Saint Peter

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Names and etymologies

Peter is also known as Ben-Yonah/Bar-Yonah, Simon Peter, Cephas (Greek: ), and Kepha (Kepha and Cephas also mean rock)riginal name Shimon or Simeon.

New Testament account dustpan

Ruins of ancient Capernaum on north side of the Sea of Galilee. An Orthodox church is built on top of traditional site of Apostle Peter's house. electric sweeper

Peter's life story relies on the four Canonical Gospels, The Book of Acts, New Testament Letters, Non Canonical Gospels such as the Gospel According to the Hebrews and other Early Church accounts of his life and death. In the New Testament, he is the first of the disciples called during Jesus' ministry. It was during his first meeting with Jesus that Jesus named him Peter. Peter was to become the first apostle ordained by Jesus in the early church. rechargeable sweeper

Peter ran a fishing business in Bethsaida.[Jn. 1:44] He was named Simon, son of Jonah or John. The synoptic gospels all recount how Peter's mother-in-law was healed by Jesus at their home in Capernaum[Matt. 8:1417] [Mk. 1:2931] [Lk. 4:38] which, coupled with 1 Cor. 9:5, clearly depict Peter as married or a widower.

In the Synoptic Gospels, Peter (then Simon) was a fisherman along with his brother Andrew and the sons of Zebedee, James and John. The Gospel of John also depicts Peter fishing, even after the resurrection of Jesus, in the story of the Catch of 153 fish.

In Matthew and Mark, Jesus called Simon and his brother Andrew to be "fishers of men."[Matt. 4:1819] [Mk. 1:1617]

In Luke, Simon Peter owns the boat that Jesus uses to preach to the multitudes who were pressing on him at the shore of Lake Gennesaret.[Lk. 5:3] Jesus then amazes Simon and his companions James and John (Andrew is not mentioned) by telling them to lower their nets, whereupon they catch a huge number of fish. Immediately after this, they follow him.[Lk. 5:411]

The Gospel of John gives a comparable account of "The First Disciples."[Jn. 1:3542] In John, we are told that it was two disciples of John the Baptist (Andrew and an unnamed disciple) who heard John the Baptist announce Jesus as the "Lamb of God," and then followed Jesus. Andrew then went and fetched his brother Simon, saying, "We have found the Messiah," and then brought Simon to Jesus.

The "Rock" dialogue

In a dialogue between Jesus and his disciples (Matthew 16:13-20), Jesus asks, ho do people say that the Son of Man is? The disciples give various answers. When he asks, "Who do you say that I am?" Simon Peter answers, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." In turn, Jesus declares Peter to be "blessed" for having recognized Jesus' true identity and attributes this recognition to a divine revelation. Then Jesus addresses Simon by what seems to have been the nickname "Peter" (Cephas in Aramaic, Petros [rock] in Greek) and says, "On this rock (also cephas in Aramaic, petra in Greek) I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not prevail against it."

A common exegetical interpretation of Peter is provided by Daniel Harrington who suggests that Peter was an unlikely symbol of stability. While he was one of the first disciples called and served as the spokesman for the group, Peter is also the exemplar of "little faith" in Matthew 14, will soon be called "Satan" by Jesus and will eventually deny Jesus three times. In light of the Easter event, then, Peter became an exemplar of the forgiven sinner. A great variance of opinions exists as to the interpretation of this passage with respect to what authority and responsibility, if any, Jesus was giving to Peter.

Petros had not previously been used as a name, but in the Greek-speaking world it became a popular Christian name, after the tradition of Peter's prominence in the early Christian church had been established.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church this passage is interpreted as not implying a special prominence to the person of Peter, but to Peter's position as representative of the Apostles. The word used for "rock" (petra) grammatically refers to "a small detachment of the massive ledge", not to a massive boulder. Thus, Orthodox Sacred Tradition understands Jesus' words as referring to the Apostolic Faith.

The great majority of Western scholars concur with the interpretation, that the "rock" was Peter, not Jesus himself or Peter's faith.

Position among the apostles

Church of the Primacy of St. Peter on the Sea of Galilee. Traditional site where Jesus Christ appeared to his disciples after his resurrection and, according to Catholic tradition, established Peter's supreme jurisdiction over the Christian church.

Peter is always mentioned first in the lists of the Twelve given in the canonical gospels. He is also frequently mentioned in the Gospels as forming with James the Elder and John a special group within the Twelve Apostles, present at incidents at which the others were not present, such as at the Transfiguration of Jesus. He often confesses his faith in Jesus as the Messiah.

Peter is often depicted in the Gospels as spokesman of all the apostles. Catholics refer to him as chief of the Apostles, as do the Eastern Orthodox and the Oriental Orthodox. Some believe this is not the same as saying that the other Apostles were under Peter's orders. In contrast, Jewish Christians are said to have argued that James the Just was the leader of the group. Some argue James was the Patriarch of Jerusalem and that this position at times gave him privilege in some (but not all) situations. The early Church historian Eusebius (c AD 325) records Clement of Alexandria (c AD 190) as saying,

"For they say that Peter and James and John after the ascension of our Saviour, as if also preferred by our Lord, strove not after honor, but chose James the Just bishop of Jerusalem."

Paul affirms that Peter had the special charge of being apostle to the Jews, just as he, Paul, was apostle to the Gentiles.

Walking on water

Three of the four canonical Gospelsatthew, Mark and Johnecount the story of Jesus walking on water. Matthew additionally describes Peter walking on water for a moment, but sinking when his faith wavered.[Matt. 14:2831]

Washing of feet

At the beginning of the Last Supper, Jesus washed his disciples' feet. Peter initially refused to let Jesus wash his feet, but when Jesus responded: "If I wash thee not, thou hast no part with me", Peter replied: "Lord, not my feet only, but also my hands and my head".[Jn. 13:2-11] The washing of feet is often repeated in the service of worship on Maundy Thursday by some Christian denominations.

Arrest of Jesus

Apostle Peter striking Malchus

The three synoptic Gospels all mention that, when Jesus was arrested, one of his companions cut off the ear of a servant of the High Priest. The Gospel of John also includes this event, and names Peter as the swordsman and Malchus as the victim.[Jn. 18:10] Luke adds that Jesus touched the ear and miraculously healed it.[Lk. 22:50]

Denial of Jesus

All four canonical gospels recount that, during the Last Supper, Jesus foretold that Peter would deny him three times before the following cockcrow ("before the cock crows twice" in Mark's account).

The three Synoptics and John describe the three denials as follows:

A denial when a female servant of the high priest spots Simon Peter, saying that he had been with Jesus. According to Mark (but not in all manuscripts), "the rooster crowed". Only Luke and John mention a fire by which Peter was warming himself among other people: according to Luke, Peter was "sitting"; according to John, he was "standing".

A denial when Simon Peter had gone out to the gateway, away from the firelight, but the same servant girl (Mark) or another servant girl (Matthew) or a man (Luke and also John, for whom, though, this is the third denial) told the bystanders he was a follower of Jesus. According to John, "the rooster crowed".

A denial came when Peter's Galilean accent was taken as proof that he was indeed a disciple of Jesus. According to Matthew, Mark and Luke, "the rooster crowed". For John, though, this is the second denial, and he does not mention the Galilean accent.

Matthew adds that it was his accent that gave him away as coming from Galilee. Luke deviates slightly from this by stating that, rather than a crowd accusing Simon Peter, it was a third individual.

St. Peter Denying Christ, by Gustave Dor

The Gospel of John places the second denial while Peter was still warming himself at the fire, and gives as the occasion of the third denial a claim by someone to have seen him in the garden of Gethsemane when Jesus was arrested.

In the Gospel of Luke, Jesus' prediction of Peter's denial is coupled with a prediction that all the apostles ("you," plural) would be "sifted like wheat," but that it would be Peter's task ("you," singular), when he had turned again, to strengthen his brethren.

In a reminiscent scene in John's epilogue, Peter affirms three times that he loves Jesus.

Empty tomb

In John's gospel, Peter is the first person to enter the empty tomb, although the women and the beloved disciple see it before him.[Jn. 20:19] In Luke's account, the women's report of the empty tomb is dismissed by the apostles and Peter is the only one who goes to check for himself. In fact, he runs to the tomb. After seeing the graveclothes he goes home, apparently without informing the other disciples.[Lk. 24:112]

Resurrection appearances

Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians contains a list of resurrection appearances of Jesus, the first of which is an appearance to "Cephas" (Peter). Here Paul apparently follows an early tradition that Peter was the first to see the risen Christ, which however did not seem to have survived to the time when the Gospels were written.

In the final chapter of the Gospel of John, Peter, in one of the resurrection appearances of Jesus, three times affirmed his love for Jesus, balancing his threefold denial, and Jesus reconfirmed Peter's position.[Jn. 21:1517] Some scholars hypothesize that it was added later to bolster Peter's status.

Statue of St. Peter on the south door of St Mary's Church in Aylesbury, United Kingdom

Role in the early church

The author of the Acts of the Apostles portrays Peter as an extremely important figure within the early Christian community, with Peter delivering a significant open-air sermon during Pentecost. According to the same book, Peter took the lead in selecting a replacement for Judas Iscariot.[Acts 1:15] He was twice arraigned, with John, before the Sanhedrin and directly defied them.[Acts 4:722] [5:1842] He undertook a missionary journey to Lydda, Joppa and Caesarea,[9:3210:2] becoming instrumental in the decision to evangelise the Gentiles.

About halfway through, the Acts of the Apostles turns its attention away from Peter and to the activities of Paul, and the Bible is fairly silent on what occurred to Peter afterwards.

John Vidmar writes:

"Both Catholic and Protestant scholars agree that Peter had an authority that superseded that of the other apostles. Peter is their spokesman at several events, he conducts the election of Matthias, his opinion in the debate over converting Gentiles was crucial, etc.

Council of Jerusalem

Main article: Council of Jerusalem

At the council of Jerusalem (c 50), the early Church, Paul and the leaders of the Jerusalem church met and decided to embrace Gentile converts. Acts portrays Peter as successfully opposing the Christian Pharisees who insisted on circumcision and the rest of the Mosaic law.

Epistles

Peter is mentioned briefly in Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, which mentions a trip by Paul to Jerusalem where he meets Peter, and a trip by Peter to Antioch[Gal. 2:11-14] where Paul rebuked him for treating Gentile converts as inferior to Jewish Christians. (See The Incident at Antioch.) Galatians is accepted as authentic by almost all scholars, so these are the earliest mentions of Peter to be written.

Church tradition ascribes the epistles First and Second Peter to Apostle Peter, as does the text of 2 Peter itself. First Peter implies the author is in "Babylon", which has been held to be a coded reference to Rome. Some scholars regard First Peter as not authored by him, and there is still considerable debate about the Petrine authorship of Second Peter. However the Greek in both books are similar, and the early Church was adamantly opposed to pseudographical authorship.[page needed]

Accounts outside the New Testament

In Catholic tradition, Peter is said to have founded the church in Rome with Paul, served as its bishop, authored two epistles, and then met martyrdom there along with Paul.

Antioch and Corinth

Later accounts expand on the brief Biblical mention of his visit to Antioch. The Liber Pontificalis (9th century) mentions Peter as having served as bishop of Antioch before his journey to Rome. Historians have furnished other evidence of Peter's sojourn in Antioch. Subsequent tradition held that Peter had been the first Patriarch of Antioch.

He might have visited Corinth, as a party of "Cephas" existed there.

Death

In the epilogue of the Gospel of John, Jesus hints at the death by which Peter would glorify God,[Jn. 21:1819] saying "'when you are old you will stretch out your hands, and another will dress you and take you where you do not want to go.'" This is understood as a reference to Peter's crucifixion.

According to the 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia, St. Peter labored in Rome during the last portion of his life, and there ended his life by martyrdom. The death of St. Peter is attested to by Tertullian at the end of the second century, and by Origen in Eusebius, Church History II.1. Origen says: "Peter was crucified at Rome with his head downwards, as he himself had desired to suffer".

Status

St. Clement of Rome identifies Peter and Paul as the outstanding heroes of the faith. Papias reported that the Gospel of Mark was based on Peter's memoirs, a tradition still accepted by some scholars today.

Martyrdom

Caravaggio's depiction of the crucifixion of Apostle Peter.

The mention in the New Testament of the death of Peter says that Jesus indicated its form by saying: "You will stretch out your hands, and someone else will dress you and lead you where you do not want to go." Early church tradition (as indicated below) says Peter probably died by crucifixion (with arms outstretched) at the time of the Great Fire of Rome of the year 64. Margherita Guarducci, who led the research leading to the rediscovery of Peter tomb in its last stages (19631968), concludes Peter died on October 13 A.D. 64 during the festivities on the occasion of the ies imperii of Emperor Nero. This took place three months after the disastrous fire that destroyed Rome for which the emperor wished to blame the Christians. This ies imperii (regnal day anniversary) was an important one, exactly ten years after Nero ascended to the throne, and it was s usual accompanied by much bloodshed. Traditionally, Roman authorities sentenced him to death by crucifixion. According to the apocryphal Acts of Peter, he was crucified head down. Tradition also locates his burial place where the Basilica of Saint Peter was later built, directly beneath the Basilica's high altar.

Clement of Rome, in his Letter to the Corinthians (Chapter 5), written c. 80-98, speaks of Peter's martyrdom in the following terms: "Let us take the noble examples of our own generation. Through jealousy and envy the greatest and most just pillars of the Church were persecuted, and came even unto death Peter, through unjust envy, endured not one or two but many labours, and at last, having delivered his testimony, departed unto the place of glory due to him."

The apocryphal Acts of Peter is also thought to be the source for the tradition about the famous phrase "Quo vadis, Domine?" (or "Pou Hupageis, Kurie?" which means, "Whither goest Thou, Master?"). According to the story, Peter, fleeing Rome to avoid execution, asked the question of a vision of Jesus, to which Jesus allegedly responded that he was "going to Rome to be crucified again." On hearing this, Peter decided to return to the city to accept martyrdom. This story is commemorated in an Annibale Carracci painting. The Church of Quo Vadis, near the Catacombs of Saint Callistus, contains a stone in which Jesus' footprints from this event are supposedly preserved, though this was apparently an ex-voto from a pilgrim, and indeed a copy of the original, housed in the Basilica of St Sebastian.

The ancient historian Josephus describes how Roman soldiers would amuse themselves by crucifying criminals in different positions, and it is likely that this would have been known to the author of the Acts of Peter. The position attributed to Peter's crucifixion is thus plausible, either as having happened historically or as being an invention by the author of the Acts of Peter. Death, after crucifixion head down, is unlikely to be caused by suffocation, the usual cause of death in ordinary crucifixion.

A medieval tradition[citation needed] was that the Mamertine Prison in Rome is the place where Peter was imprisoned before his execution.

In 1950, human bones were found buried underneath the altar of St. Peter's Basilica. The bones have been claimed by many to have been those of Peter. An attempt to contradict these claims was made in 1953 by the excavation of what some believe to be St Peter's tomb in Jerusalem. However along with supposed tomb of Peter bearing his previous name Simon, tombs bearing the names of Jesus, Mary, James, John, and the rest of the apostles were also found at the same excavation - though all these names were very common among Jews at the time.

In the 1960s, some previously discarded debris from the excavations beneath St Peters Basilica were re-examined, and the bones of a male person were identified. A forensic examination found them to be a male of about 61 years of age from the first century. This caused Pope Paul VI in 1968 to announce them most likely to be the relics of Apostle Peter. .

Connection to Rome

St. Peter's Basilica, believed to be the burial site of St. Peter, seen from the River Tiber. The iconic dome dominates the skyline of Rome.

Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, believed to be the burial site of St. Paul.

See also: First phase of papal supremacy

The See of Rome is traditionally said to be founded by Peter and Paul, see also Primacy of Simon Peter, who had invested it with apostolic authority. The New Testament says nothing directly about Peter's connection to Rome, but an early Catholic tradition supports such a connection. St. Ignatius of Antioch implies that Peter and Paul had special authority over the Roman church. In his Letter to the Romans (Ch. 4) of c. 105-110, he tells the Roman Christians: "I do not command you, as Peter and Paul did."

Irenaeus of Lyons believed in the second century that Peter and Paul had been the founders of the Church in Rome and had appointed Linus as succeeding bishop.

Tertullian also writes: "But if you are near Italy, you have Rome, where authority is at hand for us too. What a happy church that is, on which the apostles poured out their whole doctrine with their blood; where Peter had a passion like that of the Lord, where Paul was crowned with the death of John (the Baptist, by being beheaded)." Dionysius of Corinth also serves as a witness to the tradition. He wrote: "You (Pope Soter) have also, by your very admonition, brought together the planting that was made by Peter and Paul at Rome and at Corinth; for both of them alike planted in our Corinth and taught us; and both alike, teaching similarly in Italy, suffered martyrdom at the same time". Later tradition, first found in Saint Jerome, attributes to Peter a 25-year episcopate (or apostolate) in Rome.

That Peter was bishop of Rome is corroborated by both positive and negative evidence.

However, some historians have challenged this traditional view of Peter's role in the early Roman Church. Still, most Catholic and Protestant scholars, and many scholars in general, conclude that Peter was indeed martyred in Rome under Nero.

According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, there was a Christian community at Rome before either Peter or Paul arrived there:

"Even on the Day of Pentecost, "Roman strangers" (adven Romani, Acts 2:10) were present at Jerusalem, and they surely must have carried the good news to their fellow-citizens at Rome ... according to the pseudo-Clementine Epistles, St. Barnabas was the first to preach the Gospel in the Eternal City."

Paul's Epistle to the Romans 16 (c 58) attests to a large Christian community already there, although he does not mention Peter.

The notion that Peter was the first bishop of Rome and founded the Christian church there can be traced back no earlier than the third century.[neutrality is disputed]

The study of the New Testament offers no proof that Jesus established the papacy nor even that he established Peter as the first bishop of Rome.[neutrality is disputed]

Non-canonical sayings of Peter

Two sayings are attributed to Peter in the Gospel of Thomas. In the first, Peter compares Jesus to a "just messenger." In the second, Peter asks Jesus to "make Mary leave us, for females don't deserve life," although the verse containing the latter is regarded by most scholars as a dubious, later addition.[citation needed]

In the Apocalypse of Peter, Peter holds a dialogue with Jesus about the parable of the fig tree and the fate of sinners.

In the Gospel of Mary, whose text is largely fragmented, Peter appears to be jealous of "Mary" (probably Mary Magdalene). He says to the other disciples, "Did He really speak privately with a woman and not openly to us? Are we to turn about and all listen to her? Did He prefer her to us?" In reply to this, Levi says "Peter, you have always been hot tempered."

Other noncanonical texts that attribute sayings to Peter include the Secret Book of James and the Acts of Peter.

Denial of Jesus

In the Fayyum Fragment of the end of the third century, Jesus predicts that Peter will deny him three times before a cock crows twice (on the following morning). The account is similar to that of the canonical gospels, especially the Gospel of Mark, either an abbreviation of the account in the Synoptics or a source text on which they were based.

After the death of Jesus

The fragmentary Gospel of Peter, attributed to Peter, contains an account of the death of Jesus differing significantly from the canonical gospels. It contains little information about Peter himself, except that after the discovery of the empty tomb, "I, Simon Peter, and Andrew my brother, took our fishing nets and went to the sea."

Modern times

Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism, recorded in multiple revelations that Peter appeared to him and Oliver Cowdery in 1829 in order to bestow the apostleship and keys of the kingdom as part of a restoration of priesthood authority.

Religious interpretations

Catholic Church

Peter

Papacy began

AD 30?

Papacy ended

AD 64?

Predecessor

New creation

Successor

Linus

Personal details

Birth name

Simon/Simeon

Born

Bethsaida (traditional)

Died

Circa AD 64

City of Rome,

Present day Italy

Main articles: Primacy of Simon Peter and Primacy of the Roman Pontiff

According to Catholic belief, Peter was the first Bishop of Rome, who, by virtue of his position as successor of St. Peter, is the chief pastor of the whole Church, the Vicar of Christ upon earth. Although Peter never bore the title of "Pope", the Catholic Church recognizes him as the first Pope. Therefore, they consider every pope to be Peter's successor and the rightful superior of all other bishops. They recognize him as head of the Catholic Church on Earth, Christ being its Heavenly head. They base this claim on the words of Jesus from two famous Petrine texts, John 21:15-17 which concludes with eed my sheep and is seen by Catholics as promising the spiritual supremacy to Simon Peter and y charging him with the superintendency of all his sheep, without exception; and consequently of his whole flock, that is, of his own church,54] and Matthew 16:17-20:

I tell you that you are Peter,a and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hadesb will not overcome it.c I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will bed bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will bee loosed in heaven."

Matthew 16:18-20 (NIV)

NIV footnotes a through e (above):

aMatthew 16:18 Peter means rock.

bMatthew 16:18 Or hell

cMatthew 16:18 Or not prove stronger than it

dMatthew 16:19 Or have been

eMatthew 16:19 Or have been

In reference to Peter's occupation before becoming an Apostle, the popes wear the Fisherman's Ring, which bears an image of the saint casting his nets from a fishing boat. The keys used as a symbol of the pope's authority refer to the "keys of the kingdom of Heaven" promised to Peter.[Matt. 16:1819] The terminology of this "commission" of Peter is unmistakably parallel to the commissioning of Eliakim ben Hilkiah in Isaiah 22:1523. Peter is often depicted in both Western and Eastern Christian art holding a key or a set of keys.

Though the authenticity of this account has been challenged, the general consensus is that these are Jesus' words.

Feast days

Looking down into the confessio near the tomb of Apostle Peter, Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome.

The Roman Martyrology assigns 29 June as the feast day of both Peter and Paul, without thereby declaring that to be the day of their deaths. St. Augustine of Hippo says in his Sermon 295: "One day is assigned for the celebration of the martyrdom of the two apostles. But those two were one. Although their martyrdom occurred on different days, they were one."

This is also the feast of both Apostles in the calendar of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

In the Roman Rite, the feast of the Chair of Saint Peter is celebrated on 22 February, and the anniversary of the dedication of the two papal basilicas of Saint Peter's and Saint Paul's outside the Walls is held on 18 November.

Before Pope John XXIII's revision in 1960, the Roman Calendar also included on 16 January another feast of the Chair of Saint Peter (denominated the Chair of Saint Peter in Rome, while the February feast was then called that of the Chair of Saint Peter at Antioch), and on 1 August the feast of Saint Peter in Chains.

St. Peter's Basilica

Main article: St. Peter's Basilica

When, in the early fourth century, the Emperor Constantine I decided to honour Peter with a large basilica, the precise location of Peter's burial was so firmly fixed in the belief of the Christians of Rome that the building had to be erected on a site that involved considerable difficulties, both physical (excavating the slope of the Vatican Hill, while the great church could much more easily have been built on level ground only slightly to the south) and without moral and legal issues (demolishing a cemetery). The focal point of the Basilica, both in its original form and in its later complete reconstruction, is the altar placed over what is held to be the exact place where Peter was buried.

Protestants and other views

A major debate between Catholics and Protestants centers on Matthew 16:19 where Jesus tells Peter: "You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my Church...." Catholics interpret the verse as saying that Jesus would build his church on Peter, the apostle. The traditional Catholic interpretation has been that Jesus told Peter (Rock) that he would build his Church on this Rock (Peter), and that Peter was made the shepherd of the apostolic flock[Jn 21:15-19]ence their assertion of the Primacy of the Roman Pontiff.

Meaning of "Rock"

In the original Greek the word translated as "Peter" is (Petros) and that translated as "rock" is (petra), two words that, while not identical, give an impression of one of many times when Jesus used a play on words. Furthermore, since Jesus presumably spoke to Peter in their native Aramaic language, he would have used kepha in both instances. The Peshitta Text and the Old Syriac text use the word "kepha" for both "Peter" and "rock" in Matthew 16:18. John 1:42 says Jesus called Simon "Cephas", as does Paul in some letters. He was instructed by Christ to strengthen his brethren, i.e., the apostles.[Lk 22:31-32] Peter also had a leadership role in the early Christian church at Jerusalem according to The Acts of the Apostles chapters 1-2, 10-11, and 15.

Early Catholic Latin and Greek writers (such as St. John Chrysostom) considered the "foundation rock" as applying to both Peter personally and his confession of faith (or the faith of his confession) symbolically, as well as seeing Christ's promise to apply more generally to his twelve apostles and the Church at large. This "double meaning" interpretation is present in the current Catechism of the Catholic Church.

Protestant counter-claims to the Catholic interpretation are largely based on the difference between the Greek words translated "Rock" in the Matthean passage. In classical Attic Greek petros generally meant "pebble," while petra meant "boulder" or "cliff." Accordingly, taking Peter's name to mean "pebble," they argue that the "rock" in question cannot have been Peter, but something else, either Jesus himself, or the faith in Jesus that Peter had just professed. However, the New Testament was written in Koin Greek, not Attic Greek, and some authorities say no significant difference existed between the meanings of petros and petra.

Christ Handing the Keys to St Peter, by Pietro Perugino (1481-82)

However, even though the feminine noun petra is translated as rock in the phrase "on this rock I will build my church," the word petra ( in Greek) is also used at 1 Cor. 10:4 in describing Jesus Christ, which reads: "They all ate the same spiritual food and drank the same spiritual drink; for they drank from the spiritual rock that accompanied them, and that rock was Christ."

Although Matthew 16 is used as a primary proof-text for the Catholic doctrine of Papal supremacy, Protestant scholars say that prior to the Reformation of the sixteenth century, Matthew 16 was very rarely used to support papal claims. Their position is that most of the early and medieval Church interpreted the 'rock' as being a reference either to Christ or to Peter's faith, not Peter himself. They understand Jesus' remark to have been his affirmation of Peter's testimony that Jesus was the Son of God.

Another rebuttal of the Catholic position is that if Peter really means the Rock which makes him the chief of Apostles, it would contradict Bible's teaching in Ephesians 2:20 which says that the church's foundation is the apostles and prophets, not Peter alone. They posit that the meaning of Matthew 16:18 is that Jesus uses a play on words with Peter's name to say that the confession he had just made is the rock on which the church is built.

Other theologically conservative Christians, including Confessional Lutherans, also rebut comments made by Karl Keating and D.A. Carson who claim that there is no distinction between the words petros and petra in Koine Greek. The Lutheran theologians state that the dictionaries of Koine/NT Greek, including the authoritative Bauer-Danker-Arndt-Gingrich Lexicon, indeed list both words and the passages that give different meanings for each. The Lutheran theologians further note that:

We honor Peter and in fact some of our churches are named after him, but he was not the first pope, nor was he Roman Catholic. If you read his first letter, you will see that he did not teach a Roman hierarchy, but that all Christians are royal priests. The same keys given to Peter in Matthew 16 are given to the whole church of believers in Matthew 18

Partial Protestant support

Partial support for the Catholic position comes from one of Protestantism's most distinguished Church historians, Oscar Cullmann, a Lutheran theologian. He disagrees with Luther and the Protestant reformers who held that by "rock" Christ did not mean Peter, but meant either himself or the faith of His followers. He believes the meaning of the original Aramaic is very clear: that "Kepha" was the Aramaic word for "rock", and that it was also the name by which Christ called Peter.

Yet, Cullmann sharply rejects the Catholic claim that Peter began the papal succession. He writes: "In the life of Peter there is no starting point for a chain of succession to the leadership of the church at large." While he believes the Matthew text is entirely valid and is in no way spurious, he says it cannot be used as "warrant of the papal succession."

Cullmann concludes that while Peter was the original head of the apostles, Peter was not the founder of any visible church succession.

There are other Protestant scholars who also partially defend the historical Catholic position about "Rock." Taking a somewhat different approach from Cullman, they point out that the Gospel of Matthew was not written in the classical Attic form of Greek, but in the Hellenistic Koine dialect in which there is no distinction in meaning between petros and petra. Moreover, even in Attic Greek, in which the regular meaning of petros was a smallish "stone," there are instances of its use to refer to larger rocks, as in Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus v. 1595, where petros refers to a boulder used as a landmark, obviously something more than a pebble. In any case, a petros/petra distinction is irrelevant considering the Aramaic language in which the phrase might well have been spoken. In Greek, of any period, the feminine noun petra could not be used as the given name of a male, which may explain the use of Petros as the Greek word with which to translate Aramaic Kepha.

Yet, still other Protestant scholars believe that Jesus in fact did mean to single out Peter as the very rock which he will build upon, but that the passage does nothing to indicate a continued succession of Peter's implied position. They assert that Matthew uses the demonstrative pronoun taute, which allegedly means "this very" or this same, when he refers to the rock on which Jesus' church will be built. He also uses the Greek word for "and", kai. It is alleged that when a demonstrative pronoun is used with kai, the pronoun refers back to the preceding noun. The second rock Jesus refers to must then be the same rock as the first one; and if Peter is the first rock he must also be the second.

Eastern Orthodox

Icon of St. Peter (15th century, Russian State Museum, Saint Petersburg).

The Eastern Orthodox Church regards Apostle Peter, together with Apostle Paul, as "Preeminent Apostles". Another title used for Peter is Coryphaeus, which could be translated as "Choir-director", or lead singer. The church recognizes Apostle Peter's leadership role in the early church, especially in the very early days at Jerusalem, but does not consider him to have had any "princely" role over his fellow Apostles.

The New Testament is not seen by the Orthodox as supporting any extraordinary authority for Peter with regard to faith or morals. The Orthodox also hold that Peter did not act as leader at the Council of Jerusalem, but as merely one of a number who spoke. The final decision regarding the non-necessity of circumcision (and certain prohibitions) was spelled out by James, the Brother of the Lord (though Catholics hold James merely reiterated and fleshed out what Peter had said, regarding the latter's earlier divine revelation regarding the inclusion of Gentiles).

Eastern and Oriental Orthodox do not recognize the Bishop of Rome as the successor of St. Peter but the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople sends a delegation each year to Rome to participate in the celebration of the feast of Sts. Peter and Paul. In the Ravenna Document of 13 October 2007, the representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church agreed that "Rome, as the Church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St. Ignatius of Antioch (To the Romans, Prologue), occupied the first place in the taxis, and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the protos among the patriarchs, if the Papacy unites with the Orthodox Church. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as protos, a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium."

With regard to Jesus' words to Peter, "Thou art Peter and upon this rock I will build my church", the Orthodox hold Christ is referring to the confession of faith, not the person of Peter as that upon which he will build the church. This is allegedly shown by the fact that the original Greek uses the feminine demonstrative pronoun when he says "upon this rock" ( ); whereas, grammatically, if he had been referring to Peter, he would allegedly have used the masculine. This "gender distinction" argument is also held by some Protestants.

The Orthodox also consider that St. Linus, not Peter, was the first Bishop of Rome,[citation needed], as do Catholics who define "pope" as "successor of Saint Peter".

Feast days

In the Orthodox Daily Office every Thursday throughout the year is dedicated to the Holy Apostles, including St. Peter. There are also two feast days in the year which are dedicated to him:

June 29, Feast of Saints Peter and Paulhis is a major feast day and is preceded by a period of Lenten fasting known as the Apostles' Fast

January 16, Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peterommemorating both the chains which Acts 12:1-11 says miraculously fell from him, and the chains in which he was held before his martyrdom by Nero.

Syriac Orthodox Church

The Fathers of the Syriac Orthodox Church tried to give a theological interpretation to the primacy of Apostle Peter. They were fully convinced of the unique office of Peter in the primitive Christian community. Ephrem, Aphrahat and Marutha who were supposed to be the best exponents of the early Syriac tradition unequivocally acknowledge the office of Peter.

The Syriac Fathers following the rabbinic tradition call Jesus epha for they see ock in the Old Testament as a messianic Symbol. When Christ gave his own name epha to Simon he was giving him participation in the person and office of Christ. Christ who is the Kepha and shepherd made Simon the chief shepherd in his place and gave him the very name Kepha and said that on Kepha he would build the Church. Aphrahat shared the common Syriac tradition. For him Kepha is in fact another name of Jesus, and Simon was given the right to share the name. The person who receives somebody else name also obtains the rights of the person who bestows the name. Aphrahat makes the stone taken from Jordan a type of Peter. He says Jesus son of Nun set up the stones for a witness in Israel; Jesus our Saviour called Simon Kepha Sarirto and set him as the faithful witness among nations.

Again he says in his commentary on Deuteronomy that Moses brought forth water from ock (Kepha) for the people and Jesus sent Simon Kepha to carry his teachings among nations. Our Lord accepted him and made him the foundation of the Church and called him Kepha. When he speaks about transfiguration of Christ he calls him Simon Peter, the foundation of the Church. Ephrem also shared the same view. In Armenian version of De Virginitate records Peter the Rock shunned honour Who was the head of the Apostles. In a mimro of Efrem found in Holy Week Liturgy points to the importance of Peter.

Both Aphrahat and Ephrem represent the authentic tradition of the Syrian Church. The different orders of liturgies used for sanctification of Church building, marriage, ordination etc. reveal that the primacy of Peter is a part of living faith of the Church.

Seventh Day Adventist understanding

When Christ on the eve of His betrayal forewarned His disciples, "All ye shall be offended because of Me this night," Peter confidently declared, "Although all shall be offended, yet will not I."[Mk. 14:27,29] Self-confidence misled him, but in a few short hours the test came, and with cursing and swearing he denied his Lord, then the crowing of the cock reminded him of the words of Christ. Now his self-confidence was gone. Never again were the old boastful assertions repeated. Christ after His resurrection thrice tested Peter. "Simon, son of Jonas," He said, "lovest thou Me more than these?" Peter did not now exalt himself above his brethren. He appealed to the One who could read His heart. "Lord," he said, "Thou knowest all things; Thou knowest that I love Thee."[Jn. 21:15,17] Then he received his commission. Christ bade him feed the sheep and the lambs. Christ gave to Peter the strongest proof of confidence in his restoration. Though Peter had grievously sinned, he was not forsaken. The words of Christ were written upon his soul, "I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not."[Lk. 22:32] When Jesus asked, "Whom do men say that I the Son of man am?"[Mk. 8:27] Sadly the disciples were forced to acknowledge that Israel had failed to recognize their Messiah. ut whom say ye that I am?"[Mk. 8:29] Peter answered, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God." Peter had expressed the faith of the twelve. Jesus answered Peter, saying, "Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-jona Bar-jona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but My Father which is in heaven." The truth which Peter had confessed is the foundation of the believer's faith. he secret of the Lord is with them that fear Him;" and the fact that Peter discerned the glory of Christ was evidence that he had been "taught of God."[Ps. 25:14] [Jn. 6:45] Jesus continued: "I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it." Peter was not the rock upon which the church was founded. The gates of hell did prevail against him when he denied his Lord with cursing and swearing. Peter himself, writing by inspiration, applies this prophecy to Jesus. He says, "If ye have tasted that the Lord is gracious: unto whom coming, a living stone, rejected indeed of men, but with God elect, precious, ye also, as living stones, are built up a spiritual house."[1 Pet. 2:3-5] "Other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which is Jesus Christ.[1 Cor. 3:11] "The keys of the kingdom of heaven"[Mt. 16:19] are the words of Christ. All the words of Holy Scripture are His, and are here included. These words have power to open and to shut heaven. Christ had accepted Peter's acknowledgment of Him as the Son of God; and now His words pointing to His suffering and death seemed incomprehensible. Peter could not keep silent. He laid hold upon his Master, as if to draw Him back from His impending doom, exclaiming, "Be it far from Thee, Lord: this shall not be unto Thee."[Matt. 16:22] Peter did not desire to see the cross in the work of Christ. The impression which his words would make was directly opposed to that which Christ desired to make on the minds of His followers, and the Saviour was moved to utter one of the sternest rebuke that ever fell from His lips: "Get thee behind Me, Satan: thou art an offense unto Me: for thou savorest not the things that be of God, but those that be of men."Mt. 16:23 Satan was trying to discourage Jesus, and turn Him from His mission; But the Savior heeded it not; His thought was for His disciple. Satan had interposed between Peter and his Master, that the heart of the disciple might not be touched at the vision of Christ's humiliation for him. The words of Christ were spoken, not to Peter, but to the one who was trying to separate him from his Redeemer. "Get thee behind Me, Satan." No longer interpose between Me and My erring servant. Let Me come face to face with Peter, that I may reveal to him the mystery of My love.

Quoted from Acts of the Apostles by Ellen White.

New Apostolic Church

The New Apostolic Church, who believes in the re-established Apostle ministry, sees Peter as the first Chief Apostle.

Latter Day Saint movement

Bronze statue on the LDS Church's Temple Square (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA) depicting Peter, James, and John conferring the Melchizedek priesthood in 1829 on Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church or "Mormons") along with other sects of the Latter Day Saint movement believe that Peter was the first leader of the early Christian church, but reject papal succession. In interpreting Matthew 16:1319 the LDS Church has stated, "The words then addressed to him, 'Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church,' have been made the foundation of the papal claims. But it is the Godhead of Christ, which Peter had just confessed, that is the true keystone of the Church." Latter-day saints believe that Peter, James, and John. came from heaven and conferred the keys of the Melchizedek Priesthood upon Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery in 1829, near Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania as part of the restoration of priesthood authority.

Afro-American syncretism

In the Cuban Santera and Palo Mayombe, he has been syncretized with Ogn.

Jewish folklore

Main article: Saint Peter and Judaism

Saint Peter statue, Israel

According to Jewish folklore (Toledot Yeshu narrative), St. Peter (Shimeon Kepha Ha-Tzadik) had a pristine reputation as a greatly learned and holy man.

Writings

Traditionally, two canonical epistles (1 & 2 Peter) and several apocryphal works have been attributed to Peter.

New Testament

A 6th-century encaustic icon from Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai.

The New Testament includes two letters (epistles) ascribed to Peter. Both demonstrate a high quality of cultured and urban Greek, at odds with the linguistic skill that would ordinarily be expected of an Aramaic-speaking fisherman, who would have learned Greek as a second or third language. However, the author of the first epistle explicitly claims to be using a secretary (see below), and this explanation would allow for discrepancies in style without entailing a different source. The textual features of these two epistles are such that a majority of scholars doubt that they were written by the same hand. This means at the most that Peter could not have authored both, or at the least that he used a different secretary for each letter. Some scholars argue that theological differences imply different sources, and point to the lack of references to 2 Peter among the early Church Fathers.

Of the two epistles, the first epistle is considered the earlier. A number of scholars have argued that the textual discrepancies with what would be expected of the biblical Peter are due to it having been written with the help of a secretary or as an amanuensis. Indeed in the first epistle the use of a secretary is clearly described: "By Silvanus, a faithful brother unto you, as I suppose, I have written briefly, exhorting, and testifying that this is the true grace of God wherein ye stand".[1 Pet. 5:12] Thus, in regards to at least the first epistle, the claims that Peter would have written Greek poorly seem irrelevant. The references to persecution of Christians, which only began under Nero, cause most scholars to date the text to at least 80, which would require Peter to have survived to an age that was, at that time, extremely old, and almost never reached, particularly by common fishermen. However, the Roman historian Tacitus and the biographer Suetonius both record that Nero's persecution of Christians began immediately after the fire that burned Rome in 64. Such a date, which is in accord with Christian tradition, especially Eusebius (History book 2, 24.1), would not have Peter at an improbable age upon his death. On the other hand, many scholars consider this in reference to the persecution of Christians in Asia Minor during the reign of the emperor Domitian (81-96).

In the salutation of the First Epistle of Peter, the writer refers to the diaspora, which did not occur until 136: Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to God's elect, strangers in the world, scattered throughout Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia, who have been chosen according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through the sanctifying work of the Spirit, for obedience to Jesus Christ and sprinkling by his blood: Grace and peace be yours in abundance.

The Second Epistle of Peter, on the other hand, appears to have been copied, in part, from the Epistle of Jude, and some modern scholars date its composition as late as c. 150. Some scholars argue the opposite, that the Epistle of Jude copied 2 Peter, while others contend an early date for Jude and thus observe that an early date is not incompatible with the text. Many scholars have noted the similarities between the apocryphal second pseudo-Epistle of Clement (2nd century) and 2 Peter. Second Peter may be earlier than 150, there are a few possible references to it that date back to the first century or early second century, e.g., 1 Clement written in c. AD 96, and the later church historian Eusebius claimed that Origen had made reference to the epistle before 250. Even in early times there was controversy over its authorship, and 2 Peter was often not included in the Biblical Canon; it was only in the 4th century that it gained a firm foothold in the New Testament, in a series of synods. In the east the Syrian Orthodox Church still did not admit it into the canon until the 6th century.

Traditionally, the Gospel of Mark was said to have been written by a person named John Mark, and that this person was an assistant to Peter, hence its content was traditionally seen as the closest to Peter's viewpoint. According to Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History, Papias recorded this belief from John the Presbyter:

Mark having become the interpreter of Peter, wrote down accurately whatsoever he remembered. It was not, however, in exact order that he related the sayings or deeds of Christ. For he neither heard the Lord nor accompanied Him. But afterwards, as I said, he accompanied Peter, who accommodated his instructions to the necessities [of his hearers], but with no intention of giving a normal or chronological narrative of the Lord's sayings. Wherefore Mark made no mistake in thus writing some things as he remembered them. For of one thing he took especial care, not to omit anything he had heard, and not to put anything fictional into the statements.usebius, Ecclesiastical History, 3.39.1416

Also Irenaeus wrote about this tradition:

After their (Peter and Paul's) passing, Mark also, the disciple and interpreter of Peter, transmitted to us in writing the things preached by Peter. (Irenaeus, Against Heresies, III. 1.2.; quoted by Eusebius in Ecclesiastical History, book 5, 7.6)

Based on these quotes, and on the Christian tradition, the information in Mark's Gospel about St. Peter would be based on eyewitness material. It should be noted, however, that some scholars (for differing reasons) dispute the attribution of the Gospel of Mark to its traditional author. The gospel itself is anonymous, and the above passages are the oldest surviving written testimony to its authorship.

Pseudepigrapha and apocrypha

There are also a number of other apocryphal writings that have been either attributed to or written about St. Peter. They were from antiquity regarded as pseudepigrapha.[citation needed] These include:

Gospel of Peter, a Docetic narrative that has survived in part

Acts of Peter

Acts of Peter and Andrew

Acts of Peter and Paul

Acts of Peter and the Twelve

Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter

A Letter of Peter to Philip, which was preserved in the Nag Hammadi library

Apocalypse of Peter, which was considered as genuine by many Christians as late as the fourth century

The Epistula Petri, the introductory letter ascribed to Apostle Peter that appears at the beginning of at least one version of the Clementine literature

Popular culture

Over the years "St. Peter" has evolved into a stock character that is now widely used in jokes, cartoons, comedies, dramas, and plays. Such caricatures almost all play upon Peter's role as the "keeper of the keys of the kingdom of heaven" in Matthew 16:19, on the basis of which he is often depicted as an elderly, bearded man who sits at the pearly gates that serve as heaven's main entrance, and acting as a sort of hotel-style doorman / bouncer who personally interviews prospective entrants into Heaven, often seated behind a desk, or standing at a lectern.

In traditional Medieval iconography, Peter is a bald man with a long beard. He usually has one or more large keys in his hand or hanging from his belt.

In the South Park episode "Fantastic Easter Special" he was portrayed as being a rabbit (Peter Rabbit) because Jesus knew no human could speak for all Christianity as Pope without any acts of corruption, and that rabbits were pure, tolerant, and incorruptible.

Patronage

Saint Peter is the patron saint of the following categories[citation needed]

Workers

Bakers

Bridge builders

Butchers

Fishermen

Harvesters

Cordwainers

Horologists

Locksmiths

Cobblers

Masons

Net makers

The Papacy

Shipwrights

Called for aid in

Frenzy

Foot problems

Fever

Longevity

Institutions

Bath Abbey

Berchtesgaden Provostry

Bishop Cotton Boys' School, Bangalore

Exeter College, Oxford

Universal Church

Peterhouse, Cambridge

St Peter's College, Oxford

St Peter's College, Auckland

Locations

Birebbua

Bremen

Brgy. San Pedro, San Pablo City

Worms

Calatrava

Chartres

Chimbote

Calbayog City

Cologne

Davao

Dunajsk Streda

Jackson

Kpenick

Las Vegas

Leuven

Leiden

Lessines

Maralal

Marquette

Moissac

Naumburg

Obermarsberg

Peterborough

Philadelphia

Pozna

Providence

Pubnico, Nova Scotia

Regensburg

Rome

Pvoa de Varzim

Saint Petersburg

San Pedro Soloma

Scranton

Sunderland

Sint-Pieters-Rode

Tielt

Toa Baja

Umbria

Holy relics

Pius XII ordered archaeological excavations under St Peter's Basilica in Rome to determine whether the tomb of St Peter was there. At the conclusion of the Holy Year in 1950 he confirmed that the tomb of Peter had been found underneath the basilica

Pope Vitalian sent filings from Apostle Peter's chains to Oswy, King of Northumbria in the seventh century.

Peter's remains continue to be subject of investigation, but his tomb is located under Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican, which was announced by Pope Pius XII on Christmas Day in 1950 after years of painstaking research.

Revisionist views

Many Protestant scholars accept the traditional story of Peter's martyrdom in Rome. Some Protestants, however, have rejected Peter's martyrdom as a later invention, arguing that evidence of Peter exists only in Biblical accounts.

It has also been claimed that there was a serious division between Peter's Jewish Christian party and Paul's Hellenizing party, seen in e.g. the Incident at Antioch, which later Christian accounts have downplayed.

Another revisionist view was developed by supporters of the Christ myth theory, which holds that the figure of Peter is largely a development from some mythological doorkeeper figures. If there was a historical Peter then all that is known about him is the brief mentions in Galatians.

See also

Saints portal

St. Peter's Basilica

St Peter's Square

The Big Fisherman

San Pietro in Vincoli

Saint Peter's tomb

Sword of Saint Peter

Quo Vadis

Notes

^ Bible Lexicon

^  "Fathers of the Church". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Fathers_of_the_Church. .

^ Thomas Patrick Halton, On Illustrious Men, v. 100, CUA Press, 1999, pp 5 - 7 ISBN 0813201004.

^ The Early Church Fathers Chapter 1

^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Peter, St. " F. L., Cross, The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 2005

^ His father's name is given as 'Jonah',[Jn. 1:42] [Matt. 16:17] although some manuscripts of John give his father's name as John.

^ Harrington, Daniel J. "Peter the Rock." America, August 1825, 2008. Accessed Oct. 9, 2009: p. 30.

^ Rienecker, Fritz; Rogers, Cleon (1976), Linguistic key to the Greek New Testament, Grand Rapids MI: Regency Reference Library (Zondervan Publishing House), p. 49, ISBN 0-310-32050-X 

^ "Saint Peter the Apostle." Encyclopdia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. 25 Nov. 2009 .

^ Matt. 10:2-4, Mk. 3:16-19, Lk. 6:14-16

^ a b c Sermon by Leo the Great (440-461)

^ Archbishop Stylianos of Australia

^ Patriarch H.H.Ignatius Zakka I Iwas

^ Identity of the Syriac Orthodox Church

^ http://cbi.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/1/73.pdf

^ http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm [Church History Book II, Chapter I, quoting Clement of Alexandria's Sixth book of Hypotyposes]

^ Matt. 26:51, Mk. 14:47, Lk. 22:50

^ a b May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977.

^ 1Cor 15

^ 1Cor 15:3-7

^ See Matthew 28:8-10, John 20:16 and Luke 24:13-16.

^ Brodie, T. L. (1997). The Gospel according to John a literary and theological commentary. New York: Oxford University Press. pg. 574

^ John Vidmar, The Catholic Church through the ages: a history. pp. 39-40

^ a b c d Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.

^ Louise Ropes Loomis, The Book of Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8 (Reprint of the 1916 edition).

^ This is provided in Downey, A History of Antioch, pp. 583586. This evidence is accepted by M. Lapidge, among others, see Bischoff and Lapidge, Biblical Commentaries from the Canterbury School (Cambridge, 1994) p. 16. Lastly, see Finegan, The Archaeology of the New Testament, pp. 6371.

^ "Jesus said this to indicate the kind of death by which Peter would glorify God" ([Jn. 21:19]).

^ Walsh, The Bones of St. Peter: A 1st Full Account of the Search for the Apostle's Body

^ Finegan, The Archeology of the New Testament, pp. 368370.

^ http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Necropolis/JW/TheBonesofStPeter-1.htm The Bones of St. Peter

^ "Irenaeus Against Heresies 3.3.2". http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.iv.iv.html. "...[the] Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. ...The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate." 

^ In Against Heresies (Book III, Chapter III, paragraphs 23), Irenaeus wrote:

Since, however, it would be too long to enumerate in such a volume as this the succession of all the churches, we shall confound all those who, in whatever manner, whether through self-satisfaction or vainglory, or through blindness and wicked opinion, assemble other than where it is proper, by pointing out here the successions of the bishops of the greatest and most ancient church known to all, founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul, that church which has the tradition and the faith which comes down to us after having been announced to men by the apostles. With that church, because of its superior origin, all the churches must agree, that is, all the faithful in the whole world, and it is in her that the faithful everywhere have maintained the apostolic tradition.

The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate. Of this Linus, Paul makes mention in the Epistles to Timothy. To him succeeded Anacletus; and after him, in the third place from the apostles, Clement was allotted the bishopric. This man, as he had seen the blessed apostles, and had been conversant with them, might be said to have the preaching of the apostles still echoing [in his ears], and their traditions before his eyes. Nor was he alone [in this], for there were many still remaining who had received instructions from the apostles. In the time of this Clement, no small dissension having occurred among the brethren at Corinth, the Church in Rome dispatched a most powerful letter to the Corinthians, exhorting them to peace, renewing their faith, and declaring the tradition which it had lately received from the apostles

^ (Letter to Pope Soter A.D. 170, in Eusebius, History of the Church 2:25:8)

^ The evidence that Peter was "bishop" of Rome is corroborated by both positive and "negative" evidence. Positively, Clement's letter to the Corinthians situates Peter in Rome by mentioning his death there. Ignatius of Antioch writes to the Romans and says, "I do not command you as Peter and Paul...

Fulong Beach

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Transport links

Public transport

Fulong Beach is accessible as follows: moses basket mattress

Railwayaiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Fulong Station used tanning bed

Bus extending dining table

Between Taipei City and Yilan County: Taipei-Luodong Seaside Route of Kingbus () to the Fulong Stop

Between Taipei City and Hualien Countyaipei-Hualien Seaside Route of Airbus () to the Fulong Stop

From Keelung: Keelung-Fulong Route of Keelung Bus () to the Fulong Stop

Car transport

Fulong Beach is accessible by car:

From central Taipei: the Sun Yat-sen Expressway and Northern Seaside Highway (Provincial Highway 2).

From Southeastern Taipei: through Muzha, Shenkeng Township, and Shihding Township via Taipei County Highway 106 to Pingsi Township, through Ping-Shuang Tunnel to Taipei County Highway 38, and then to Northern Seaside Highway.

From Eastern Taiwan: via Northern Seaside Highway.

The main parking lot is right next to Fulong visitors center on the main street. Parking is free but it can be quite congested at the weekends.

Entrance Fee

During summer months (and when the rock festival is not on) entrance to the beach is $90NTD for adults and $10NTD for kids. This includes access to the beach as well as use of showers, changing rooms etc.

This does not include rental of miniature sailboats, canoes, boogie boards, beach umbrellas or sunshade tents/awnings.

Nearby landmarks

Northeast Coast National Scenic Area Administration Office and Fulong Traveler Service Center

Longmen Camping Site

Outlet of Shuanghsi River

Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA) Fulong Station

Dongxin Temple of Fulong

External links

Northeast Coastal Scenic Area Fulong Beach

Coordinates: 25115 1215643 / 25.02083N 121.94528E / 25.02083; 121.94528

This Taiwanese location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Categories: Visitor attractions in Taipei County | Geography of Taipei County | Beaches of Taiwan | Taiwan geography stubs

Kinsey Millhone

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Biography

Kinsey Millhone was born on May 5, 1950. Her unusual first name was her mother's surname before her marriage to Kinsey's father. Kinsey lived with her parents until they were killed in a car wreck when she was five. Kinsey survived in the car for several hours before she was rescued. She then moved in with her aunt (her mother's sister) Gin, who was the only relative still in contact with her mother; the rest of the family disapproved of her marriage and cut off contact with her. It is from Aunt Gin that Kinsey has taken a few of her eccentricities, such as her liking for peanut-butter and pickle sandwiches. In high school, Kinsey was a delinquent. After three semesters at the local community college she realized that academic life was not for her and she took a job with the Santa Teresa police force. After two years, Kinsey quit the police force and became an investigator for California Fidelity, an insurance company. Eventually, she became a self-employed private investigator, solving various disappearances and murders, clearing names and dodging hitmen.

Kinsey is 5'6" and weighs about 118 pounds. She has short, dark, thick hair that she trims with nail scissors, being generally uninterested in her physical appearance. She does, however, place a great premium on physical fitness and jogs three miles every day. At the same time, she is an enthusiastic junk food fanatic. Kinsey has been divorced twice. Her first husband Mickey, an ex-cop, appears in "O" is for Outlaw and her second husband Daniel, a struggling musician, appears in "E" is for Evidence. Kinsey has no children, and she lives in a garage converted into an apartment. Her landlord is a young-at-heart octogenarian named Henry Pitts who enjoys creating crossword puzzles and is famous for his baking; Kinsey herself states that she has a crush on Henry. She suffers from tinnitus, caused when she shot an attacker from inside a trash can. Kinsey has had several relationships in the series, beginning with Charlie Scorsoni, continuing through Jonah Robb and Robert Dietz, until the present novels in which she's begun an affair with longtime friend Cheney Phillips. cruzer micro u3

Having lived for most of her life with very few family members (for most of the series, her "family" consisted of Henry, her landlord and his siblings, the local tavern owner Rosie, and the generous natured employees in nearby offices), Kinsey received a shock when her cousin Tasha reached out to her. Meeting Tasha and her sister, Lisa, for lunch revealed they are very similar in appearance. Kinsey and Tasha form a business relationship in "M" Is for Malice. wintv usb

Kinsey Millhone novels kingmax super stick

"A" Is for Alibi (1982)

"B" Is for Burglar (1985)

"C" Is for Corpse (1986)

"D" Is for Deadbeat (1987)

"E" Is for Evidence (1988)

"F" Is for Fugitive (1989)

"G" Is for Gumshoe (1990)

"H" Is for Homicide (1991)

"I" Is for Innocent (1992)

"J" Is for Judgment (1993)

"K" Is for Killer (1994)

"L" Is for Lawless (1995)

"M" Is for Malice (1996)

"N" Is for Noose (1998)

"O" Is for Outlaw (1999)

"P" Is for Peril (2001)

"Q" Is for Quarry (2002)

"R" Is for Ricochet (2004)

"S" Is for Silence (2005)

"T" Is for Trespass (2007)

"U" Is for Undertow (2009)

Grafton has stated that the twenty-sixth and final book in the series will be titled "Z" Is for Zero. In 2009, she revealed to a Los Angeles Times interviewer that this final novel will "coincide with Kinsey's 40th birthday in 1990".

Also published

Kinsey and Me (1992) - a collection of Kinsey Millhone short stories along with other short stories about Grafton's own mother.

The Lying Game (2003) - a Kinsey Millhone short story which appeared in the September 2003 special 40th anniversary Lands' End catalogue.

Kinsey Millhone in other works

Kinsey has made cameo appearances in crime novels by other authors. In Double, Bill Pronzini and Marcia Muller's detective spots Kinsey at a convention in Chicago. In one novel by Sara Paretsky, her detective, V.I. Warshawski, wishes at one point that her business records were as organized as Kinsey's.

References

^ a b Weinman, Sarah (December 17, 2009). "Closing in on the letter Z". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-sue-grafton17-2009dec17,0,3603461.story. Retrieved December 27, 2009. "And with the end of the alphabet in sight, no author is more closely identified with reader expectations -- especially when "Z Is for Zero" shepherds Kinsey and her hometown of Santa Teresa to a fictional end." 

^ Everett, Todd (1991-05-23). "Mystery Town: Whodunit author Sue Grafton lines in Santa Barbara and sets her tales in Santa Teresa". Los Angeles Times: p. J15. 

External links

Kinsey Millhone biography

Sue Grafton's official website

v  d  e

Sue Grafton

Alphabet novels

"A" Is for Alibi  "B" Is for Burglar  "C" Is for Corpse  "D" Is for Deadbeat  "E" Is for Evidence  "F" Is for Fugitive  "G" Is for Gumshoe  "H" Is for Homicide  "I" Is for Innocent  "J" Is for Judgment  "K" Is for Killer  "L" Is for Lawless  "M" Is for Malice  "N" Is for Noose  "O" Is for Outlaw  "P" Is for Peril  "Q" Is for Quarry  "R" Is for Ricochet  "S" Is for Silence  "T" Is for Trespass  "U" Is for Undertow

Related articles

C. W. Grafton  Kinsey Millhone  Santa Teresa, California

Other novels

Keziah Dane  The Lolly-Madonna War

Films adapted from novels

Lolly-Madonna XXX

Categories: Fictional private investigators | Characters in written fictionHidden categories: Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2009 | All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction

ISO 13567

China Product


Standard parts

The standard is divided in three parts:

ISO 13567-1:1998 512mb pc133

Technical product documentation -- Organization and naming of layers for CAD -- Part 1: Overview and principles sharp zaurus 5500

ISO 13567-2:1998 zaurus 5500

Technical product documentation -- Organization and naming of layers for CAD -- Part 2: Concepts, format and codes used in construction documentation

ISO/TR 13567-3:1999

Technical product documentation -- Organization and naming of layers for CAD -- Part 3: Application of ISO 13567-1 and ISO 13567-2

Standard has been developed by Technical Committee TC 10 (Technical product documentation) Subcommittee SC 8 (Construction documentation); Refer. ICS: 01.110; 35.240.10.

Structure of layer names

CAD layer names are structured as a series of mandatory and optional fixed length fields, composed as a continuous alpha-numerical text string.

Mandatory fields

Agent responsible <clause 6.1>

(2 characters, indicating the person or organisation responsible for the layer information

-- manufacturer,

A- architect

A2 architect#2 on the same project

B- building surveyors

C- civil engineers

E- electrical engineers

F- facility engineers

G- GIS engineers and land surveyors

H- heating and ventilating engineers

I- interior designers

L- landscape architects

Q- quantity surveyors

S- structural engineers

T- town and country planners

W- contractors

X- sub-contractors

Y- specialist designers

Element <cl. 6.2>

(6 characters, indicating the functional parts of construction works or structure): follows a classification system like SfB building codes or Uniclass codes;

Presentation <cl. 6.3>

(2 characters, related to the information graphical presentation)

-- whole model and drawing page,

E- element graphics (Model space)

T- text (M)

H- hatching (M)

D- dimensions (M)

J- section/detail marks (M)

K- revision marks (M)

G- Grid graphic and dimension (M)

U- user red lines & construction lines (M)

B- Border (Page/Paper space)

V- text, title, notes (P)

I- tabular information, legends, schedules, tables/query (P)

-1 language#1 or pen thickness#1 or text height#1

Optional fields

Status <cl. 7.1>

(1 character, status of the physical part, ISO code)

- whole, no subdivision

N new part

E existing to remain

R to be removed

T temporary

O to be moved original position

F to be moved final position

Sector <cl. 7.2>

(4 characters, physical subdivision of construction work, recommended to use ISO 4157-2/3 codes)

---- whole project, all levels all blocks

00-- ground floor

02-- 2nd floor

-1-- basement

SA-- section AA

EA-- elevation A

EB-- elevation B

--B1 block 1

--A- zone A

01B1 1st floor block#1

-2-- 2nd basement level

01A- storey 01 zone A

Phase <cl. 7.3>

(1 character, time or logical subdivision of work)

- whole duration

P pre-design/preliminary

D design

R procurement

C construction

O post-construction

1 phase#1 (pre-design)

2 phase#2

3 phase#3 (licence design)

Projection <cl. 7.4>

(1 character, work multiple views differentiation, ISO code)

- all

0 plan

1 elevation

2 section

3 3D model

Scale <cl. 7.5>

(1 character, classification of layer information by the scale of final drawing, ISO code)

- all

A 1:1

B 1:5

C 1:10

D 1:20

E 1:50

F 1:100

G 1:200

H 1:500

I 1:1000

J 1:2000

K 1:5000

1 1:1-5

2 1:5-20

3 1:20-50

4 1:20-100

5 1:50-200

6 1:200-500

7 1:500-1000

Work Package <cl. 7.6>

(2 characters, materials and/or work sections)

RC reinforced concrete

SS structural steel

23 phase#23

User Defined <cl. 7.7>

(unlimited, additional subdivision or help plain description): description or subdivision.

Special characters

- (hyphenation) not used field

_ (underscore) relative to all possible characters

Applications

Resulting length

In practice, application of ISO 13567 fields can lead to short names (only mandatory fields), or much longer names (use of some or all optional fields in complex projects).

Short name samples

A-B374--T-

agent Architect, element Roof window in SfB, presentation text

A-B374--E-

agent Architect, element Roof window in SfB, presentation graphic element

Other

A-374---T-

A-24--__D-

Long name samples

A-37420-T2N01B113B23pro

agent Architect, element Roof Window in SfB, presentation Text#2, New part, floor 01, block B1, *phase 1, projection 3D, scale 1:5(B), work package 23 and user definition "pro"

A-G25---D-R

agent Architect, element wall in Uniclass, presentation dimensions, status Existing to be removed

Other

A-2441__D-N01AB1

A-37420-T2N01B113B23pro

T-811---E-N----30F--DESCRIPTION_OF_LAYER

E-63----E-N----30G--ELECTRICAL_EQUIPMENT

A1645---Z-O----1-A72DESCRIPTION_OF_LAYER

A-DUCTS-E-N02C------P281

F-5821ABE-N-I--13C23USER

A-144001M-----

List of layers in a standard architectural drawing

Agent is Architect, using ISO 13567 and UniClass or CI/SfB Classification System.

Generic layers

A-------E-: all elements

A-------T-: text

A-------H-: hatchings

A-------D-: dimensions

A-------J-: section/detail marks

A-------K-: revision marks

A-------G-: grid (graphics and dimensions)

A-------U-: user (red and construction lines)

A-------B-: border (border lines/frame and other graphics) in paper space

A-------V-: text (title and notes) in paper space

A-------I-: tabular information (legends, schedules and tables) in paper space

A-------E-N: new work elements

A-------E-E: elements existing to remain

A-------E-R: elements existing to be removed

A-------E1: line thickness 0,13 mm

A-------E2: line thickness 0,18 mm

A-------E3: line thickness 0,25 mm

A-------E4: line thickness 0,35 mm

A-------E5: line thickness 0,50 mm

A-------E6: line thickness 0,70 mm

A-------T1: text height 1,8 mm

A-------T2: text height 2,5 mm

A-------T3: text height 3,5 mm

A-------T4: text height 5,0 mm

A-------T5: text height 7,0 mm

A-------T6: text height 10,0 mm

Architectural layers using UniClass

Using UniClass Table G and Table H (exceptionally F and J tables).

A-F1----E-: zones (blocks, wings, floors, departments)

A-F2----E-: rooms

A-F2----T-: room numbers and text

A-F3----E-: circulation (foyers, halls, stairs, corridors, gangways)

A-F9----E-: building space analysed (areas)

A-F911--E-: usable area (ISO 9836)

A-F912--E-: circulation area (ISO 9836)

A-F913--E-: services area (ISO 9836)

A-F914--E-: structural element area (ISO 9836)

A-F919--E-: gross area (ISO 9836)

A-G-----E-: building

A-G11---E-: site clearance

A-G12---E-: ground contouring

A-G2----E-: building fabric

A-G21---E-: foundations

A-G21---E5: foundations in section

A-G22---E-: floors, slabs

A-G22---E5: floors, slabs in section

A-G23---E-: stairs (incl. balaustrades), ramps

A-G23---E5: stairs and ramps in section

A-G24---E-: roofs

A-G24---E5: roofs in section

A-G25---E-: walls

A-G25---E5: walls in section

A-G251--E-: external walls

A-G252--E-: internal walls

A-G26---E-: structural frame, columns, beams, bracing

A-G26---E5: structural frame, columns, beams, bracing in section

A-G321--E-: windows

A-G322--E-: doors

A-G33---E-: internal finishes (on floor, ceilings, walls)

A-G331--E-: floor finishes

A-G332--E-: ceilings/soffit finishes

A-G333--E-: internal wall finishes

A-G4----E-: fittings, furnitures, equipments

A-G44---E-: sanitary fittings

A-G50---E-: water supply (water pipes)

A-G501--E-: cold water

A-G502--E-: hot water

A-G51---E-: gas supply

A-G52---E-: heating/ventilation/air conditioning (HVAC) (HVAC ductworks)

A-G53---E-: electric power (cable runs)

A-G54---E-: lighting fixtures (fittings)

A-G55---E-: communications (radio, TV, telephones, computer networks)

A-G561--E-: lifts

A-G562--E-: escalators

A-G57---E-: protection (security, fire)

A-G581--E-: removal /disposal, drainage

A-G6----E-: energy (heat, electricity) generation, storage and conversion

A-G7----E-: external site works

A-G71---E-: surface treatment of external site (hard surfaces, landscaping)

A-G72---E-: enclosures of external site (fence, walls)

A-G74---E-: fittings/furnitures/equipment of external site (manholes)

A-G77---E-: underground drainage in external site (drain runs)

A-H-----E-: civil engineering works (non-building)

A-H1----E-: pavements and landscaping (ground, pavements, etc.)

A-H122--E-: surfacing to pavements and hard landscaping

A-H123--E-: edgework to pavements and hard landscaping

A-H132--E-: electrical installations (mechanical, lighting, power, communications)

A-H142--E-: fittings

A-H1422-E-: signs

A-H1424-E-: street furniture

A-H735--E-: drainage (non building)

A-JE0---E-: concrete

A-JF1---E-: block/brick work

A-JF2---E-: stone

A-JG1---E-: metal

A-JG10--E-: structural steel

A-JG2---E-: timber

A-JK3---E-: glass

A-Z001--T-: identification tags, rooms, door numbers

A-Z400--E-: special presentation

A-Z410--E-: cars

A-Z420--E-: people

A-Z430--E-: trees

A-Z900--U-: non-plotting

A-Z920--E-: external reference (Xref)

Note: Elements cut by section has been provvisionally indicated as A-****--E5 (reflecting the use of a wider line). An alternative -but longest- notation could be A-****--E-------2 (defining the view as section) or A-****--ES.

Architectural layers using CI/SfB

A-100---E-: substructure

A-110---E-: groundwork

A-160---E-: foundations

A-170---E-: pile foundations

A-210---E-: external walls

A-214---E-: external curtain walls

A-220---E-: internal walls

A-226---E-: internal framing & cladding

A-230---E-: floors

A-240---E-: stairs

A-270---E-: roofs

A-28----E-: building frames

A-280---E-: beams and columns

A-281---E-: metal columns

A-282---E-: concrete columns

A-283---E-: metal beams

A-284---E-: concrete beams

A-285---E-: timber beams

A-310---E-: external wall completions

A-314---E-: external windows

A-315---E-: external doors

A-320---E-: internal wall completions

A-324---E-: internal windows

A-325---E-: internal doors

A-330---E-: floor completions

A-340---E-: stairs

A-350---E-: ceilings

A-370---E-: roof completion's

A-374---E-: roof windows

A-410---E-: external wall finishes

A-420---E-: internal wall finishes

A-430---E-: floor finishes

A-440---E-: stair finishes

A-450---E-: ceiling finishes

A-470---E-: roof finishes

A-5-----E-: services, non electrical

A-500---E-: mechanical

A-52----E-: waste disposal, drainage

A-53----E-: water & liquid supply

A-54----E-: gas supply

A-55----E-: space cooling, refrigeration

A-56----E-: space heating

A-57----E-: ventilation

A-59----E-: parts, accessories to piped, ducted services

A-6-----E-: services, mainly electrical

A-600---E-: electrical

A-61----E-: electrical supply

A-62----E-: power supply

A-63----E-: lighting

A-630---E-: lamps

A-640---E-: communications

A-65----E-: telecommunications

A-660---E-: transports

A-661---E-: lifts

A-68----E-: security protection

A-700---E-: general fittings & furniture

A-71----E-: circulation fitting

A-72----E-: rest, work fittings

A-73----E-: kitchens, culinary fittings

A-74----E-: sanitary fittings

A-75----E-: cleaning fittings

A-76----E-: storage fittings

A-77----E-: special activity fittings

A-78----E-: loose fittings

A-900---E-: external works

A-910---E-: site information

A-920---E-: survey information

A-930---E-: land drainage/services

A-940---E-: landscaping

A-950---E-: hard surfaces

A-960---E-: utilities

A-970---E-: fences/equipment

A-980---E-: special landscaping

A-990---E-: environmental data

See also

CAD standards

CPIC

Uniclass

List of ISO standards

External links

The Electronic Journal of Information Technology in Construction

Paper by ITCON in pdf

Another paper by ITCON in pdf

Categories: ISO standards | Computer-aided design

Water Pump

China Product




For the technical apparatus, see Pump.

Water Pump (Urdu: ) is one of the neighbourhoods of Gulberg Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It is near main Water Pump that supplies fresh water to the city of Karachi. yag laser marking

There are several ethnic groups in Water Pump including Muhajirs, Punjabis, Sindhis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Balochis, Memons, Bohras, Ismailis, etc. Over 99% of the population is Muslim. The population of Gulberg Town is estimated to be nearly one million. co2 laser cutting

References hene laser

^ Gulberg Town - Government of Karachi

External links

Karachi Website.

v  d  e

Neighbourhoods of Karachi

Baldia Town

Ittehad Town  Gulshan-e-Ghazi  Islam Nagar  Muhajir Camp  Muslim Mujahid Colony  Nai Abadi  Rasheedabad  Saeedabad

Bin Qasim Town

Cattle Colony  Gaghar  Gulshan-e-Hadeed  Ibrahim Hyderi  Landhi Colony  Quaidabad  Rehri

Gadap Town

Darsano Chana  Gadap  Gujro  Manghopir  Maymarabad  Murad Memon Goth  Songal  Yousuf Goth

Gulberg Town

Aisha Manzil 

Ancholi  Azizabad  Karimabad  Shafiq Mill Colony  Naseerabad  Water Pump  Yaseenabad

Gulshan Town

Civic Centre  Delhi Mercantile Society  Essa Nagri  Gillani Railway Station  Gulshan-e-Iqbal I 

Gulshan-e-Iqbal II  Gulzar-e-Hijri  Jamali Colony  Metroville Colony  Pehlwan Goth  P.I.B. Colony  Safooran Goth  Shanti Nagar

Jamshed Town

Akhtar Colony  Azam Basti  Central Jacob Lines  Chanesar Goth  Garden East 

Jamshed Quarters  Jut Line  Mahmudabad  Manzoor Colony  Pakistan Quarters  P.E.C.H.S.  P.E.C.H.S. II  Soldier Bazar

Keamari Town

Baba Bhit  Bhutta Village  Gabo Pat  Kakapir  Keamari  Machar Colony  Maripur  Salehabad  Shams Pir  Shershah  Sultanabad

Korangi Town

Bilal Colony  Chakra Goth  Gulzar Colony  Hasrat Mohani Colony  Hundred Quarters  Korangi Sector 33  Mustafa Taj Colony  Nasir Colony  Zaman Town

Landhi Town

Awami Colony  Bhutto Nagar  Burmee Colony  Dawood Chowrangi  Khawaja Ajmeer Colony 

Korangi  Landhi  Moinabad  Muslimabad  Muzafarabad  Sharafi Goth  Sherabad

Liaquatabad Town

Abbasi Shaheed  Bandhani Colony  Commercial Area  Dak Khana  Firdous Colony 

Mujahid Colony  Nazimabad  Qasimabad  Rizvia Society  Sharifabad  Super Market

Lyari Town

Agra Taj Colony  Allama Iqbal Colony  Baghdadi  Bihar Colony  Chakiwara 

Daryaabad  Khada Memon Society  Nawabad  Ragiwara  Shah Baig Line  Singo Line

Malir Town

Gharibabad  Ghazi Brohi Goth  Jafar-e-Tayyar  Kala Board  Khokhra Par  Model Colony  Saudabad  Usmanabad

New Karachi Town

Abu Zar Ghaffari  Faisal Colony  Fatima Jinnah Colony  Godhra  Gulshan-e-Saeed 

Hakim Ahsan  Kalyana  Khamiso Goth  Khawaja Ajmeer Nagri  Madina Colony  Mustufa Colony  Shah Nawaz Bhutto Colony  Sir Syed Colony

North Nazimabad Town

Buffer Zone  Buffer Zone II  Farooq-e-Azam  Hyderi  Khandu Goth 

Nusrat Bhutto Colony  Pahar Ganj  Paposh Nagar  Sakhi Hassan  Shadman Town

Orangi Town

Baloch Goth  Bilal Colony  Chisti Nagar  Data Nagar  Ghabool Town 

Ghaziabad  Hanifabad  Haryana Colony  Iqbal Baloch Colony  Madina Colony  Mohammad Nagar  Mominabad  Mujahidabad

Saddar Town

City Railway Colony  Civil Line  Clifton  Garden  Gazdarabad 

Islam Pura/Millat Nagar  Kharadar  Khehkashan  Nanak Wara  Old Haji Camp  Saddar

Shah Faisal Town

Al-Falah Society  Drigh Colony  Moria Khan Goth  Natha Khan Goth

  Pak Sadat Colony  Rafa-e-Aam Society  Raita Plot

SITE Town

Banaras Colony  Bhawani Chali  Frontier Colony  Islamia Colony

  Jahanabad  Metrovil  Old Golimar  Pak Colony  Qasba Colony

Cantonment Areas

Clifton Cantonment  Defence Housing Society  Faisal Cantonment  Karachi Cantonment  Korangi Creek Cantonment

  Malir Cantonment  Manora Cantonment

This Pakistan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

v  d  e

Categories: Neighbourhoods of Karachi | Pakistan geography stubsHidden categories: Articles containing Urdu language text | Pakistan articles missing geocoordinate data | All articles needing coordinates

MB

China Product


MB and Mb may refer to

Megabyte (MB), a measure of amount of information used, for example, to quantify computer memory or storage capacity.

Megabit (Mb, or properly: Mbit), a measure of amount of information commonly used in the combination Mb/s (megabit per second) to express the rate data is transferred. drusy

MB may further refer to lace agate

Bachelor of Medicine, an academic degree (Medicinae Baccalaureus) rough opal

Lee Myung-bak, the president of South Korea, using the initials from his given name

Macbeth

MacBook

Mandalay Bay, a hotel and casino in Las Vegas

Manitoba, Canada

Marching band

Martinique's FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code

Maurizio Bianchi or MB, an Italian noise musician

MB Doctrine, the foreign policy doctrine of South Korean president Lee Myung-bak

Medal of Bravery, Canadian decoration

Mercedes-Benz, a German brand of automobiles, buses, coaches and trucks

Meridian and Bigbee Railroad's reporting mark

Message board

Mighty B, childrens' TV show

Mighty Beanz, toys for children

Milton Bradley Company, a board game and sometimes video game publisher

Minibus, a type of car

Monica Bellucci

Montgomery Burns

Motherboard

Mount&Blade, a game developed by TaleWorlds

Movie Battles, a computer game mod

Muppet Babies

Muslim Brotherhood, Islamic opposition party in Egypt

Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

Mythbusters

Mb may further refer to

Megabase, a unit of measurement in genetics.

Mb (digraph)

Myoglobin

mb may refer to

Body wave magnitude (mb), a type of seismic scale.

Millibar, a unit of pressure

Millibarn, a unit of area used in nuclear physics and particle physics

Millibit, a (rare) unit of information equal to one thousandth of a bit

mb, a rarely used unit of Imperial weight equal to 1000lbs or roughly 453 Kilograms

File format ".MB"

MapBasic, MapBasic Source Code;

Mathematica Binary before Mathematica 4.0;

Maya Binary, the 3D file format for Maya (software);

MaBiao (), code table of IMEGen Applet designed by Microsoft and Zhong Yi (), distributed with Windows.

mB may refer to

Millibel, a hundredth of a decibel

References

^ "The textural language machine: a system of associative electronicnetworks for efficient processing of neural language texts". Hilberg, W. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1991. Volume i, Issue , 8-11 Jan 1991 Page(s):219 - 228 vol.1.

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.

If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Categories: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: Articles containing Latin language text | All article disambiguation pages | All disambiguation pages

Kazuhito Tadano

China Product


Biography

Tadano as the ace pitcher led Yachiyoshoin High School to the National High School Baseball Championship (Summer Koshien) for the first time. He had been a highly regarded pitcher coming out of Rikkyo University. He was expected to be a high draft pick in the Nippon Professional Baseball draft in 2002, but no Japanese team drafted him due to the gay porn video scandal, which forced him to leave Japan.

The Cleveland Indians signed Tadano as a free agent in 2003, and he quickly rose through the Cleveland farm system, making his debut in 2004. He made 14 appearances and four starts with a 4.65 ERA in 50 innings. In January 2004, it was widely reported in the U.S. that Tadano was featured in a gay porn video three years previous, with Tadano appearing at a press conference organized by the team. Tadano said "I was young, playing baseball, and going to college and my teammates and I needed money" and "I'm not gay." acoustical wall

He was sidelined due to an injury early in the 2005 season, but recovered and was shuttled between Cleveland and the Buffalo Bisons for the rest of the year. vinyl shake siding

On April 4, 2006, Tadano was traded to the Oakland Athletics for outfielder Ramon Alvarado. structural insulated panel

In 2007, Tadano was sent down to Oakland's Double-A team, Midland, after being invited to spring training. He was eventually promoted back up to Triple-A and started off well, looking extremely sharp with a plus splitter. Curiously, he ran into trouble in June. His ERA ballooned as he gave up 29 runs over 5 games. He was moved to the bullpen in July after Oakland demoted Colby Lewis and Shane Komine.

In 2008, he was the first-pick by the Nippon Ham Fighters in the university/company player draft in 2007, he would become the last player in the Matsuzaka Generation to start his NPB life. He missed the start of the 2008 season with an injury.

See Also

LGBT in Japan

References

^ a b "Minor leaguer: It was a 'one-time incident'". ESPN. 2004-01-28. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=1720362. Retrieved 2008-02-22. 

^ Baseball Player's Gay Porn Past, CBSnews.com, January 28, 2004. Accessed July 9, 2007.

External links

Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball-Reference, or Fangraphs, or The Baseball Cube

Nippon Professional Baseball career statistics from Japanesebaseball.com

v  d  e

Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters current roster

1 Hichori Morimoto | 2 Shinji Takahashi | 3 Kensuke Tanaka | 4 Yuji Iiyama | 5 Naoto Inada | 6 Sho Nakata | 8 Makoto Kaneko | 11 Yu Darvish | 12 Buddy Carlyle | 16 Kazuhito Tadano | 19 Masanori Hayashi | 20 Keisaku Itokazu | 21 Hisashi Takeda | 22 Yoshinori Tateyama | 23 Tomohiro Nioka | 25 Naoki Miyanishi | 27 Shintaro Ejiri | 28 Shota Ono | 29 Tomoya Yagi | 31 Eiichi Koyano | 38 Masaru Takeda | 48 Keisuke Tanimoto | 51 Kazuya Murata | 52 Toshimasa Konta | 58 Takayuki Takaguchi | 62 Ryota Imanari | 64 Shinya Tsuruoka |

Coaching: Manager 88 Masataka Nashida

Categories: 1980 births | Living people | Major League Baseball pitchers | Cleveland Indians players | People from Tokyo | People appearing in gay pornography | Kinston Indians players | Major League Baseball players from Japan | Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters players | Akron Aeros players | Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players | Stockton Ports players | Sacramento River Cats playersHidden categories: Articles containing Japanese language text