain

Other

H&E stain (Haematoxylin, Eosin Y)  Silver stain (Gmri methenamine silver stain, Warthintarry stain)  Methyl blue  Wright's stain  Giemsa stain  Gmri trichrome stain  Neutral red  Janus Green B

Categories: PH indicators | Triarylmethane dyes | Disinfectants | Staining dyesHidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from April 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009

Terraforming

China Product


History of scholarly study

Carl Sagan, an astronomer, proposed the planetary engineering of Venus in a 1961 article published in the journal Science titled, "The Planet Venus." Sagan imagined seeding the atmosphere of Venus with algae, which would convert water, nitrogen and carbon dioxide into organic compounds. As this process removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect would be reduced until surface temperatures dropped to "comfortable" levels. The resulting carbon, Sagan supposed, would be incinerated by the high surface temperatures of Venus, and thus be sequestered in the form of "graphite or some involatile form of carbon" on the planet's surface. However, later discoveries about the conditions on Venus made this particular approach impossible. One problem is that the clouds of Venus are composed of a highly concentrated sulfuric acid solution. Even if atmospheric algae could thrive in the hostile environment of Venus' upper atmosphere, an even more insurmountable problem is that its atmosphere is simply far too thickhe high atmospheric pressure would result in an "atmosphere of nearly pure molecular oxygen" and cause the planet's surface to be thickly covered in fine graphite powder. This volatile combination could not be sustained through time. Any carbon that was fixed in organic form would be liberated as carbon dioxide again through combustion, "short-circuiting" the terraforming process.

Sagan also visualized making Mars habitable for human life in "Planetary Engineering on Mars," a 1973 article published in the journal Icarus. Three years later, NASA addressed the issue of planetary engineering officially in a study, but used the term "planetary ecosynthesis" instead. The study concluded that it was possible for Mars to support life and be made into a habitable planet. The first conference session on terraforming, then referred to as "Planetary Modeling," was organized that same year. fairchild aircraft

In March 1979, NASA engineer and author James Oberg organized the "First Terraforming Colloquium," a special session on terraforming held at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston. Oberg popularized the terraforming concepts discussed at the colloquium to the general public in his 1981 book, New Earths. Not until 1982 was the word terraforming used in the title of a published journal article. Planetologist Christopher McKay wrote "Terraforming Mars," a paper for the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. The paper discussed the prospects of a self-regulating Martian biosphere, and McKay's use of the word has since become the preferred term. During 1984, James Lovelock and Michael Allaby published The Greening of Mars. Lovelock's book was one of the first to describe a novel method of warming Mars, where chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are added to the atmosphere. Motivated by Lovelock's book, biophysicist Robert Haynes worked behind the scenes to promote terraforming, and contributed the word ecopoiesis to its lexicon. mooney aircraft

Beginning in 1985, Martyn J. Fogg began publishing several articles on terraforming. He also served as editor for a full issue on terraforming for the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society in 1991. In his 1995 book Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments, Fogg proposed the following definitions for different aspects related to terraforming: bell helicopter parts

Planetary Engineering: the application of technology for the purpose of influencing the global properties of a planet.

Geoengineering: planetary engineering applied specifically to the Earth. It includes only those macroengineering concepts that deal with the alteration of some global parameter, such as the greenhouse effect, atmospheric composition, insolation or impact flux.

Terraforming: a process of planetary engineering, specifically directed at enhancing the capacity of an extraterrestrial planetary environment to support life as we know it. The ultimate achievement in terraforming would be to create an open planetary biosphere emulating all the functions of the biosphere of the Earth, one that would be fully habitable for human beings.

Astrophysical Engineering: taken to represent proposed activities, relating to future habitation, that are envisaged to occur on a scale greater than that of "conventional" planetary engineering.

Fogg also devised definitions for candidate planets of varying degrees of human compatibility:

Habitable Planet (HP): A world with an environment sufficiently similar to the Earth as to allow comfortable and free human habitation.

Biocompatible Planet (BP): A planet possessing the necessary physical parameters for life to flourish on its surface. If initially lifeless, then such a world could host a biosphere of considerable complexity without the need for terraforming.

Easily Terraformable Planet (ETP): A planet that might be rendered biocompatible, or possibly habitable, and maintained so by modest planetary engineering techniques and with the limited resources of a starship or robot precursor mission.

Fogg suggests that Mars was a biologically compatible planet in its youth, but is not now in any of these three categories, since it could only be terraformed with greater difficulty.[citation needed] Mars Society founder Robert Zubrin produced a plan for a Mars return mission called Mars Direct that would set up a permanent human presence on Mars and steer efforts towards eventual terraformation.

Requirements for sustaining terrestrial life

Main article: Planetary habitability

An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, but the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before the surface of an astronomical body is able to support life. Of particular interest is the set of factors that has sustained complex, multicellular animals in addition to simpler organisms on this planet. Research and theory in this regard is a component of planetary science and the emerging discipline of astrobiology.

In its astrobiology roadmap, NASA has defined the principal habitability criteria as "extended regions of liquid water, conditions favorable for the assembly of complex organic molecules, and energy sources to sustain metabolism."

Preliminary stages of terraforming

Main article: Ecopoiesis

Once conditions become more suitable for life, the importation of microbial life could begin. As conditions approach that of Earth, plant life could also be brought in. This would accelerate the production of oxygen, which theoretically would make the planet eventually able to support animal and human life.

Prospective planets

Artist's conception of a terraformed Mars

Mars

Main article: Terraforming of Mars

See also: Colonization of Mars

In many respects, Mars is the most earth-like of all the other planets in our Solar system. Indeed, it is thought that Mars once did have a more Earth-like environment early in its history, with a thicker atmosphere and abundant water that was lost over the course of hundreds of millions of years.

The exact mechanism of this loss is still unclear, though three mechanisms in particular seem likely: First, whenever surface water is present, carbon dioxide reacts with rocks to form carbonates, thus drawing atmosphere off and binding it to the planetary surface. On earth, this process is counteracted when plate tectonics works to cause volcanic eruptions that vent carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere. On Mars, the lack of such tectonic activity worked to prevent the recycling of gases locked up in sediments.

Second, the lack of a magnetosphere surrounding the entire surface of Mars may have allowed the solar wind to gradually erode the atmosphere. Convection within the core of Mars, which is made mostly of iron, originally generated a magnetic field. However the dynamo ceased to function long ago, and the magnetic field of Mars has largely disappeared, probably due to "... loss of core heat, solidification of most of the core, and/or changes in the mantle convection regime." Mars does still retain a limited magnetosphere that covers approximately 40% of its surface. Rather than uniformly covering and protecting the atmosphere from solar wind, however, the magnetic field takes the form of a collection of smaller, umbrella-shaped fields, mainly clustered together around the planet's southern hemisphere. It is within these regions that chunks of atmosphere are violently "blown away", as astronomer David Brain explains:

The joined fields wrapped themselves around a packet of gas at the top of the Martian atmosphere, forming a magnetic capsule a thousand kilometres wide with ionised air trapped inside... Solar wind pressure caused the capsule to 'pinch off' and it blew away, taking its cargo of air with it.

Finally, between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 billion years ago, asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the surface environment of objects in our Solar system. The low gravity of Mars suggests that these impacts could have ejected much of the Martian atmosphere into deep space.

Terraforming Mars would entail two major interlaced changes: building the atmosphere and heating it. A thicker atmosphere of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide would trap incoming solar radiation. Because the raised temperature would add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, the two processes would augment each other.

Artist's conception of a terraformed Venus

Venus

Main article: Terraforming of Venus

See also: Colonization of Venus

Terraforming Venus requires two major changes; removing most of the planet's dense 9 MPa carbon dioxide atmosphere and reducing the planet's 500 C (773 K) surface temperature. These goals are closely interrelated, since Venus' extreme temperature is thought to be due to the greenhouse effect caused by its dense atmosphere. Sequestering the atmospheric carbon would likely solve the temperature problem as well.

Artist's conception of what the Moon might look like terraformed

Europa (moon)

Europa, a moon of Jupiter, is a potential candidate for terraforming. One advantage to Europa is the presence of liquid water which could be extremely helpful for the introduction of any form of life. The difficulties are numerous; Europa is in the middle of a huge radiation belt around Jupiter, and a human would die from the radiation within ten minutes on the surface. This would require the building of massive radiation deflectors, which is currently impractical. Additionally, this satellite is covered in ice and would have to be heated, and there would need to be a supply of oxygen, though this could, at sufficient energy cost, be manufactured in situ by electrolysis of the copious water available.

Other planets and solar system entities

See also: Colonization of the Moon, Colonization of Mercury, Colonization of Callisto, Colonization of Titan, Colonization of the outer solar system, and Colonization of Ceres

Other possible candidates for terraformation (possibly only partial or paraterraforming) include Titan, Callisto, Ganymede, Luna (the Moon), and even Mercury, Saturn's moon Enceladus and the dwarf planet Ceres. Most, however, have too little mass and gravity to hold an atmosphere indefinitely (although it is possible, but not certain, that an atmosphere could remain for tens of thousands of years or be replenished as needed). In addition, aside from the Moon and Mercury, most of these worlds are so far from the Sun that adding sufficient heat would be much more difficult than even Mars would be. Terraforming Mercury would present a different series of challenges, but in certain aspects would be easier than terraforming Venus. Though not widely discussed, the possibility of terraforming Mercury's poles has been presented as a potential possibility. Saturn's Titan offers several unique advantages, such as an atmospheric pressure similar to Earth and an abundance of nitrogen and frozen water. Jupiter's Europa, Ganymede and Callisto also have an abundance of water ice.

Paraterraforming

Also known as the "worldhouse" concept, or domes in smaller versions, paraterraforming involves the construction of a habitable enclosure on a planet which eventually grows to encompass most of the planet's usable area. The enclosure would consist of a transparent roof held one or more kilometers above the surface, pressurized with a breathable atmosphere, and anchored with tension towers and cables at regular intervals. Proponents claim worldhouses can be constructed with technology known since the 1960s. The Biosphere 2 project built a dome on Earth that contained a habitable environment. The project encountered difficulties in construction and operation.

Paraterraforming has several advantages over the traditional approach to terraforming. For example, it provides an immediate payback to investors (assuming a capitalistic financing model); the worldhouse starts out small in area (a domed city for example), but those areas provide habitable space from the start. The paraterraforming approach also allows for a modular approach that can be tailored to the needs of the planet's population, growing only as fast and only in those areas where it is required. Finally, paraterraforming greatly reduces the amount of atmosphere that one would need to add to planets like Mars to provide Earth-like atmospheric pressures. By using a solid envelope in this manner, even bodies which would otherwise be unable to retain an atmosphere at all (such as asteroids) could be given a habitable environment. The environment under an artificial worldhouse roof would also likely be more amenable to artificial manipulation.

It has the disadvantage of requiring massive amounts of construction and maintenance activity. It also would not likely have a completely independent water cycle, as rainfall may be able to develop with a high enough roof, but still probably not efficiently enough for agriculture or a water cycle. The extra cost might be off-set somewhat by automated manufacturing and repair mechanisms. A worldhouse might also be more susceptible to catastrophic failure if a major breach occurred, though this risk might be reduced by compartmentalization and other active safety precautions. Meteor strikes are a particular concern because without any external atmosphere they would reach the surface before burning up.

Ethical issues

Main article: Ethics of terraforming

There is a philosophical debate within biology and ecology as to whether terraforming other worlds is an ethical endeavor. From the point of view of a cosmocentric ethic, this involves balancing the need for the preservation of human life against the intrinsic value of existing planetary ecologies. On the pro-terraforming side of the argument, there are those like Robert Zubrin, Martyn J. Fogg, Richard L. S. Taylor and the late Carl Sagan who believe that it is humanity's moral obligation to make other worlds suitable for life, as a continuation of the history of life transforming the environments around it on Earth. They also point out that Earth would eventually be destroyed if nature takes its course, so that humanity faces a very long-term choice between terraforming other worlds or allowing all terrestrial life to become extinct. Terraforming totally barren planets, it is asserted, is not morally wrong as it does not affect any other life.

Others believe terraforming would be an unethical interference in nature, and that given humanity's past treatment of the Earth, other planets may be better off without human interference. Still others strike a middle ground, such as Christopher McKay, who argues that terraforming is ethically sound only once we have completely assured that an alien planet does not harbor life of its own; but that if it does, while we should not try to reshape the planet to our own use, we should engineer the planet's environment to artificially nurture the alien life and help it thrive and co-evolve, or even co-exist with humans. Even this would be seen as a type of terraforming to the strictest of ecocentrists, whom would say that all life has the right, in its home biosphere, to evolve at its own pace as well as its own direction, free of any outside interference, apparently even when it lacks volition of its own, for evolution is not a personally directed process in non-sapient species.

Economic issues

The initial cost of such projects as planetary terraforming would be gargantuan, and the infrastructure of such an enterprise would have to be built from scratch. Such technology is not yet developed, let alone financially feasible at the moment. John Hickman has pointed out that almost none of the current schemes for terraforming incorporate economic strategies, and most of their models and expectations seem highly optimistic. Access to the vast resources of space may make such projects more economically feasible, though the initial investment required to enable easy access to space will likely be tremendous (see Asteroid mining, solar power satellites, In-Situ Resource Utilization, bootstrapping, space elevator).

Political issues

Further information: Outer Space Treaty

There are many potential political issues arising from terraforming a planet, such as who gets to own the extraterrestrial land on the new planet, with contenders being national governments, trans-national organizations like the United Nations, corporations or individual settlers themselves.[original research?] Such settlements may become national disputes as countries try to make portions of other planets part of their own national territory.[original research?] National pride, rivalries between nations, and the politics of public relations have been a primary motivation for shaping space projects.

In popular culture

Main article: Terraforming in popular culture

Terraforming is a common concept in science fiction, ranging from television, movies and novels to video games. The concept of changing a planet for habitation precedes the use of the word 'terraforming', with H. G. Wells describing a reverse-terraforming, where aliens in his story The War of the Worlds change Earth for their own benefit. Also, Olaf Stapledon's Last and First Men (1930) provides the first example in fiction in which Venus is modified, after a long and destructive war with the original inhabitants, who naturally object to the process. Recent works involving terraforming of Mars includes the novels in the Mars trilogy, by Kim Stanley Robinson.

Terraforming has also been explored on television and in feature films, including the "Genesis device", a device developed to quickly terraform barren planets in the Star Trek movie The Wrath of Khan. A similar device exists in the animated feature film Titan A.E. which depicts the eponymous ship Titan, capable of creating a planet, and in the Will Wright game Spore, where the Staff of Life is used to instantly terraform planets. Terraforming is also present in James Cameron's film Aliens, as well as in the cult television series Firefly.

Notes

^ "Science Fiction Citations: terraforming". http://www.jessesword.com/sf/view/125. Retrieved 2006-06-16. 

^ Sagan, Carl (1961). "The Planet Venus". Science. 

^ a b c Sagan 1997, pp. 2767.

^ Sagan, Carl (1973). "Planetary Engineering on Mars". Icarus 20: 513. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90026-2. 

^ Averner& MacElroy, 1976

^ Oberg, James Edward (1981). New Earths: Restructuring Earth and Other Planets. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA. 

^ McKay, Christopher (1982). "Terraforming Mars". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 

^ Lovelock, James and Allaby, Michael (1984). The Greening of Mars. 

^ a b Fogg 1995.

^ Fogg, 1996

^ "Building a Solid Case". SpaceViews. November 1, 1996. http://www.seds.org/spaceviews/9611/bookrev.html. Retrieved 2006-09-26. 

^ "Goal 1: Understand the nature and distribution of habitable environments in the Universe". Astrobiology: Roadmap. NASA. http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g1.html. Retrieved 2007-08-11. 

^ Read and Lewis 2004, p.16; Kargel 2004, pp. 1856.

^ Kargel 2004, 99ff

^ Forget, Costard & Lognonn 2007, pp. 801.

^ Forget, Costard & Lognonn 2007, p. 82.

^ Dave Jacqu (2003-09-26). "APS X-rays reveal secrets of Mars' core". Argonne National Laboratory. http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/News/2003/030926mars.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-10. 

^ Schubert, Turcotte & Olson 2001, p. 692

^ Carr 2007, p. 318

^ a b Solar Wind, 2008

^ Forget, Costard & Lognonn 2007, pp. 80.

^ Faure & Mensing 2007, p. 252.

^ Zubrin, Robert M. & McKay, Christopher P. (1997). Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 50, 83. Accessed 2009-06-09.

^ Brody, Dave (2005). Terraforming: Human Destiny or Hubris?. Ad Astra (National Space Society). Spring 2005. Accessed 20090609.

^ ScienceDaily (2001, Mar. 29). Jupiter Radiation Belts Harsher Than Expected.

^ "Humans on Europa: A Plan for Colonies on the Icy Moon". http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/missions/europa_colonies_010606-1.html. Retrieved 2006-04-28. 

^ Taylor, 1992

^ MacNiven 1995

^ Robert Zubrin, The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must, pp. 248-249, Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1996, ISBN 0-684-83550-9

^ Fogg 2000

^ Christopher McKay and Robert Zubrin, "Do Indigenous Martian Bacteria have Precedence over Human Exploration?", pp. 177-182, in On to Mars: Colonizing a New World, Apogee Books Space Series, 2002, ISBN 1-896522-90-4

^ "The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects". http://www.jetpress.org/volume4/space.htm. Retrieved 2006-04-28. 

^ "China's Moon Quest Has U.S. Lawmakers Seeking New Space Race". http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000080&sid=a5elzidanocM&refer=asia. Retrieved 2006-04-28. 

^ Thompson 2001 p. 108

References

Averner, M. M. & MacElroy, R. D. (1976). On the Habitability of Mars: An Approach to Planetary Ecosynthesis. NASA SP-414.

Carr, Michael H. (2007). "Mars: Surface and interior". in Adams-McFadden, Lucy-Ann; Weissman, Paul Robert; Johnson, Torrence V. Encyclopedia of the solar system. Academic Press. pp. 315330. ISBN 0120885891. 

Dalrymple , G. Brent (2004). Ancient Earth, ancient skies: the age of Earth and its cosmic surroundings. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804749337

Faure, Gunter & Mensing, Teresa M. (2007). Introduction to planetary science: the geological perspective. Springer. ISBN 1402052332.

Fogg, Martyn J. (1995). Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments. SAE International, Warrendale, PA. ISBN 1560916095. 

Fogg, Martyn J. (1996). "A Planet Dweller's Dream". in Schmidt, Stanley; Zubrin, Robert. Islands in the Sky. New York: Wiley. pp. 14367. 

Fogg Martyn J. (2000). The Ethical Dimensions of Space Settlement (pdf format). Space Policy, 16, 205-211. Also presented (1999) at the 50th International Astronautical Congress, Amsterdam (IAA-99-IAA.7.1.07).

Forget, Franois; Costard, Franois & Lognonn, Philippe (2007). Planet Mars: Story of Another World. Springer. ISBN 0387489258.

Kargel, Jeffrey Stuart (2004). Mars: a warmer, wetter planet. Springer. ISBN 1852335688.

MacNiven, D. (1995). Environmental Ethics and Planetary Engineering. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 48:441-44.

Knoll, Andrew H. (2008). "Cyanobacteria and earth history". in Herrero, Antonia; Flores, Enrique. The cyanobacteria: molecular biology, genomics, and evolution. Horizon Scientific Press. pp. 120. ISBN 1904455158. 

McKay Christopher P. & Haynes, Robert H. (1997). Implanting Life on Mars as a Long Term Goal for Mars Exploration, in The Case for Mars IV: Considerations for Sending Humans, ed. Thomas R. Meyer (San Diego, California: American Astronautical Society/Univelt), Pp. 20915.

Read, Peter L.; Lewis, Stephen R. (2004). The Martian climate revisited: atmosphere and environment of a desert planet. Springer. ISBN 354040743X.

Sagan, Carl & Druyan, Ann (1997). Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345376595.

Schubert, Gerald ; Turcotte, Donald L.; Olson, Peter (2001). Mantle convection in the earth and planets. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521798361

Solar wind ripping chunks off Mars. (November 25, 2008) Cosmos Accessed 6/18/2009.

Taylor, Richard L. S. (1992) Paraterraforming The worldhouse concept. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 341-352. ISSN 0007-094X

Thompson, J. M. T. (2001). Visions of the future: astronomy and Earth science. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521805376.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Terraforming

Red Colony

New Mars forum

Terraformers Society of Canada

Visualizing the steps of solar system terraforming

Research Paper: Technological Requirements for Terraforming Mars

Terraformers Australia

Terraformers UK

The Terraforming of Worlds

Terraformation de Mars

Fogg, Martyn J. The Terraforming Information Pages

Categories: Futurology | Planetary engineering | Science fiction themes | Space colonizationHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 | All articles that may contain original research | Articles that may contain original research from May 2009

Woodstock Festival

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Planning and preparation

Woodstock was initiated through the efforts of Michael Lang, John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, and Artie Kornfeld. It was Roberts and Rosenman who had the finances. They placed the following advertisement in The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal under the name of Challenge International, Ltd.: oung men with unlimited capital looking for interesting, legitimate investment opportunities and business propositions.4]

Lang and Kornfeld noticed the ad, and the four men got together originally to discuss a retreat-like recording studio in Woodstock, but the idea evolved into an outdoor music and arts festival, although even that was initially envisioned on a smaller scale, perhaps featuring some of the big name artists who lived in the Woodstock area (such as Bob Dylan and The Band). There were differences in approach among the four: Roberts was disciplined, and knew what was needed in order for the venture to succeed, while the laid-back Lang saw Woodstock as a new, relaxed way of bringing business people together. There were further doubts over the venture, as Roberts wondered whether to consolidate his losses and pull the plug, or to continue pumping his own finances into the project. allure day spa

In April 1969, newly-minted superstars Creedence Clearwater Revival were the first act to sign a contract for the event, agreeing to play for $10,000. The promoters had experienced difficulty landing big-name groups prior to the Bay Area swamp rockers committing to play. Creedence drummer Doug Clifford later commented "Once Creedence signed, everyone else jumped in line and all the other big acts came on." Given their 3 a.m. start time and non-inclusion (at Creedence frontman John Fogerty's insistence) in the Woodstock film, Creedence members have expressed bitterness over their experiences at the famed festival. towel rack shelf

Woodstock was designed as a profit-making venture, aptly titled "Woodstock Ventures." It famously became a "free concert" only after it became obvious that the event was drawing hundreds of thousands more people than the organizers had prepared for. Tickets for the event cost US$18 in advance (equivalent to approx. US$105 in 2009 after adjusting for purchasing power, and US$75 after adjusting for inflation) and $24 at the gate for all three days. Ticket sales were limited to record stores in the greater New York City area, or by mail via a post office box at the Radio City Station Post Office located in Midtown Manhattan. Around 186,000 tickets were sold beforehand and organizers anticipated approximately 200,000 festival-goers would turn up. works toilet bowl cleaner

Woodstock Ventures made Warner Bros. an offer to make a movie about Woodstock. All Artie Kornfeld required was $100,000, on the basis that "it could have either sold millions or, if there were riots, be one of the best documentaries ever made," according to Kornfeld.

Selection of the venue

The crowd and stage in 1969.

The concert was originally scheduled to take place in the 300-acre (1.2 km2) Mills Industrial Park (412839 742149 / 41.477525N 74.36358W / 41.477525; -74.36358 (Mills Industrial Park)) in the town of Wallkill, New York, which Woodstock Ventures had leased for $10,000 in the Spring of 1969. Town officials were assured that no more than 50,000 would attend. Town residents immediately opposed the project. In early July the Town Board passed a law requiring a permit for any gathering over 5,000 people. On July 15, 1969, the Wallkill Zoning Board of Appeals officially banned the concert on the basis that the planned portable toilets would not meet town code. Reports about the ban, however, turned out to be a publicity bonanza for the festival.

Max Yasgur's farm in 1968.

According to Elliot Tiber in his 2007 book Taking Woodstock, Tiber offered to host the event on his 15 acres (61,000 m2) motel[clarification needed], and had a permit for such an event. He claims to have introduced the promoters to dairy farmer Max Yasgur. Lang, however, disputes Tiber's account, and says that Tiber introduced him to a real estate salesman, who drove him to Yasgur's farm without Tiber. Sam Yasgur, Max's son, agrees with Lang's account. Yasgur's land formed a natural bowl sloping down to Filippini Pond on the land's north side. The stage would be set at the bottom of the hill with Filippini Pond forming a backdrop. The pond would become a popular skinny dipping destination.

The organizers once again told Bethel authorities they expected no more than 50,000 people.

Despite resident opposition and signs proclaiming, "Buy No Milk. Stop Max's Hippy Music Festival," Bethel Town Attorney Frederick W. V. Schadt and building inspector Donald Clark approved the permits, but the Bethel Town Board refused to issue them formally. Clark was ordered to post stop work orders,

Free concert

The late change in venue did not give the festival organizers enough time to prepare. At a meeting three days before the event organizers felt they had two options. One option was to improve the fencing and security which might have resulted in violence, the other involved putting all their resources into completing the stage which would cause Woodstock Ventures to take a financial hit. The crowd which was arriving in greater numbers and earlier than anticipated made the decision for them. The fence was cut the night before the concert by UAW/MF Family prompting many more to show up.

The festival

The influx of attendees to the rural concert site in Bethel created a massive traffic jam. Fearing chaos as thousands began descending on the community, Bethel did not enforce its codes. Eventually, announcements on radio stations as far away as WNEW-FM in Manhattan and descriptions of the traffic jams on television news programs discouraged people from setting off to the festival. Arlo Guthrie made an announcement that was included in the film saying that the New York State Thruway was closed. The director of the Woodstock museum discussed below said this never occurred. To add to the problems and difficulty in dealing with the large crowds, recent rains had caused muddy roads and fields. The facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending; hundreds of thousands found themselves in a struggle against bad weather, food shortages, and poor sanitation.

On the morning of Sunday, August 17, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller called festival organizer John Roberts and told him he was thinking of ordering 10,000 New York State National Guard troops to the festival. Roberts was successful in persuading Rockefeller not to do this. Sullivan County declared a state of emergency.

"We were ready to rock out and we waited and waited and finally it was our turn... ...there were a half million people asleep. These people were out. It was sort of like a painting of a Dante scene, just bodies from hell, all intertwined and asleep, covered with mud.

And this is the moment I will never forget as long as I live: a quarter mile away in the darkness, on the other edge of this bowl, there was some guy flicking his Bic, and in the night I hear, "Don't worry about it John. We're with you." I played the rest of the show for that guy."

John Fogerty regarding Creedence Clearwater Revival's 3 a.m. start time at Woodstock.

Although the festival was remarkably peaceful given the number of people and the conditions involved, there were two recorded fatalities: one from what was believed to be a heroin overdose and another caused in an accident when a tractor ran over an attendee sleeping in a nearby hayfield. There also were two births recorded at the event (one in a car caught in traffic and another in a hospital after an airlift by helicopter) and four miscarriages. Oral testimony in the film supports the overdose and run-over deaths and at least one birth, along with many logistical headaches.

Yet, in tune with the idealistic hopes of the 1960s, Woodstock satisfied most attendees. There was a sense of social harmony, the quality of music, and the overwhelming mass of people, many sporting bohemian dress, behavior, and attitudes.

After the concert, Max Yasgur, who owned the site of the event, saw it as a victory of peace and love. He spoke of how nearly half a million people filled with possibilities of disaster, riot, looting, and catastrophe spent the three days with music and peace on their minds. He states that "if we join them, we can turn those adversities that are the problems of America today into a hope for a brighter and more peaceful future..."

Sound

Sound for the concert was engineered by Bill Hanley, whose innovations in the sound industry have earned him the prestigious Parnelli Award. "It worked very well," he says of the event. "I built special speaker columns on the hills and had 16 loudspeaker arrays in a square platform going up to the hill on 70-foot [21 meter] towers. We set it up for 150,000 to 200,000 people. Of course, 500,000 showed up." ALTEC designed 4-15 marine ply cabinets that weighed in at half a ton apiece, stood 6 feet (1.8 m) straight up, almost 4 feet (1.2 m) deep, and 3 feet (0.91 m) wide. Each of these woofers carried four 15-inch (380 mm) JBL LANSING D140 loudspeakers. The tweeters consisted of 4x2-Cell & 2x10-Cell Altec Horns. Behind the stage were three transformers providing 2,000 amperes of current to power the amplification setup. For many years this system was collectively referred to as the Woodstock Bins.

Performing artists

The Original Woodstock Poster with the Wallkill, New York location

Main article: List of performances and events at Woodstock Festival

Thirty-two acts performed over the course of the four days:

Friday, August 15

Richie Havens

Swami Satchidananda - gave the invocation for the festival

Sweetwater

The Incredible String Band

Bert Sommer

Tim Hardin

Ravi Shankar

Melanie

Arlo Guthrie

Joan Baez

Saturday, August 16

Quill, forty-minute set of four songs

Keef Hartley Band

Country Joe McDonald

John Sebastian

Santana

Canned Heat

Mountain

Grateful Dead

Creedence Clearwater Revival

Janis Joplin with The Kozmic Blues Band

Sly & the Family Stone

The Who began at 4 a.m., kicking off a 25-song set including Tommy

Jefferson Airplane

Sunday, August 17 to Monday, August 18

The Grease Band

Joe Cocker

Country Joe and the Fish

Ten Years After

The Band

Blood, Sweat & Tears

Johnny Winter featuring his brother, Edgar Winter

Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young

Paul Butterfield Blues Band

Sha-Na-Na

Jimi Hendrix

Declined invitations

The Beatles woodstockstories.com presents two scenarios as to why The Beatles did not perform. The first is that promoters contacted John Lennon to discuss a Beatles performance at Woodstock and Lennon said that the Beatles would not play unless there was also a spot at the festival for Yoko Ono's Plastic Ono Band whereupon he was turned down. The website claims the more likely explanation is that Lennon wanted to play but his entry into the United States from Canada was blocked by President Nixon.[unreliable source?]

The Doors were considered as a potential performing band, but canceled at the last moment; according to guitarist Robby Krieger, they turned it down because they thought it would be a "second class repeat of Monterey Pop Festival", and later regretted that decision . Furthermore, lead singer Jim Morrison was said to be uneasy about performing in front of enormous crowds. Doors drummer John Densmore attended, however, and in the film he can be seen on the side of the stage during Joe Cocker's set.

Led Zeppelin were asked to perform, their manager Peter Grant stating: "We were asked to do Woodstock and Atlantic were very keen, and so was our U.S. promoter, Frank Barsalona. I said no because at Woodstock we'd have just been another band on the bill". Instead the group went on with their hugely successful summer tour, playing that weekend south of the festival at the Asbury Park Convention Hall in New Jersey. Their only time out taken was to attend Elvis Presley's show at the International Hotel in Las Vegas, on August 12.

Jethro Tull declined to perform. According to Ian Anderson, when his manager told him there would be lots of drugs, mud and hippies, he refused the invitation. Although Jethro Tull did not perform, their music was played over the public address system. In the film, during the interview with the promoters (where they are discussing how much money they will be losing on the venture), the songs "Beggar's Farm" and "Serenade to a Cuckoo", from the album This Was, can be heard in the background.

The Byrds were invited, but chose not to participate, figuring Woodstock to be no different from any of the other music festivals that summer. There were also concerns about money. As bassist John York remembers: "We were flying to a gig and Roger [McGuinn] came up to us and said that a guy was putting on a festival in upstate New York. But at that point they weren't paying all of the bands. He asked us if we wanted to do it and we said, 'No'. We had no idea what it was going to be. We were burned out and tired of the festival scene. [...] So all of us said, 'No, we want a rest' and missed the best festival of all.'"

Tommy James and the Shondells declined an invitation. Lead singer Tommy James stated later: "We could have just kicked ourselves. We were in Hawaii, and my secretary called and said, 'Yeah, listen, there's this pig farmer in upstate New York that wants you to play in his field.' That's how it was put to me. So we passed, and we realized what we'd missed a couple of days later."

Bob Dylan was in negotiations to play, but pulled out when his son became ill. He also was unhappy about the number of hippies piling up outside his house near the originally planned site.

The Moody Blues were included on the original Wallkill poster as performers, but decided to back out after being booked in Paris the same weekend.

Spirit also declined an invitation to play, as they already had shows planned and wanted to play those instead, not knowing how big Woodstock would be.

Joni Mitchell was originally slated to perform, but canceled at the urging of her manager to avoid missing a scheduled appearance on The Dick Cavett Show.

Media coverage

Very few reporters from outside the immediate area were on the scene. During the first few days of the festival, national media coverage emphasized the problems. Front page headlines in the New York Daily News read "Traffic Uptight at Hippiefest" and "Hippies Mired in a Sea of Mud." Coverage became more positive by the end of the festival, in part because the parents of concertgoers called the media and told them, based on their children's phone calls, that their reporting was misleading.

The New York Times covered the prelude to the festival and the move from Wallkill to Bethel. Times reporter Barnard Collier, who reported from the event for the Times, asserts that he was pressured by on-duty editors at the paper to write a misleadingly negative article about the event. According to Collier, this led to acrimonious discussions and his threat to refuse to write the article until the paper's executive editor, James Reston, agreed to let him write the article as he saw fit. The eventual article dealt with issues of traffic jams and minor lawbreaking, but went on to emphasize cooperation, generosity, and the good nature of the festival goers. When the festival was over, Collier wrote another article about the exodus of fans from the festival site and the lack of violence at the event. The chief medical officer for the event and several local residents were quoted as praising the festival goers.

Middletown, New York's Times Herald-Record, the only local daily newspaper, editorialized against the law that banned the festival from Wallkill. During the festival a rare Saturday edition was published. The paper had the only phone line running out of the site, and it used a motorcyclist to get stories and pictures from the impassible crowd to the newspaper's office 35 miles away in Middletown.

The film

This section needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009)

Main article: Woodstock (film)

The documentary film, Woodstock, directed by Michael Wadleigh and edited by Thelma Schoonmaker and Martin Scorsese, was released in 1970. Artie Kornfeld (one of the promoters of the festival) came to Fred Weintraub, an executive at Warner Bros., and asked for money to film the festival. Previously, Artie had been turned down everywhere else, but Fred Weintraub became his hero and, against the express wishes of other Warner Bros. executives, Weintraub put his job on the line and gave Kornfeld $100,000 to make the film. Woodstock helped to save Warner Bros at a time when the company was on the verge of going out of business. The book Easy Riders, Raging Bulls details the making of the film.

Wadleigh rounded up a crew of about 100 from the New York film scene. With no money to pay the crew, he agreed to a double-or-nothing scheme, in which the crew would receive double pay if the film succeeded and nothing if it bombed. Wadleigh strived to make the film as much about the hippies as the music, listening to their feelings about compelling events contemporaneous with the festival (such as the Vietnam War), as well as the views of the townspeople.

Woodstock received the Academy Award for Documentary Feature. The film has been deemed culturally significant by the United States Library of Congress. In 1994, Woodstock: The Director's Cut was released and expanded to include Janis Joplin as well as additional performances by Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, and Canned Heat not seen in the original version of the film. In 2009, the film was re-released on DVD. This release marks the film's first availability on Blu-ray disc.

The albums

Two "soundtrack" albums were released. The first, Woodstock: Music from the Original Soundtrack and More, was a 3-LP (later 2-CD) album containing a sampling of one or two songs by most of the acts who performed. A year later, Woodstock 2 was released as a 2-LP album. Both albums included recordings of stage announcements (e.g., "[We're told] that the brown acid is not specifically too good", "Hey, if you think really hard, maybe we can stop this rain") and crowd noises (i.e., the "rain chant") between songs. In 1994, a third album, Woodstock Diary was released. Tracks from all three albums, as well as numerous additional, previously-unreleased performances from the festival, but not the stage announcements and crowd noises, were reissued by Atlantic as a 4-CD box set titled Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music.

An album titled Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock also was released in 1994, featuring only selected recordings of Jimi Hendrix at the festival. A longer double-disc set, Live at Woodstock (1999) features nearly every song of Hendrix's performance, omitting just two pieces that were sung by his rhythm guitarist.

In 2009, complete performances from Woodstock by Santana, Janis Joplin, Sly & the Family Stone, Jefferson Airplane, and Johnny Winter were released separately by Sony BMG/Legacy, and were also collected in a box set entitled The Woodstock Experience. Also in 2009, Rhino Records issued a 6-CD box set, Woodstock: 40 Years On: Back to Yasgur's Farm, which includes further musical performances as well as stage announcements and other ancillary material.

Aftermath

Max Yasgur refused to rent out his farm for a 1970 revival of the festival, saying "As far as I know, I'm going back to running a dairy farm." Yasgur sold the farm in 1971 and died in 1973.

Bethel voters tossed out their supervisor in an election held in November 1969 because of his role in bringing the festival to the town. New York State and the town of Bethel passed mass gathering laws designed to prevent any more festivals from occurring. Attempts were made to prevent people from visiting the site, its owners spread chicken manure, and during one anniversary tractors and state police cars formed roadblocks. 20,000 people gathered at the site in 1989 during an impromptu 20th anniversary celebration. A local man put up a monument at the site, and in 1997 a community group put up a welcoming sign for visitors. Unlike in Bethel, the Town of Woodstock made several efforts to cash in on its notoriety. Bethel's stance changed in recent years, and the town now embraces the festival. Efforts have begun to forge a link between Bethel and Woodstock.

Approximately 80 lawsuits were filed against Woodstock Ventures. The movie financed the settlements and paid off Woodstock Ventures' $1.4 million dollars of debt it had incurred from the festival.

Woodstock site today

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A plaque has been placed at the original site commemorating the festival. The field and the stage area remain preserved in their rural setting. On the field are the remnants of a neon flower and bass from the original concert. In the middle of the field, there is a totem pole with wood carvings of Jimi Hendrix in the middle, Janis Joplin on top, and Jerry Garcia on the bottom. A concert hall has been erected up the hill, and the fields of the old Yasgur farm are still visited by people of all generations.

Max Yasgur's Farm in 1999

In 1997, the site of the concert and 1,400 acres (5.7 km2) surrounding was purchased by Alan Gerry for the purpose of creating the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts. The Center opened on July 1, 2006, with a performance of the New York Philharmonic. On August 13, 2006, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young performed to 16,000 fans at the new Center 37 years after their historic performance at Woodstock.

The Museum at Bethel Woods opened in June 2008. The Museum contains film and interactive displays, text panels, and artifacts which explore the unique experience of the Woodstock festival, its significance as the culminating event of a decade of radical cultural transformation, and the legacy of the Sixties and Woodstock today.

Woodstock 40th anniversary

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There was worldwide media interest in the 40th anniversary of Woodstock in 2009. A number of activities to commemorate the festival took place around the world. On August 15, at the Bethel Center for the Arts overlooking the original site, the largest assembly of Woodstock performing alumni since the original 1969 festival performed in an eight-hour concert in front of a sold-out crowd. Hosted by Country Joe McDonald, the event opened with 15-year-old guitarist Conrad Oberg, who re-created Jimi Hendrix The Star-Spangled Banner. The concert featured Big Brother and the Holding Company performing Janis Joplin's hits (she actually appeared with the Kozmic Blues Band at Woodstock, although that band did feature former Big Brother guitarist Sam Andrew), Canned Heat, Ten Years After, Jefferson Starship, Mountain and the headliners, The Levon Helm Band. At Woodstock, Levon Helm played drums and was one of the lead vocalists with The Band. Paul Kantner was the only member of the 1969 Jefferson Airplane line-up to appear with Jefferson Starship. Tom Constanten, who played keyboard with Grateful Dead at Woodstock, joined Jefferson Starship on stage for several numbers. Jocko Marcellino from Sha Na Na also appeared, backed up by Canned Heat. Richie Havens, who opened the Woodstock festival in 1969, appeared at a separate event the previous night. Crosby, Stills & Nash and Arlo Guthrie also marked the anniversary with live performances at Bethel earlier in August 2009.

Another event occurred in Hawkhurst, Kent (UK), at a Summer of Love party, with acts including two of the participants at the original Woodstock, Barry Melton of Country Joe and the Fish and Robin Williamson of The Incredible String Band, plus cover bands for Santana and the Grateful Dead.

Also in 2009, Michael Lang and Holly George-Warren published The Road to Woodstock, which describes Lang's involvement in the creation of the Woodstock Music & Arts Festival, and includes personal stories and quotes from central figures involved in the event.

Cultural references

As one of the biggest rock festivals of all time and as a cultural touchstone for the late Sixties, Woodstock has been referenced in many different ways in popular culture. The phrase "The Woodstock Generation" became part of the common lexicon. Tributes and parodies of the festival began almost as soon as the final chords sounded. Charles Schultz is credited with naming his recurring Peanuts bird character "Woodstock" in tribute to the festival. In April 1970 Mad magazine published "I Remember, I Remember (The Wondrous Woodstock Fair)" that parodies the traffic jams and the challenges of getting close enough to actually hear the music.[citation needed] In 1973, the stage show National Lampoon's Lemmings portrayed the "Woodchuck" festival, featuring parodies of many Woodstock performers.[citation needed]Lemmings performer John Belushi reprised his Joe Cocker impersonation during his Saturday Night Live tenure.[citation needed]

Gallery

The Woodstock stage area facing sloping field at Bethel Woods

Woodstock plaque

A man points to where the original stage stood in 1969

See also

Taking Woodstock

Przystanek Woodstock

References

^ http://www.woodstock69.com/wsrprnt1.htm

^ "State Investigating Handling of Tickets At Woodstock Fair". New York Times: p. 45. August 27, 1969.  Michael Lang stated 400,000 attended, half did not have a ticket.

^ "Woodstock in 1969". Rolling Stone. 2004-06-24. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6085488/woodstock_in_1969. Retrieved 2008-04-17. 

^ a b c d Robert Stephen Spitz. Barefoot in Babylon. The Viking Press, New York. 

^ a b Bordowitz, Hank (2007). Bad Moon Rising: The Unauthorized History of Creedence Clearwater Revival. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Review Press, Incorporated. pp. 390. ISBN 10-1-55652-661-X. 

^ CPI Conversion factors 1774 to est. 2018, in dollars of 1996

^ "BBC ON THIS DAY - 1969: Woodstock music festival ends". 1969-08-18. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/18/newsid_2760000/2760911.stm. Retrieved 2008-04-17. 

^ a b "How Woodstock Came To Be...(continued)". http://www.oocities.com/~music-festival/how-w2.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-17. 

^ Tiber, Elliot. "How Woodstock Happened... Part 1, Discoverynet, reprinted from The Times Herald-Record, Woodstock Commemorative Edition (1994)

^ a b http://www.woodstock69.com/wsrprnt3.htm

^ Tiber, Elliot. "How Woodstock Happened... Part 2, Discoverynet, reprinted from The Times Herald-Record, Woodstock Commemorative Edition (1994)

^ Tiber, Elliot; Tom Monte (2007). Taking Woodstock. SquareOne Publishers. ISBN 0757002935. 

^ Bleyer, Bill (2009-08-08). "The road to Woodstock runs through Sunken Meadow State Park.". Newsday. http://www.newsday.com/long-island/nassau/road-to-woodstock-runs-through-sunken-meadow-1.1357820. Retrieved 2009-08-25. 

^ a b Shepard, Richard F. (1969-07-23). "Pop Rockl Festival Finds New Home". The New York Times. 

^ a b c d e f Woodstock Now & Then VH1 and The History Channel 2009 Documentary

^ McMillian, Jon. Garbage Guerrilla. New York Press

^ Collier, Barnard L. (August 16, 1969). "200,000 Thronging To Rock Festival Jam Roads Upstate". New York Times: pp. 1, 31.  A state police official said, "We're just going to reroute everybody; Sullivan County is filled up."

^ Woodstock Film

^ Hill, Michael (2009-07-17). "Happy 40th birthday Woodstock baby, if you exist". Associated Press. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gt-Otp7Z9HDOl0OrYThDqVcg2jVwD99G5ABG0. Retrieved 2009-07-25. 

^ "Statement on the Historical and Cultural Significance of the 1969 Woodstock Festival Site". http://www.woodstockpreservation.org/SignificanceStatement.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-17. 

^ a b "Tired Rock Fans Begin Exodus". New York Times. 1969-08-18. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0817.html. Retrieved 2008-04-17. 

^ Andy Bennett; Simon Warner (May 2004). Remembering Woodstock. Ashgate Publishing. 

^ Bill Hanley: Father of Festival Sound

^ http://www.billhanley.org/projects/1969_08_15-woodstock/ Bill Hanley: The Father of Festival Sound

^ Jerry Hopkins. Festival! The Book of American Music Celebrations. Macmillan Publishing 1970. New York. ISBN 0025801708

^ {http://www.3rdearmusic.com/hyarchive/hiddenyearsstory/pasafari.html From Live Peace in Toronto to the Thin End of Wedgies in Soweto

^ "Janis Joplin entry". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006-09-24. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/306112/Janis-Joplin. Retrieved 2008-10-03. 

^ Woodstock Stories website

^ Lewis, Dave (1997). Led Zeppelin: The Concert File. Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0711953079. 

^ "Interview with Ian Anderson". songfacts. http://www.songfacts.com/int/2009/09/ian-anderson-jethro-tull.html. Retrieved 2009-09-09. 

^ Johnny Rogan. The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited. Rogan House, London. p. 293. 

^ Liner notes to Tommy James and the Shondells: Anthology (album #R2 70920); compilation produced by Bill Inglot and Gary Peterson; Rhino Records Inc.; pp8&12.

^ Bob Dylan. Chronicles Volume One. p. 116. 

^ "Passing On Woodstock: Who and Why". http://www.woodstockstory.com/passingperformersbands.html. Retrieved 2009-04-15. 

^ Liner notes on their album "Clear"

^ Frank Houston. "Salon.com People: Joni Mitchell". Salon.com. http://archive.salon.com/people/bc/2000/04/04/mitchell/print.html. Retrieved 2009-08-04. 

^ a b Fornatale, Pete (2009). Back to the Garden: The Story of Woodstock. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1416591192, 9781416591191. 

^ "Reporting Woodstock: Some contemporary press reflections on the festival" by Simon Warner in Remembering Woodstock, edited by Andy Bennett (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2004).

^ "How Woodstock Happened", Times-Herald Record and Elliot Tiber (1994). Reprinted by Woodstock69.com

^ Romm, Ethel Grodzins. "Sex, Drugs, Rock 'N Roll in Redneck Country" (2009)

^ "In His Own Words: The 'Record' on Woodstock"

^ "Woodstock: Celebrating the 40th Anniversary"

^ "The Official Academy Awards Database"

^ Rhino.com (2009-06-05). "Woodstock -- 40 Years On: Back to Yasgur's Farm boxed set". Press release. http://www.rhino.com/rzine/pressrelease.lasso?PRID=628. Retrieved 2009-08-16. 

^ "Max Yasgur Dies; Woodstock Festival Was on His Farm". The New York Times. 1973-02-09. 

^ Woodstock at 40: A tale of two towns Times-Herald Record August 13, 2009

^ Woodstock media frenzy as date draws closer Times-Herold Record August 13, 2009

^ "Back to the Garden, Without the Shock, or All That Mud, Jon Pareles, New York Times, August 16, 2009". http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/17/arts/music/17heroes.html. 

^ "Woodstock 40th anniversary: Richie Havens kicks off festivities, John W. Barry, Poughkeepsie Journal, August 14, 2009". http://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/article/20090814/ENT04/90814008/1038/ent/Woodstock-40th-anniversary-at-Bethel-Woods--Richie-Havens-has-finished-his-performance. 

^ UK Summer of Love party

Further reading

Roots of the 1969 Woodstock Festival: The Backstory to "Woodstock" WoodstockArts, 2009. ISBN 9780967926858.

The Road to Woodstock by Michael Lang. Ecco Publishing, 2009. ISBN 9780061576553.

Young Men With Unlimited Capital: The Story of Woodstock by Joel Rosenman. Scrivenery Press, 1999. ISBN 9781893818026.

1969: The Year Everything Changed by Rob Kirkpatrick. Skyhorse Publishing, 2009. ISBN 9781602393660.

Woodstock: The Oral History, 40th Anniversary Edition by Joel Makower. SUNY Press/Excelsior Editions, 2009. ISBN 9781438429748.

How Woodstock Happened Middletown Times Herald Record 1994 retrospective reprinted by Woodstock69.com

The Weather At Woodstock by Accuweather meteorologist Jesse Ferrell

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Woodstock

Woodstock Museum

Bethel Woods Center for the Arts/Woodstock Museum

The Woodstock Project

Radio Woodstock[dead link]

How Woodstock Happened Reprinted from the Times Herald-Record

Listen to Paul Ingles 2 Hour Public Radio Special Back To The Garden: Woodstock Remembered - 40th Anniversary (free)

Bethel Woods Center for the Arts & The Museum at Bethel Woods

"Woodstock: A New Nation", Book excerpt from "Aquarius Rising" by Robert Santelli

Woodstock Story

Woodstock at the Open Directory Project

The Woodstock Consensus by Rex Weiner, The Huffington Post

"Back to Woodstock": New Documentary Tracks Lives Transformed by Historic Music Festival - video by Democracy Now!

Elsewhere during Woodstock

Excerpt from ot, Skinny-Dipping, and Freedom Rock: Woodstock and the Year of the Outdoor Music Festival (P.2) by Rob Kirkpatrick

v  d  e

Notable rock concerts

Woodstock

1969  1979  1989  1994  1999  2009

Other early festivals

Moondog Coronation Ball (1952)  Monterey Pop Festival (1967)  Schaefer Music Festival (19671976)  Atlanta International Pop Festival (1969)  Atlantic City Pop Festival (1969)  Isle of Wight Festival (1969)  Altamont Free Concert (1969)  Festival Express (1970)  Bath Festival (1970)  Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970)  Isle of Wight Festival (1970)  Avndaro (1971)  Mar y Sol Festival (1972)  Concert 10 (1972)  Wattstax (1972)  Summer Jam at Watkins Glen (1973)  California Jam (1974)  Volunteer Jam (1974)  World Series of Rock (19741980)  Canada Jam (1978)  Heatwave (1980)  US Festival (1982 & 1983)

Benefit concerts

The Concert for Bangladesh (1971)  John Sinclair Freedom Rally (1971)  Aloha from Hawaii (1973)  Music for UNICEF Concert (1979)  Concerts for the People of Kampuchea (1979)  Party in the Park (annual from 1982)  Live Aid (1985)  Farm Aid (1985)  Hear 'n Aid (1986)  Bridge School Benefit (1986)  Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute (1988)  Democratic songs dedicated for China (1989)  Moscow Music Peace Festival (1989)  The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert (1992)  NetAid (1999)  The Concert for New York City / America: A Tribute to Heroes / United We Stand: What More Can I Give (2001)  Thrash of the Titans (2001)  Party at the Palace (2002)  Concert for George (2002)  Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto (2003)  46664 (2003, 2005, 2007, 2008)  Tsunami Relief Cardiff (2005)  Tsunami Aid / WaveAid (2005)  Live 8 (2005)  A Concert for Hurricane Relief / Shelter from the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast / From the Big Apple to the Big Easy (2005)  Concert for Diana (2007)  Live Earth (2007)  Ahmet Ertegn Tribute Concert (2007)  A Billion Hands Concert (2008)  Cocierto Alas (2008)  Sound Relief (2009)  The Clearwater Concert (2009)  Hope for Haiti Now (2010)

Benefit/Political tours

No Nukes (1979)  A Conspiracy of Hope (1986)  Human Rights Now! (1988)  Vote for Change (2004)  Deadheads for Obama (2008)

Other festivals and tours

102 JAMZ SuperJam  10,000 Lakes Festival  All Points West  All Tomorrow's Parties  Almost Acoustic Christmas  Austin City Limits  The Bamboozle  Beale Street Music Festival  Benicssim  BestFest  Bestival  The Big Chill  Big Day Out  Bloodstock  Bloodstock Open Air  Bonnaroo  Bumbershoot  Clash of the Titans (tour)  Coachella  Connect Music Festival  Cornerstone  Creamfields  Creation  Damnation  Diversafest  Don't Look Back  Dour Festival  Download  Dynamo Open Air  The Edge Festival  Edgefest  Electric Picnic  Eurockennes  EXIT  Family Values  Falls Festival  Fuji Rock  G3  Get Happy Tour  Gigantour  Give it a Name  Ghostfest  The Glade  Glastonbury  Global Gathering  Godiva  Gods Of Metal  Graspop Metal Meeting  GuilFest  H.O.R.D.E.  Hellfest Summer Open Air  Hurricane  Inland Invasion  Isle of Skye  Isle of Wight  Knebworth Concerts  K-Rockathon  Latitude Festival  Le Znith  Lilith Fair  Lollapalooza  Lowlands  Mayhem Festival  M'era Luna Festival  Metalcamp  Michigan Womyn's  Monsters of Rock  Montreux Jazz Festival  Music as a Weapon  Musikfest  NEARfest  Nova Rock Festival  Open'er Festival  Oxegen (Witnness)  Ozzfest  Palo Festival  Pentaport Rock Festival  Phoenix Festival  Pinkpop  Pitchfork Music Festival  Powerhouse Concert  Primavera Sound Festival  Projekt Revolution  Przystanek Woodstock  Pukkelpop  Radio 1's Big Weekend  Ragnark  Reading and Leeds Festivals  Rewind Festival  Rock Against Communism  Rock am Ring and Rock im Park  Rock al Parque  Rock in Rio  RockNess  Rockwave Festival  Rock Werchter  Roskilde Festival  Rothbury Festival  Sasquatch! Music Festival  Saturday Night Fiber  Slane  SnoCore  Snar  Sonisphere Festival  South by Southwest  Street Scene  Sudoeste  Summercase  Summerfest  Summer Camp  Summer Sonic  The Summer Slaughter Tour  Sziget Festival  T in the Park  Take Action Tour  Tennents ViTal  Truck Festival  Ultra Music Festival  V Festival (Australia  North America  United Kingdom)  Vegoose  Versus Cancer  Voodoo Experience  Vive Latino  Wacken Open Air  Wango Tango  Wakarusa Music and Camping Festival  Warped Tour  Wave-Gotik-Treffen  Weenie Roast  Winter Music Conference  Wireless Festival  WOMAD (Charlton Park  Reading)  Zoo TV Tour

v  d  e

Hippies

History

Etymology of 'hippie'  Beat generation/Beatniks  Counterculture of the 1960s  Human Be-In  Red Dog Experience  San Francisco Sound  Haight-Ashbury  Drop City  Summer of Love  Monterey Pop Festival  The Farm  Woodstock Festival  Nambassa

People and groups

Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters  Diggers  Yippies  The Brotherhood of Eternal Love  Jesus movement  Rainbow Family  Deadhead  New Age travellers  Radical Faeries

Politics and ethics

Free love  Anti-authoritarianism  Simple living  Environmentalism  Pacifism  Communalism  Counterculture  Bohemianism  Make love, not war  Turn on, tune in, drop out

Culture and fashion

Psychedelia  Flower power  Hippie trail  Happening  Peace symbols  Bell-bottoms  Long hair  Tie-dye  Intentional community  Free festival  Music festival  List of films related to the hippie subculture  List of books and publications related to the hippie subculture

Music

Folk rock  Psychedelic rock  Folk music  Psych-folk  Progressive rock  Jam bands  Psychedelic trance  Psychedelic music  World music  New age music  Space rock

Related subjects

Subcultures  Underground press  New Age movement  Freak scene  Anti-war movement  Civil rights movement  Protests of 1968  New Left  UK underground  New social movements  Post-materialism  Neotribalism  Second Summer of Love

Coordinates: 414205 745249 / 41.70139N 74.88028W / 41.70139; -74.88028

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The Two Brothers

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For the 1910 film directed by D. W. Griffith, see The Two Brothers (film).

For the ancient Egyptian tale, see Tale of Two Brothers. garmin streetpilot 7200

The Two Brothers is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, tale number 60. It is Aarne-Thompson type 567A, the magic bird heart, and type 303, the blood brothers. navman icn 510

Synopsis magellan gps navigation system

A rich goldsmith and a poor broommaker were brothers. The broommaker had two identical twin sons. One day, the broommaker saw a golden bird in the woods, knocked off a feather, and sold it to his brother for a great sum. He pursued the bird again and found a golden egg. A third time, he brought back the bird itself, and his brother, who knew its powers that whoever ate its heart and liver would find a gold coin beneath his pillow every night had his wife cook it. But his nephews came to the kitchen to beg, and when two bits fell from the bird, they ate them, and the gold coins appeared beneath their pillows.

The goldsmith told his brother that his sons were in league with the devil, and persuaded him to abandon them. A huntsman took them in and taught them his trade. Once they were grown, they begged his permission to seek their fortune. He was pleased, because they talked like brave huntsmen, and let them go, giving them a knife with directions that if they ever parted, they should stick it into a tree, and when one returned, he could see how his brother fared, because the blade's side would rust if it went ill with him.

On the way, they nearly shot a hare for hunger, but it begged for its life, offering to give them two young hares instead, so they let it go. The same happened with a fox, a wolf, a bear, and a lion. The young animals showed them a village where they could buy food. They parted ways, each one taking half the animals, and drove a knife into a tree where they parted.

The younger came to a town all hung in black, where a dragon had eaten every young maiden except the princess, who was to be given to it the next day. The huntsman climbed the dragon's hill and found three cups and a sword. He was unable to wield the sword until he had drunk from the cups.

The next morning, the princess was brought to the hill, and the king's marshal watched. The seven-headed dragon came and breathed fire, setting all the grass ablaze, but the animals trampled the flames out. The huntsman cut off six of its heads and its tail and had the animals tear it to bits. The princess distributed her necklace among the animals, and gave the huntsman her knife, with which he cut off the dragon's tongues. He was exhausted and told the lion to keep watch while he slept, but the lion was also exhausted, and told the bear to keep watch, and so on down to the hare, who had no one to tell to keep watch. The marshal cut off the huntsman's head and forced the princess to promise to say that he had rescued her.

The animals woke and would have killed the hare, but it said it knew of a root that would restore the huntsman, so they let it fetch it. The huntsman thought the princess must have killed him, to be rid of him, and wandered the world. A year later, he came back to the town and found it hung in red for the princess's wedding to the marshal. The hunstman bet with the innkeeper that he could get bread from the king's table, and sent the hare. The princess recognized it by the part of her necklace, and sent a loaf with it. The innkeeper would bet no more, but he sent the fox, wolf, bear, and lion for meat, vegetables, confectionery, and wine.

The king wondered at the animals, and the princess told him to send for their master. When he arrived at the castle, the seven dragon's heads were displayed, and the huntsman opened their mouth and asked where their tongues were. He produced the tongues, and the princess confirmed his story. The marshal was executed, and the huntsman and princess married.

One day, he hunted a white stag and ended up alone in the woods. An old woman begged to come near the fire, and asked him to strike his animals with a wand so they would not harm her. This turned them to stone, and so she was able to turn him to stone.

His brother found the knife all rusted on one side, and went in search of his brother. He was welcomed as the young king in the town, but put a sword in the bed between him and the princess. Hearing what his brother had been doing, he set out to the same woods and found the same witch, but refused to strike his animals. When he shot his gun at her, she was proof to lead, but he tore off three silver buttons and shot her. He made her restore his brother, his brother's animals, and many others.

The brothers went home, telling their tales. On hearing that his brother had been accepted as him and slept in his bed, the young king cut off his head, but repented of it. The hare brought the root again, and the brother was restored. They returned to the town, and the princess could recognize her husband by the necklace on his animals, and asked him why he had put the sword in the bed those night, revealing to him that his brother had been true.

I hope you like this thank you for reading

See also

Donkey Cabbages

The Gold-Children

Pwyll

Shortshanks

The Queen Bee

The Knights of the Fish

The Enchanted Doe

The Three Princes and their Beasts

The Three Dogs

Ferdinand the Faithful and Ferdinand the Unfaithful

External links

SurLaLune Fairy Tale site "The Two Brothers"

Categories: Brothers Grimm