China Product
MB and Mb may refer to
Megabyte (MB), a measure of amount of information used, for example, to quantify computer memory or storage capacity.
Megabit (Mb, or properly: Mbit), a measure of amount of information commonly used in the combination Mb/s (megabit per second) to express the rate data is transferred. drusy
MB may further refer to lace agate
Bachelor of Medicine, an academic degree (Medicinae Baccalaureus) rough opal
Lee Myung-bak, the president of South Korea, using the initials from his given name
Macbeth
MacBook
Mandalay Bay, a hotel and casino in Las Vegas
Manitoba, Canada
Marching band
Martinique's FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code
Maurizio Bianchi or MB, an Italian noise musician
MB Doctrine, the foreign policy doctrine of South Korean president Lee Myung-bak
Medal of Bravery, Canadian decoration
Mercedes-Benz, a German brand of automobiles, buses, coaches and trucks
Meridian and Bigbee Railroad's reporting mark
Message board
Mighty B, childrens' TV show
Mighty Beanz, toys for children
Milton Bradley Company, a board game and sometimes video game publisher
Minibus, a type of car
Monica Bellucci
Montgomery Burns
Motherboard
Mount&Blade, a game developed by TaleWorlds
Movie Battles, a computer game mod
Muppet Babies
Muslim Brotherhood, Islamic opposition party in Egypt
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
Mythbusters
Mb may further refer to
Megabase, a unit of measurement in genetics.
Mb (digraph)
Myoglobin
mb may refer to
Body wave magnitude (mb), a type of seismic scale.
Millibar, a unit of pressure
Millibarn, a unit of area used in nuclear physics and particle physics
Millibit, a (rare) unit of information equal to one thousandth of a bit
mb, a rarely used unit of Imperial weight equal to 1000lbs or roughly 453 Kilograms
File format ".MB"
MapBasic, MapBasic Source Code;
Mathematica Binary before Mathematica 4.0;
Maya Binary, the 3D file format for Maya (software);
MaBiao (), code table of IMEGen Applet designed by Microsoft and Zhong Yi (), distributed with Windows.
mB may refer to
Millibel, a hundredth of a decibel
References
^ "The textural language machine: a system of associative electronicnetworks for efficient processing of neural language texts". Hilberg, W. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1991. Volume i, Issue , 8-11 Jan 1991 Page(s):219 - 228 vol.1.
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Categories: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: Articles containing Latin language text | All article disambiguation pages | All disambiguation pages
Thursday, April 22, 2010
MB
Kazuhito Tadano
China Product
Biography
Tadano as the ace pitcher led Yachiyoshoin High School to the National High School Baseball Championship (Summer Koshien) for the first time. He had been a highly regarded pitcher coming out of Rikkyo University. He was expected to be a high draft pick in the Nippon Professional Baseball draft in 2002, but no Japanese team drafted him due to the gay porn video scandal, which forced him to leave Japan.
The Cleveland Indians signed Tadano as a free agent in 2003, and he quickly rose through the Cleveland farm system, making his debut in 2004. He made 14 appearances and four starts with a 4.65 ERA in 50 innings. In January 2004, it was widely reported in the U.S. that Tadano was featured in a gay porn video three years previous, with Tadano appearing at a press conference organized by the team. Tadano said "I was young, playing baseball, and going to college and my teammates and I needed money" and "I'm not gay." acoustical wall
He was sidelined due to an injury early in the 2005 season, but recovered and was shuttled between Cleveland and the Buffalo Bisons for the rest of the year. vinyl shake siding
On April 4, 2006, Tadano was traded to the Oakland Athletics for outfielder Ramon Alvarado. structural insulated panel
In 2007, Tadano was sent down to Oakland's Double-A team, Midland, after being invited to spring training. He was eventually promoted back up to Triple-A and started off well, looking extremely sharp with a plus splitter. Curiously, he ran into trouble in June. His ERA ballooned as he gave up 29 runs over 5 games. He was moved to the bullpen in July after Oakland demoted Colby Lewis and Shane Komine.
In 2008, he was the first-pick by the Nippon Ham Fighters in the university/company player draft in 2007, he would become the last player in the Matsuzaka Generation to start his NPB life. He missed the start of the 2008 season with an injury.
See Also
LGBT in Japan
References
^ a b "Minor leaguer: It was a 'one-time incident'". ESPN. 2004-01-28. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=1720362. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
^ Baseball Player's Gay Porn Past, CBSnews.com, January 28, 2004. Accessed July 9, 2007.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball-Reference, or Fangraphs, or The Baseball Cube
Nippon Professional Baseball career statistics from Japanesebaseball.com
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Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters current roster
1 Hichori Morimoto | 2 Shinji Takahashi | 3 Kensuke Tanaka | 4 Yuji Iiyama | 5 Naoto Inada | 6 Sho Nakata | 8 Makoto Kaneko | 11 Yu Darvish | 12 Buddy Carlyle | 16 Kazuhito Tadano | 19 Masanori Hayashi | 20 Keisaku Itokazu | 21 Hisashi Takeda | 22 Yoshinori Tateyama | 23 Tomohiro Nioka | 25 Naoki Miyanishi | 27 Shintaro Ejiri | 28 Shota Ono | 29 Tomoya Yagi | 31 Eiichi Koyano | 38 Masaru Takeda | 48 Keisuke Tanimoto | 51 Kazuya Murata | 52 Toshimasa Konta | 58 Takayuki Takaguchi | 62 Ryota Imanari | 64 Shinya Tsuruoka |
Coaching: Manager 88 Masataka Nashida
Categories: 1980 births | Living people | Major League Baseball pitchers | Cleveland Indians players | People from Tokyo | People appearing in gay pornography | Kinston Indians players | Major League Baseball players from Japan | Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters players | Akron Aeros players | Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players | Stockton Ports players | Sacramento River Cats playersHidden categories: Articles containing Japanese language text
BMW E24
China Product
Model history
The E24 was a replacement for the CS and CSL coups first produced in 1965. The CS 3.0 was almost changed by adding a few inches in height to make it easier for customers to get into the car. However, Bob Lutz rebelled against the decision and rough drafted an alternative version that soon became the 6 series. Production started in March 1976 with two models: the 630CS and 633CSi. Originally the bodies were manufactured by Karmann, but production was later taken in-house to BMW.
In July 1978 a more powerful variant, the 635CSi, was introduced (for the time being not available in North America and Japan) that featured as standard a special close-ratio 5-speed gearbox and a black rear spoiler. gv 1480
In 1979 the carburetted 630CS was replaced with the 628CSi; this car had a fuel injected 2.8L engine taken from the BMW 528i. geovision dvr card
In 1982 (Europe) and 1983 (US), the E24 changed slightly, with an improved interior and slightly modified exterior. At the same time, the 635CSi received a new engine, a slightly smaller-bored and longer-stroked 3430 cc six to replace the former 3453 cc engine and became available with a wide-ratio 5-speed or an automatic. gv 1240
E24s produced after June 1987 came with ellipsoid headlamps instead of the halogen lamps of earlier models. The sleeker European bumpers were also discontinued. Previous cars had either a European-standard bumper or a larger, reinforced bumper to meet the US standard requiring bumpers to withstand impact at 5 mph (8 km/h) without damage to safety-related components. 1989 was the last year for the E24 with production stopping in April. The E24 was supplanted by the considerably heavier, more complex, and more exclusive E31.
M Version
The M635CSi was introduced in Europe at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 1983. It is essentially an E24 powered by the powerplant of the BMW M1 (the M88, now putting out 286 PS (210 kW; 282 hp)). Most M635csi's were equipped with special metric 415 mm diameter wheels requiring Michelin TRX tires. A catalyzed, lower compression ratio version of the car with the S38 engine putting out 260 PS (190 kW; 260 hp) was introduced in the U.S. in 1987. All M635/M6s came standard with a 25% rear slip differential. U.S. models included additional comforts such as Nappa leather power seats and a dedicated rear A/C unit with a center beverage chiller. Car and Driver tested a U.S. M6 in July 1987 and achieved a 0-60 time of 6.1 seconds, better than the BMW published 6.4 and 6.8 second times for the European and U.S. versions respectively. 4,088 M635CSis were built between 1983 and 1988 with 1,767 U.S. M6s built.
North America and Japan
While in most markets several E24 versions were usually available, markets with strict emission control regulations received only a single model (except for the M6 that was later offered additionally). This meant that in North America and Japan, BMW offered the following models :
1988 BMW M6
630CSi (MY 1977 through 1978)
633CSi (MY 1978 through 1984)
635CSi (MY 1985 through 1989)
L6 (MY 1987 - Luxury Edition 635CSi NA-only)
M6 (MY 1987 through 1989)
In 1977, the 6er was released in the US as the 630CSi. This was a fuel-injected version of the carburetted 630CS available elsewhere. Its 3-litre engine developed 176 horsepower (131 kW) and 185 ftlbf (251 Nm) of torque.
In mid-model year 1978 the 630CSi was replaced by the 633CSi. US/Japan specification 633CSi cars had the M30 3.2 litre 181 hp (135 kW) engine until 1984. In 1985 the car was renamed 635CSi, displacement was increased to 3.4 litres and horsepower increased slightly to 182 hp (136 kW). The big difference, however, was torque. Whereas the 3.2 litre had 195 ftlbf (264 Nm) at 4,000 rpm, the 3.4 litre powerplant managed 214 ftlbf (290 Nm) at 4,000 rpm.
From model year 1983, North American and Japanese versions benefitted from the technical revisions and changes to the interior introduced elsewhere in spring or summer 1982. Its chassis was now based on the E28 and no longer on the E12. The front and rear suspension was also revised. Later a self-levelling rear suspension was added to the 635 CSi and M6 features list in 1988.
The US received its own M series E24 in 1987 called the M6. The S38 powerplant found in the US model had several modifications from the M88 powerplant in the European model, most notably: a double row timing chain, modified cam tray, different valve lengths, a slightly different cam profile, less elaborate exhaust manifold (rather than full headers), Bosch X5DC copper spark plugs (instead of Bosch Silver plugs on the M88) and the introduction of an oxygen sensor for the EFI. These changes coupled with the introduction of a catalytic converter for emission regulations reduced the output to 256 hp (191 kW). The US model also included a variety of options not found on the earlier European models, to include: heated power seats, sport tuned self-levelling rear suspension, A/C cooled ice box between the rear seats, A/C vents for rear seat occupants, sunshade for rear occupants and an 8 speaker "premium" sound system.
In 1988, the US E24 was now available with the newest version of the M30, the 3.4L (first used in the E32 735i). Even though the intake manifold states 3.5 it's technically a 3.4 (3430cc) like the previous 3.4. This engine had an increased compression ratio, and updated Motronics/DME. The result was 208 hp (155 kW) and 225 ftlbf (305 Nm) torque. In effect, this engine was identical to the catalyzed version newly available in Germany and other markets.
Technical data BMW 628CSi-M 635CSi (E24) (except North America and Japan) (Manufacturer's figures except where stated)
BMW
628CSi
630CS
633CSi
635CSi
635CSi
M635CSi
Produced:
19791987
19761979
19761982
19781981
19821989
19831989
Engine:
6-cylinder-inline engine (four-stroke), front-mounted
Bore Stroke:
86 mm 80 mm
89 mm 80 mm
89 mm x 86 mm
93.4 mm x 84 mm
92 mm 86 mm
93.4 mm 84 mm
Displacement:
2788 cc
2985 cc
3210 cc
3453 cc
3430 cc
3453 cc
Max. Power @ rpm:
184 PS (135 kW; 181 hp) @ 5800
185 PS (136 kW; 182 hp) @ 5800
197 PS (145 kW; 194 hp) @ 5500
218 PS (160 kW; 215 hp) @ 5200
218 PS (160 kW; 215 hp) @ 5200
286 PS (210 kW; 282 hp) @ 6500
Max. Torque @ rpm:
235 Nm (173 lbft) @ 4200
255 Nm (188 lbft) @ 3500
284 Nm (209 lbft) @ 4300
304 Nm (224 lbft) @ 4000
304 Nm (224 lbft) @ 4000
333 Nm (246 lbft) @ 4500
Compression Ratio:
9.3: 1
9.0 : 1
9.3 : 1
9.3 : 1
10.0 : 1
10.5 : 1
Fuel feed:
fuel injection
Bosch L-Jetronic
single downdraft carburetor
Pierburg 4A1
fuel injection
Bosch L-Jetronic
fuel injection
Bosch Motronic
Fuel tank capacity:
70 L (18.5 US gal; 15.4 imp gal)
Valvetrain:
12 valves, SOHC, duplex chain
24 valves, DOHC, duplex chain
Cooling:
Water
Gearbox:
4-speed manual, from 1979 5-speed manual (wide- or close-ratio)
on request 3-speed automatic, from 1983 4-speed automatic
rear wheel drive
5-speed manual
rear wheel drive
Electrical system:
12 volt
Front suspension:
McPherson axle, coil springs, stabilising bar
Rear suspension::
Trailing arms, struts, coil springs, stabilising bar
Brakes:
disc brakes ( front 280 mm, rear 272 mm), power assisted, from MY 1984: ABS
Steering:
ZF recirculating ball steering, power assisted
Body structure:
Sheet steel, unibody construction
Dry weight:
1,450 kg (3,200 lb)
1,475 kg (3,250 lb)
1,495 kg (3,300 lb)
1,520 kg (3,400 lb)
1,470 kg (3,200 lb)
1,510 kg (3,300 lb)
Loaded weight:
1,830 kg (4,000 lb)
1,830 kg (4,000 lb)
1,830 kg (4,000 lb)
1,860 kg (4,100 lb)
1,850 kg (4,100 lb)
1,850 kg (4,100 lb)
Track front/
rear:
1,422 mm (56.0 in) 1,487 mm (58.5 in)
1,422 mm (56.0 in) 1,487 mm (58.5 in)
1,422 mm (56.0 in) 1,487 mm (58.5 in)
1,430 mm (56 in) 1,460 mm (57 in)
1,430 mm (56 in) 1,460 mm (57 in)
1,430 mm (56 in) 1,464 mm (57.6 in)
Wheelbase:
2,626 mm (103.4 in)
2,626 mm (103.4 in)
2,626 mm (103.4 in)
2,626 mm (103.4 in)
2,626 mm (103.4 in)
2,626 mm (103.4 in)
Length:
4,755 mm (187.2 in)
4,755 mm (187.2 in)
4,755 mm (187.2 in)
4,755 mm (187.2 in)
4,755 mm (187.2 in)
4,755 mm (187.2 in)
Width:
1,725 mm (67.9 in)
1,725 mm (67.9 in)
1,725 mm (67.9 in)
1,725 mm (67.9 in)
1,725 mm (67.9 in)
1,725 mm (67.9 in)
Height:
1,365 mm (53.7 in)
1,365 mm (53.7 in)
1,365 mm (53.7 in)
1,365 mm (53.7 in)
1,365 mm (53.7 in)
1,354 mm (53.3 in)
Tyre/Tire sizes:
195/70VR14
195/70VR14
195/70VR14
195/70VR14
205/70VR14
220/55VR390
or 240/45VR415
Top speed:
215 km/h (134 mph)
210 km/h (130 mph)
215 km/h (134 mph)
222 km/h (138 mph)
225 km/h (140 mph)
255 km/h (158 mph)
Fuel Consumption (estimates):
15.5 litres per 100 kilometres (18.2 mpg-imp; 15.2 mpg-US)
16.5 litres per 100 kilometres (17.1 mpg-imp; 14.3 mpg-US)
16.5 litres per 100 kilometres (17.1 mpg-imp; 14.3 mpg-US)
17.0 litres per 100 kilometres (16.6 mpg-imp; 13.8 mpg-US)
15.0 litres per 100 kilometres (18.8 mpg-imp; 15.7 mpg-US)
18.0 litres per 100 kilometres (15.7 mpg-imp; 13.1 mpg-US)
Sources and further reading
^ a b Oswald, Werner (1. Auflage 2001). Deutsche Autos 1945-1990, Band 4. Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-613-02131-5.
^ Guts: Robert A. Lutz, Wriley and Sons, Pub. Copyright 2003
^ http://www.bmwmregistry.com/model_faq.php?id=5
^ Mike Covello: Standard Catalog of Imported Cars 1945-2002. Krause Publications, Iola 2002, ISBN 0-87341-605-8.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: BMW E24
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previous BMW road car timeline, 1950s-1980s next
Type
Series
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Microcar
Isetta 250 / 300
Small family car
600
LS/700
Compact exec
3 Series
340/340-2
1602/2002
E21
E30
Executive
5 Series
327
1500,1800,2000
E12
E28
E34
Luxury
7 Series
501/502
E3
E23
E32
Coup
1600GT
6 Series
503
3200 CS
2000CS
E9
E24
Roadster
Z Series
507
Z1
Sports car/GT
M1, 8 Series
E26
E31
Categories: BMW platforms | Vehicles introduced in 1976Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from February 2008 | All articles needing additional references
George Burns
China Product
Early life
Nathan Birnbaum was the ninth of twelve children born to Louis and Dorothy (Bluth) Birnbaum in New York City. His father was a substitute cantor at the local synagogue but did not work very often. During the influenza epidemic of 1903, Louis contracted the flu and died. Nattie (as he was known to his family) started working in 1903 after his father's death, shining shoes, running errands, and selling newspapers. When he landed a job as a syrup maker in a local candy shop at age seven, Nattie Birnbaum was discovered, as he recalled many years later:
We were all about the same age, six and seven, and when we were bored making syrup, we used to practise singing harmony in the basement. One day our letter carrier came down to the basement. His name was Lou Farley. Feingold was his real name, but he changed it to Farley. He wanted the whole world to sing harmony. He came down to the basement once to deliver a letter and heard the four of us kids singing harmony. He liked our style, so we sang a couple more songs for him. Then we looked up at the head of the stairs and saw three or four people listening to us and smiling. In fact, they threw down a couple of pennies. So I said to the kids I was working with, 'no more chocolate syrup. It's show business from now on'. stpp
We called ourselves the Peewee Quartet. We started out singing on ferryboats, in saloons, in brothels, and on street corners. We'd put our hats down for donations. Sometimes the customers threw something in the hats. Sometimes they took something out of the hats. Sometimes they took the hats. alpha ketoglutarate
Burns quit school in the fourth grade to go into show business full-time. Like many performers of his generation, he tried practically anything he could to entertain, including trick roller skating, teaching dance, singing, and adagio dancing in small-time vaudeville. During these years, he began smoking cigars and later in his older years was characteristically known as doing shows and puffing on his cigar. He adopted the stage name by which he would be known for the rest of his life. He claimed in a few interviews that the idea of the name originated from the fact that two star major league players (George H. Burns and George J. Burns, unrelated) were playing major league baseball at the time. Both men achieved over 2000 major league hits and hold some major league records. Burns also was reported to have taken the name George from his brother and the Burns from the Burns Brothers Coal Company (he used to steal coal from their truck). citrus pectin
He normally partnered with a girl, sometimes in an adagio dance routine, sometimes comic patter. Though he had an apparent flair for comedy, he never quite clicked with any of his partners, until he met a young Irish Catholic lady in 1923. "And all of a sudden," he said famously (and repeatedlyever failing to get a laugh from it, either) in later years "the audience realised I had a talent. They were right. I did have a talentnd I was married to her for 38 years."
Gracie Allen
Main article: Gracie Allen
George Burns, Gracie Allen and children aboard Matson flagship Lurline just before they sailed for Hawaii, 1938
Grace Ethel Cecile Rosalie Allen was born into an Irish Catholic show business family and educated at Star of the Sea Convent School in San Francisco, California in girlhood. She began in vaudeville around 1909, teamed as an Irish-dance act, "The Four Colleens", with her sisters, Bessie, Hazel, and Pearl.
She met George Burns and the two immediately launched a new partnership, with Gracie playing the role of the "straight man" and George delivering the punchlines as the comedian. Burns knew something was wrong when the audience ignored his jokes but snickered at Gracie's questions. Burns cannily flipped the act around: After a Hoboken, New Jersey performance in which they tested the new style for the first time, Burns's hunch proved right. Gracie was the better 'laugh-getter', especially with the "illogical logic" that formed her responses to Burns's prompting comments or questions.
Allen's part was known in vaudeville as a "Dumb Dora" act, named after a very early film of the same name that featured a scatterbrained female protagonist, but her "illogical logic" style was several cuts above the Dumb Dora stereotype, as was Burns's understated straight man. The twosome worked the new style tirelessly on the road, building a following, as well as a reputation for being a reliable "disappointment act" (one that could fill in for another act on short notice). Burns and Allen were so consistently dependable that vaudeville bookers elevated them to the more secure "standard act" status, and finally to the vaudevillian's dream: the Palace Theatre in New York.
Burns wrote their early scripts, but was rarely credited with being such a brilliant comedy writer. He continued to write the act through vaudeville, films, radio, and, finally, television, first by himself, then with his brother Willie and a team of writers. The entire concept of the Burns and Allen characters, however, was one created and developed by Burns.
As the team toured in vaudeville, Burns found himself falling in love with Allen, who was engaged to another performer at the time. After several attempts to win her over, he finally succeeded (by accident) after making her cry at a Christmas party. She told a friend that "if George meant enough to her to make her cry she must be in love with him".
They were married in Cleveland, Ohio on January 7, 1926, somewhat daring for those times, considering Burns's Jewish and Allen's Irish Catholic upbringing. They adopted their daughter, Sandra, in 1934 and son, Ronnie, in 1935. (For her part, Allen also endeared herself to her in-laws by adopting his mother's favorite phrase, used whenever the older woman needed to bring her son back down to earth: "Nattie, you're such a schmuck," using a diminutive of his given name. When Burns's mother died, Allen comforted her grief-stricken husband with the same phrase.)
In later years Burns admitted that, following an argument over a pricey silver table centerpiece Allen wanted, he had a very brief affair with a Las Vegas showgirl. Stricken by guilt, he phoned Jack Benny and told him about the indiscretion. However, Allen overheard the conversation and Burns quietly bought the expensive centerpiece and nothing more was said. Years later, he discovered that Allen had told one of her friends about the episode finishing with "You know, I really wish George would cheat on me again. I could use a new centerpiece."
Stage to screen
Getting a start in motion pictures with a series of comic short films, their feature credits in the mid- to late-1930s included The Big Broadcast; International House (1933), Six of a Kind (1934), The Big Broadcast of 1936, The Big Broadcast of 1937, A Damsel in Distress (1937) in which they danced step for step with Fred Astaire, and College Swing (1938), in which Bob Hope made one of his early film appearances.
Burns and Allen were indirectly responsible for the Bob Hope and Bing Crosby series of "Road" pictures. In 1938, William LeBaron, producer and managing director at Paramount, had a script prepared by Don Hartman and Frank Butler. It was to star Burns and Allen with a young crooner named Bing Crosby. The story did not seem to fit the comedy team's style, so LeBaron ordered Hartman and Butler to rewrite the script to fit two male co-stars: Hope and Crosby. The script was titled Road to Singapore and it made motion picture history when it was released in 1940.
Radio stars
Burns and Allen first made it to radio as the comedy relief for bandleader Guy Lombardo, which did not always sit well with Lombardo's home audience. In his later memoir, The Third Time Around, Burns revealed a college fraternity's protest letter, complaining that they resented their weekly dance parties with their girl friends to "Thirty Minutes of the Sweetest Music This Side of Heaven" had to be broken into by the droll vaudeville team.
In time, though, Burns and Allen found their own show and radio audience, first airing on February 15, 1932 and concentrating on their classic stage routines plus sketch comedy in which the Burns and Allen style was woven into different little scenes, not unlike the short films they made in Hollywood. They were also good for a clever publicity stunt, none more so than the hunt for Gracie's missing brother, a hunt that included Gracie turning up on other radio shows searching for him as well.
The couple was portrayed at first as younger singles, with Allen the object of both Burns's and other cast members affections. Most notably, bandleaders Ray Noble (known for his phrase, "Gracie, this is the first time we've ever been alone") and Artie Shaw played "love" interests to Gracie. In addition, singer Tony Martin played an unwilling love interest of Gracie's, in which Gracie "sexually harassed" him, by threatening to fire him if the romantic interest wasn't returned. In time, however, due to slipping ratings and the difficulty of being portrayed as singles in light of the audience's close familiarity with their real-life marriage, the show adapted in 1940 to present them as the married couple they actually were. For a time, Burns and Allen had a rather distinguished and popular musical director: Artie Shaw, who also appeared as a character in some of the show's sketches. A somewhat different Gracie also marked this era, as the Gracie character could often found to be mean to George.
George Your mother cut my face out of the picture.
Gracie Oh George you're being sensitive.
George I am not! Look at my face! What happened to it?
Gracie I don't know; it looks like you fell on it.
Or
Census Taker What do you make?
Gracie I make cookies and aprons and knit sweaters.
Census Taker No, I mean what do you earn?
Gracie George's salary.
As this format grew stale over the years, Burns and his fellow writers redeveloped the show as a situation comedy in the fall of 1941. The reformat focused on the couple's married life and life among various friends, including Elvia Allman as "Tootsie Sagwell," a man-hungry spinster in love with Bill Goodwin, and neighbors, until the characters of Harry and Blanche Morton entered the picture to stay. Like The Jack Benny Program, the new George Burns & Gracie Allen Show portrayed George and Gracie as entertainers with their own weekly radio show. Goodwin remained, his character as "girl-crazy" as ever, and the music was now handled by Meredith Willson (later to be better known for composing the Broadway musical The Music Man). Willson also played himself on the show as a naive, friendly, girl-shy fellow. The new format's success made it one of the few classic radio comedies to completely re-invent itself and regain major fame.
Supporting players
The supporting cast during this phase included Mel Blanc as the melancholy, ironically named "Happy Postman" (his catchphrase was "Remember, keep smiling!"); Bea Benaderet (later Cousin Pearl in The Beverly Hillbillies and the voice of Betty Rubble in The Flintstones) and Hal March (later more famous as the host of The $64,000 Question) as neighbors Blanche and Harry Morton; and the various members of Gracie's ladies' club, the Beverly Hills Uplift Society. One running gag during this period, stretching into the television era, was Burns's questionable singing voice, as Gracie lovingly referred to her husband as "Sugar Throat." The show received and maintained a top ten rating for the rest of its radio life.
New network
The couple took the show to CBS in the fall of 1949, after having spent virtually their entire radio career to date on NBC. Their good friend Jack Benny reached a negotiating impasse with NBC over the corporation he set up ("Amusement Enterprises") to package his show, the better to put more of his earnings on a capital-gains basis and avoid the 80 percent taxes slapped on very high earners in the World War II period. When CBS executive William S. Paley convinced Benny to move to CBS (Paley, among other things, impressed Benny with his attitude that the performers make the network, not the other way around as NBC chief David Sarnoff reputedly believed), Benny in turn convinced several NBC stars to join him, including Burns and Allen. Thus did CBS reap the benefits when Burns and Allen moved to television in 1950.
Television
On television, The George Burns & Gracie Allen Show put faces to the radio characters audiences had come to love. A number of significant changes were seen in the show:
A parade of actors portrayed Harry Morton: Hal March, The Life Of Riley alumnus John Brown, veteran movie and television character actor Fred Clark, and future Mister Ed co-star Larry Keating.
Burns often broke the fourth wall, and chatted with the home audience, telling understated jokes and commenting wryly about what show characters were doing or undoing. In later shows, he would actually turn on a television and watch what the other characters were up to when he was off camera, then returned to foil the plot.
When announcer Bill Goodwin left after the first season, Burns hired veteran radio announcer Harry Von Zell to succeed him. Von Zell was cast as the good-natured, easily-confused Burns and Allen announcer and buddy. He also became one of the show's running gags, when his involvement in Gracie's harebrained ideas would get him fired at least once a week by Burns.
The first shows were simply a copy of the radio format, complete with lengthy and integrated commercials for sponsor Carnation Evaporated Milk by Goodwin. However, what worked well on radio appeared forced and plodding on television. The show was changed into the now-standard situation comedy format, with the commercials distinct from the plot.
Midway through the run of the television show the Burns' two adopted children, Sandra and Ronald, began to make appearances: Sandy as an occasional drama school classmate of Ronnie, and Ronnie himself as George and Gracie's son, who held his parents' comedy style in befuddled contempt and deemed it unsuitable to the "serious" drama student. In one episode, Ronnie and Sandy, in a plot centered around their school's staging a vaudeville-style show to raise money, performed a remarkable impersonation of their famous parents' stage and radio comedy routines.
Burns and Allen also took a cue from Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz's Desilu Productions and formed a company of their own, McCadden Corporation (named after the street on which Burns's brother lived), headquartered on the General Service Studio lot in the heart of Hollywood, and set up to film television shows and commercials. Besides their own hit show (which made the transition from a bi-weekly live series to a weekly filmed version in the fall of 1952), the couple's company produced such television series as The Bob Cummings Show (subsequently syndicated and rerun as Love That Bob); The People's Choice, starring Jackie Cooper; Mona McClusky, starring Juliet Prowse; and Mister Ed, starring Alan Young and a talented "talking" horse. Several of their good friend Jack Benny's 1953-55 filmed episodes were also produced by McCadden for CBS.
George Burns appeared on the Muppet Show.
The George Burns Show
The George Burns & Gracie Allen Show ran on CBS Television from 1950 through 1958, when Burns at last consented to Allen's retirement. The onset of heart trouble in the early 1950s had left her exhausted from full-time work and she had been anxious to stop but couldn't say no to Burns.
Burns attempted to continue the show (for new sponsor Colgate-Palmolive on NBC), but without Allen to provide the classic Gracie-isms, the show expired after a year.
Wendy and Me
Burns subsequently created Wendy and Me, a situation comedy in which he co-starred with Connie Stevens, Ron Harper, and J. Pat O'Malley. Burns acted primarily as the narrator, and secondarily as the advisor to Stevens' Gracie-like character. The first episode involved the middle-aged Burns watching with amusement the activities of his young upstairs neighbor on his television set, apparently via hidden cameras, then breaking the fourth wall and commenting directly to viewers. The series only lasted a year. In a promotion, Burns had joked that "Connie Stevens plays Wendy, and I play 'me'."
Allen's death
After fighting a long battle with heart disease, Gracie Allen suffered a fatal heart attack in her home on August 27, 1964 at the age of 69. She was entombed in a mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery. In his second book, They Still Love Me in Altoona, Burns wrote that he found it impossible to sleep after her death until he decided to sleep in the bed she used during her illness. He also visited her grave once a month, professing to talk to her about whatever he was doing at the time including, he said, trying to decide whether he really should accept the Sunshine Boys role Jack Benny had to abandon because of his own failing health. He visited the tomb with Ed Bradley during a 60 Minutes interview on November 6, 1988.
The Sunshine Boys
After Gracie's death George immersed himself in work. McCadden Productions co-produced the television series No Time for Sergeants, based on the hit Broadway play; George also produced Juliet Prowse's 1965-'66 NBC situation comedy, Mona McCluskey. At the same time, he toured the U.S. playing nightclub and theater engagements with such diverse partners as Carol Channing, Dorothy Provine, Jane Russell, Connie Haines, and Berle Davis. He also performed a series of solo concerts, playing university campuses, New York's Philharmonic Hall and winding up a successful season at Carnegie Hall, where he wowed a capacity audience with his show-stopping songs, dances, and jokes.
In 1974, Jack Benny signed to play one of the lead roles in the film version of Neil Simon's The Sunshine Boys (Red Skelton was originally the other). Benny's health had begun to fail, however, and he advised his manager Irving Fein to let longtime friend Burns fill in for him on a series of nightclub dates to which Benny had committed around the U.S.
Burns, who enjoyed working, accepted the job. As he recalled years later:
"The happiest people I know are the ones that are still working. The saddest are the ones who are retired. Very few performers retire on their own. It's usually because no one wants them. Six years ago Sinatra announced his retirement. He's still working."
But Benny was never able to work on The Sunshine Boys, as he'd been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, from which he died soon thereafter (December 26, 1974). Burns, heartbroken, said that the only time he ever wept in his life other than Gracie's death was when Benny died. He was chosen to give one of the eulogies at the funeral and said, "Jack was someone special to all of you but he was so special to meI cannot imagine my life without Jack Benny and I will miss him so very much."[citation needed] Burns then broke down and had to be helped to his seat. People who knew George said that he never could really come to terms with his beloved friend's death.
Burns replaced Benny in the film as well as the club tour, a move that turned out to be one of the biggest breaks of his career; his wise performance as faded vaudevillian Al Lewis earned him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and secured his career resurgence for good. At age 80, Burns was the oldest Oscar winner in the history of the Academy Awards, a record that would remain until Jessica Tandy won an Oscar for Driving Miss Daisy in 1989.
Oh, God!
In 1977, Burns made another hit film, Oh, God!, playing the omnipotent title role opposite singer John Denver as an earnest but befuddled supermarket manager, whom God picks at random to revive His message. The image of Burns in a sailor's cap and light springtime jacket as the droll Almighty influenced his subsequent comedic work, as well as that of other comedians. At a celebrity roast in his honor, Dean Martin adapted a Burns crack: "When George was growing up, the Top Ten were the Ten Commandments."
Burns appeared in this character along with Vanessa Williams on the September 1984 cover of Penthouse magazine, the issue which contained the infamous nude photos of Williams, as well as the first appearance of underage pornographic film star Nora Kuzma, better known to the world as Traci Lords. A blurb on the cover even announced "Oh God, she's naked!"
Oh, God! inspired two sequels Oh, God! Book Two (in which the Almighty engages a precocious schoolgirl (Louanne Sirota) to spread the word) and Oh, God! You Deviln which Burns played a dual role as God and the Devil, with the soul of a would-be songwriter (Ted Wass) at stake.
Burns also provided the voice of God in John Denver's TV special Montana Christmas Skies.
Later films
Burns appeared in Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, the film based on the Beatles' album of the same name.
Burns continued to work well into his nineties, writing a number of books and appearing in television and films. One of his last films was 18 Again!, based on his half-novelty, country music based hit single, "I Wish I Was 18 Again." In this film, he played a self-made millionaire industrialist who switched bodies with his awkward, artistic, eighteen-year-old grandson (played by Charlie Schlatter).
His last feature film role was the cameo role of Milt Lackey, a 100 year old stand-up comedian, in the comedy mystery Radioland Murders.
Author
Burns was a bestselling author who wrote a total of 10 books:
I Love Her, That's Why (1955)
Living It Up or They Still Love Me in Altoona (1976)
The Third Time Around (1980)
How to Live to be 100 or More (1983)
Dr. Burns' Prescription for Happiness (1984)
Dear George (1986)
Gracie, A Love Story (1988)
All My Best Friends (1989)
Wisdom of the 90s (1991)
100 Years 100 Stories (1996)
Final years
Portrait of George Burns by Allan Warren
When Burns turned 90 in 1986, the city of Los Angeles, California renamed the northern end of Hamel Road "George Burns Road," City regulations prohibited naming a city street after a living person, but an exception was made for Burns. In celebration of Burns's 99th birthday in 1995, Los Angeles, California renamed the eastern end of Alden Drive "Gracie Allen Drive." Burns was present at the unveiling ceremony where he quipped, "It's good to be here at the corner of Burns & Allen. At my age, it's good to be anywhere!" George Burns Road and Gracie Allen Drive cross just a few blocks west of the Beverly Center mall.
George Burns patter in his nightclub routine poked humor at his age. Burns would say, "I was born when Grover Cleveland was President." The girl replied, "I know hime managed a baseball team." Burns would say, "I will now sing a modern patriotic song," singing, "I'll be waitin' for you Bill when you get back from San Juan Hill; because Bill McKinley sent you on your way." By this time, Burns fans knew of President McKinley, President Cleveland and the Spanish-American War only from history books.
Burns's stage persona in his final phase of professional life was that of an amorous senior citizen, which became a running gag for the rest of his career. In 1988, he received the Kennedy Center Honors and had booked himself to play the London Palladium and Caesars Palace for his 100th birthday.
Death
George Burns on The Golden Palace, 1993, in one of his last TV appearances.
In July 1994, Burns fell in his bathtub and had to undergo surgery to remove fluid that had collected on his brain. His health began to decline afterward. All performances celebrating his 100th birthday were canceled. In December 1995, Burns was well enough to attend a Christmas party hosted by Frank Sinatra, where he reportedly caught the flu, which weakened him further. On January 20, 1996, he celebrated his 100th birthday, but was no longer mobile enough to perform and instead spent the evening at home.
On March 9, 1996, just forty-nine days after his milestone birthday, Burns died in his Beverly Hills home of cardiac arrest. His funeral was held three days later at the Wee Kirk o' the Heather church in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery, Glendale. George Burns was buried in his best dark blue suit, light blue shirt and red tie along with three cigars in his pocket, his toupee, his watch that Gracie gave him, his ring, and in his pocket, his keys and his wallet with 10 $100 bills, a five and three ones.
As much as he looked forward to reaching age 100, Burns also stated that he looked forward to death, saying that the day he died he would be with Gracie again in heaven. Upon being interred with Gracie, the crypt's marker was changed to, "Gracie Allen & George Burnsogether Again." George had said that he wanted Gracie to have top billing.
Legacy
The handprints of George Burns in front of The Great Movie Ride at Walt Disney World's Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park.
Burns and Allen were the subjects of Rupert Holmes's play Say Goodnight, Gracie.
In the movie Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, the two humpback whales are named George and Gracie after Burns and Allen.
Hooters restaurants had signs that prior to George's death read "We even card George Burns," and following his death were changed to read "We even carded George Burns."
The episode "The Deep End" of Robot Chicken features a parody of the movie Kill Bill entitled Kill Bunny with George Burns replacing Pai Mei.
The Simpsons referenced Burns in the Season 5 episode titled "Rosebud". In the show, Burns is the younger brother of Montgomery Burns. The character of Mr. Burns, as a kid, leaves his family to live with a rich man (who is actually his paternal grandfather). His father makes the comment, "Oh well. At least we still have his little brother George." The camera flashes to a kid-sized George Burns, who sings a line in his style and then says, "Trust me, it'll be funny when I'm an old man."
In South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, George Burns appears briefly when Kenny goes to Hell. Along with Adolf Hitler and Mahatma Gandhi, he is a ghost who talks to Kenny, and is heard saying, "Hey, fuckface, you seen Gracie?".
In an episode of Boy Meets World, Corey Mathews claims an old educational puberty film starred George Burns.
In the film For the Boys, the characters played by Bette Midler and James Caan talk about how their comedy act will be "bigger than Burns and Allen, bigger than Hope and Crosby".
In en episode of Mad About You, Paul Reiser's character is working on a documentary on the history of television. In a scene he is reviewing classic television shows, and the viewer can hear Gracie saying, "Well, if we were married they'd call me Mrs. Burns."
In Eminem's duel rap song Guilty Conscience, there is a reference to George Burns, "Think about it before you walk in the door first; Look at the store clerk, she's older than George Burns"
Filmography
Features
The Big Broadcast (1932)
International House (1933)
College Humor (1933)
Six of a Kind (1934)
We're Not Dressing (1934)
Many Happy Returns (1934)
Love in Bloom (1935)
Here Comes Cookie (1935)
The Big Broadcast of 1936 (1935)
College Holiday (1936)
A Damsel in Distress (1937)
College Swing (1938)
Honolulu (1939)
The Solid Gold Cadillac (1956) (narrator)
The Sunshine Boys (1975)
Oh, God! (1977)
Movie Movie (1978)
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1978)
Just You and Me, Kid (1979)
Going in Style (1979)
Oh, God Book II (1980)
Oh, God! You Devil (1984)
18 Again! (1988)
A Century of Cinema (1994) (documentary)
Radioland Murders (1994)
2010 Mars Men (cancellation)
Short Subjects
Lambchops (1929)
Fit to Be Tied (1930)
Pulling a Bone (1931)
The Antique Shop (1931)
Once Over, Light (1931)
100% Service (1931)
Oh, My Operation (1932)
The Babbling Book (1932)
Your Hat (1932)
Let's Dance (1933)
Hollywood on Parade No. A-9 (1933)
Walking the Baby (1933)
Screen Snapshots: Famous Fathers and Sons (1946)
Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Grows Up (1954)
Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Beauty (1955)
All About People (1967) (narrator)
A Look at the World of Soylent Green (1973)
The Lion Roars Again (1975)
Discography
Albums
Year
Album
Chart Positions
Label
US Country
US
1980
I Wish I Was Eighteen Again
12
93
Mercury
Singles
Year
Single
Chart Positions
Album
US Country
US
CAN Country
CAN
CAN AC
1980
"I Wish I Was Eighteen Again"
15
49
8
25
19
I Wish I Was Eighteen Again
"The Arizona Whiz"
85
1981
"Willie, Won't You Sing a Song with Me"
66
Single only
Radio series
The Robert Burns Panatella Show 19321933; CBS
In their debut series, George and Gracie shared the bill with Guy Lombardo and his orchestra. The pair launched themselves into national stardom with their first major publicity stunt, Gracie's ongoing search for her missing brother.
The White Owl Program 19331934; CBS
The Adventures of Gracie 19341935; CBS
The Campbell's Tomato Juice Program 19351937; CBS
The Grape Nuts Program 19371938; NBC
The Chesterfield Program 19381939; CBS
The Hinds Honey and Almond Cream Program 19391940; CBS
This series featured another wildly successful publicity stunt which had Gracie running for President of the United States.
The Hormel Program 19401941; NBC
Advertised a brand new product called Spam; this show featured musical numbers by jazz great Artie Shaw.
The Swan Soap Show 19411945; NBC, CBS
This series featured a radical format change, in that George and Gracie played themselves as a married couple for the first time, and the show became a full-fledged domestic situation comedy. This was George's response to a marked drop in ratings under the old "Flirtation Act" format (as he later recalled, he finally realized "our jokes are too young for us").
Maxwell House Coffee Time 19451949; NBC
The Amm-i-Dent Toothpaste Show 19491950; CBS
TV series
The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show 19501958; CBS
Broadcast live every other week for the first two seasons, 26 episodes per year. Starting in the third season, all episodes were filmed and broadcast weekly, 40 episodes per year. A total of 291 episodes were created.
The George Burns Show 19581959; NBC
An unsuccessful attempt to continue the format of The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show without Gracie, the rest of the cast intact.
Wendy and Me 19641965; NBC
George plays narrator in this short-lived series, just as he had in The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, but with far less on-screen time, as the focus is on a young couple played by Connie Stevens and Ron Harper. Stevens is, essentially, playing a version of Gracie's character.
George Burns Comedy Week 1985; CBS
Another short-lived series, a weekly comedy anthology program whose only connecting thread was George's presence as host. He does not appear in any of the actual storylines. He was 89 years old when the series was produced.
References
^ a b Marx, Arthur. "Ninety-eight-year-old George Burns Shares Memories of His Life". Cigar Aficionado. http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Profiles/People_Profile/0,2540,3,00.html. Retrieved 2007-08-21. "Comedian George Burns is not only a living legend, he's living proof that smoking between 10 and 15 cigars a day for 70 years contributes to one's longevity."
^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3c-WBn5cCg
^ Burns, George (1988). Gracie: A Love Story. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 6465. ISBN 0399133844. http://www.adherents.com/people/pb/Jack_Benny.html.
^ a b Seeing-Stars.com.
^ George Burns's death certificate
^ "George Burns, Straight Man And Ageless Wit, Dies at 100". New York Times. March 10, 1996.
^ George Burns and Gracie Allen acting as spokesmen for Spam (1940).
Further reading
George Burns by Martin Gottfried, published by Simon & Schuster, 1996
External links
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: George Burns
Official George Burns website
George Burns at the Internet Movie Database
George Burns at the Internet Broadway Database
George Burns at Allmusic
George Burns at Find a Grave
v d e
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
George Chakiris (1961) Ed Begley (1962) Melvyn Douglas (1963) Peter Ustinov (1964) Martin Balsam (1965) Walter Matthau (1966) George Kennedy (1967) Jack Albertson (1968) Gig Young (1969) John Mills (1970) Ben Johnson (1971) Joel Grey (1972) John Houseman (1973) Robert De Niro (1974) George Burns (1975) Jason Robards (1976) Jason Robards (1977) Christopher Walken (1978) Melvyn Douglas (1979) Timothy Hutton (1980)
Complete list (19361940) (19411960) (19611980) (19812000) (2001-present)
v d e
1988 Kennedy Center Honorees
Alvin Ailey George Burns Arthur Eve Myrna Loy Alexander Schneider Roger L. Stevens
Persondata
NAME
Burns, George
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
Birnbaum, Nathan
SHORT DESCRIPTION
Actor, Comedian, Writer
DATE OF BIRTH
1896-1-20
PLACE OF BIRTH
New York City, New York
DATE OF DEATH
March 9, 1996
PLACE OF DEATH
Beverly Hills, California
Categories: 1896 births | 1996 deaths | American film actors | American television actors | American radio actors | Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners | American stand-up comedians | Vaudeville performers | American buskers | American Jews | Jewish actors | Jewish comedians | Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) | American centenarians | People from New York City | Saturn Award winners | Grammy Award winners | Kennedy Center honoreesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008
Wednesday, April 21, 2010
Triumph Motor Company
China Product
History
The Triumph Cycle Company
From bicycles, the Triumph Cycle Co. Ltd., as the company was named in 1897 , branched out in 1902 into making Triumph motor cycles at their works in Much Park Street. At first these used bought-in engines but the business took off and they soon started making their own and in 1907 expanded into a new factory in Priory Street taking over the premises of a spinning mill. Major orders for the 550 cc Model H came from the British Army during World War 1 and by 1918 they were Britain's largest motor cycle maker. dress boho
In 1921, Bettmann was persuaded by his general manager Claude Holbrook (1886-1979), who had joined the company in 1919, to acquire the assets and Clay Lane premises of the Dawson Car Company and start producing a 1.4 litre model called the Triumph 10/20 which was actually designed for them by Lea-Francis to whom they paid a royalty for every car sold. Production of this car and its immediate successors was on a moderate scale but this changed with the introduction in 1927 of the Triumph Super 7 which sold in large numbers through to 1934. ladies summer dresses
The Triumph Motor Company croft and barrow
1934 Triumph Gloria Six
1936 Triumph Gloria Southern Cross 10.8 HP (four, 1,232 cc)
1937 Triumph Dolomite Roadster
In 1930 the company changed its name to the Triumph Motor Company. It was clear to Holbrook that there was no future in pursuing the mass manufacturers and so decided to take the company upmarket with the Southern Cross and Gloria ranges. At first these used engines made by Triumph but designed by Coventry Climax but from 1937 they started to make them to their own designs by Donald Healey who had become the company Experimental Manager in 1934.
The company hit financial problems however and in 1936 the Triumph bicycle and motorcycle businesses were sold, the latter to Jack Sangster of Ariel to become Triumph Engineering Co Ltd.. Healey purchased an Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 and developed an ambitious new car with an Alfa inspired Straight-8 engine called the Triumph Dolomite. However the eight-cylinder engine was not used in the production car with the same name.
In July 1939, the Triumph Motor Company went into receivership and the factory, equipment and goodwill were offered for sale. T.W. Ward purchased the company and placed Healey in charge as general manager, but the effects of World War II again stopped the production of cars and the Priory Street works was completely destroyed by bombing in 1940.
Standard Triumph
In November 1944 what was left of the Triumph Motor Company and the Triumph brand name was bought by the Standard Motor Company and a subsidiary "Triumph Motor Company (1945) Limited" was formed with production transferred to Standard's factory at Canley, on the outskirts of Coventry. The pre-war models were not revived and in 1946 a new range of Triumphs starting with the Triumph Roadster was announced. Because of steel shortages these were bodied in aluminium which was plentiful because of its use in aircraft production. The same engine was used in the 1800 Town and Country saloon, later named the Triumph Renown, which was notable for the razor-edge styling chosen by Standard-Triumph's managing director Sir John Black. A similar style was also used on the subsequent Triumph Mayflower light saloon. All three of these models prominently sported the "globe" badge that had been used on pre-war models. When Sir John was forced to retire from the company this range of cars was discontinued without being directly replaced.
In the early 1950s it was decided to use the Triumph name on sporting cars and the Standard name on saloons and in 1953 the Triumph TR2 was launched, the first of a series that would run through to 1981. Curiously the TR2 wore a Standard badge on its nose and the Triumph globe on its hubcaps.
Standard had been making a range of small saloons called the Standard Eight and Ten and had been working on a replacement for these. The success of the TR range meant that Triumph was seen as a more marketable name than Standard and the new car was launched in 1959 as the Triumph Herald; the last Standard car to be made in the UK was replaced in 1963 by the Triumph 2000 .
Leyland and beyond
Triumph TR3
In December 1960 the company was bought by Leyland Motors Ltd with Donald Stokes becoming chairman of the Standard Triumph division in 1963. Further mergers led to the formation of British Leyland Motor Corporation in 1968.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Triumph sold a succession of Michelotti-styled saloons and sports cars, including the advanced Dolomite Sprint, which, in 1973, already had a 16-valve four cylinder engine. It is alleged that many Triumphs of this era were unreliable, especially the 2.5 PI (petrol injection) with its fuel injection problems. In Australia, the summer heat caused petrol in the electric fuel pump to vapourise, resulting in frequent breakdowns of the 2.5 PI and TR6 models. While the injection system had proved itself in international competition, it did lack altitude compensation for the adjustment of mixture at altitudes greater than 3000 ft (1000 m) above sea level. The key reason for the Lucas system's unpopularity, was that Lucas was not inclined to further develop it on the one hand allied to the unwillingness of Standard-Triumph dealers to attend factory and field-based training courses dedicated to this propulsion method.
For most of its time under Leyland or BL ownership the Triumph marque belonged in the Specialist Division of the company which went under the names of Rover Triumph and later Jaguar Rover Triumph apart from a brief period in the mid 1970s when all BL's car marques or brands were grouped together under the name of Leyland Cars.
Triumph Spitfire
The only all-new Triumph model launched under Rover Triumph was the TR7, which had the misfortune to be in production successively at three factories that were closed - Speke, the Leyland-era Standard-Triumph works in Liverpool, the original Standard works at Canley, Coventry and finally the Rover works in Solihull. The four-cylinder TR7, its eight-cylindered derivative the TR8, and its still-born fastback variant the Lynx, were dropped when the Solihull plant ceased making road-going cars (the plant continues to build Land Rovers.)
The last Triumph model was the Acclaim which was launched in 1981 and was essentially a rebadged Honda Ballade built under licence from Japanese company Honda at the former Morris works in Cowley, Oxford. The Triumph name disappeared in 1984, when the Acclaim was replaced by the Rover 200, which was a rebadged version of Honda's next generation Civic/Ballade model. The BL car division was by then called Austin Rover Group which also sounded the death knell for the Morris marque as well as Triumph.
The trademark is currently owned by BMW, acquired when it bought the Rover Group in 1994. When it sold Rover, it kept the Triumph marque. The Phoenix Consortium, which bought Rover, tried to buy the Triumph brand, but BMW refused, saying that if Phoenix insisted, it would break the deal. The Standard marque was transferred to British Motor Heritage Limited, along with Austin, Morris, and Wolseley marques. The Austin, Morris and Wolseley marques were later sold to MG Rover Group Ltd, on the 10th December 2003. The Standard marque is still retained by British Motor Heritage who also have the licence to use the Triumph marque in relation to the sale of spares and support of the existing 'park' of Triumph cars.
1974 Triumph GT6 Coup
The MG marque was sold to Phoenix along with the sale of the Rover brand images and a licence to use the Rover name. The Rover name was later sold to Ford, with Nanjing Automotive gaining the rights to the brand image. The Triumph name has been retained by BMW along with Riley, Rolls-Royce and Mini. In late 2007, Auto Express, on the back of continued rumours that Triumph might return under BMW ownership, ran a story showing an image of what a new version of the TR4 might look like. BMW has not commented officially on this.
Triumph car models
Pre-war
Model Name
Engine
Year
Triumph 10/20
1393 cc inline 4
(19231925)
Triumph 13/35 or 12.8
1872 cc inline 4
(19271927)
Triumph 15/50 or Fifteen
2169 cc inline 4
(19261930)
Triumph Super 7
747 cc inline 4
(1928)
Triumph Super 8
832 cc inline 4
(1930)
Triumph Super 9
1018 cc inline 4
(1932)
Triumph Gloria 10
1087 cc inline 4
(1933)
Triumph 12-6 Scorpion
1203 cc inline 6
(1931-1933)
Triumph Southern Cross
1087/1232 cc inline 4
(1932)
Triumph Gloria ('12' / '12') Four
1232/1496 cc inline 4
(1934-1937)
Triumph Gloria ('6' / '6/16') Six
1476/1991 cc inline 6
(1934-1935)
Triumph Gloria 14
1496/1767 cc inline 4
(1937-1938)
Triumph Dolomite 8
1990 cc inline 8 (DOHC)
(1934)
Triumph Dolomite Vitesse 14
1767/1991 cc inline 4/6
(1937-1938)
Triumph Dolomite 14/60
1767/1991 cc inline 4/6
(1937-1939)
Triumph Dolomite Roadster
1767/1991 cc inline 4/6
(1937-1939)
Triumph 12
1496 cc inline 4
(1939-1940)
Post war
Model name
Engine
Year
Number built
Triumph 1800 Saloon
1776 cc inline 4
19461949
Triumph 1800 Roadster
1776 cc inline 4
19461948
Triumph 2000 Saloon
2088 cc inline 4
1949
Triumph 2000 Roadster
2088 cc inline 4
19481949
Triumph Renown
2088 cc inline 4
19491954
Triumph Mayflower
1247 cc inline 4
19491953
Triumph TR1 / 20TS
2208 cc inline 4
1950
Triumph TR2
1991 cc inline 4
19531955
Triumph TR3
1991 cc inline 4
19561958
Triumph TR3A
1991 cc inline 4
19581962
Triumph TR3B
2138 cc inline 4
1962
Triumph Italia
1991 cc inline 4
19591962
Triumph TR4
2138 cc inline 4
19611965
Triumph TR4A
2138 cc inline 4
19651967
Triumph TR5
2498 cc inline 6
19671969
Triumph TR250
2498 cc inline 6
19671969
Triumph GT6
1998 cc inline 6
19661971
Triumph Dove GTR4
2138 cc inline 4
1961-1964
Triumph TR6
2498 cc inline 6
19691976
Triumph TR7
1998 cc inline 4
1974-1981
Triumph TR8
3528 cc V8
1979-1981
Triumph Spitfire 4 (Spitfire Mk I)
1147 cc inline 4
19621965
45,763
Triumph Spitfire Mk II
1147 cc inline 4
19651967
37,409
Triumph Spitfire Mk III
1296 cc inline 4
19671970
65,320
Triumph Spitfire Mk IV
1296 cc inline 4
19701974
70,021
Triumph Spitfire 1500
1493 cc inline 4
19741980
95,829
Triumph GT6
1998 cc inline 6
19661973
Triumph Herald
948 cc inline 4
19591964
Triumph Herald 1200
1147 cc inline 4
19611970
Triumph Herald 12/50
1147 cc inline 4
1963-1967
Triumph Herald 13/60
1296 cc inline 4
19671971
Triumph Vitesse 6
1596 cc inline 6
19621966
Triumph Vitesse Sports 6 (US version of Vitesse 6)
1596 cc inline 6
19621964
Triumph Vitesse 2-litre and Vitesse Mark 2
1998 cc inline 6
19661971
Triumph 1300
1296 cc inline 4
19651970
Triumph 1300 TC
1296 cc inline 4
19671970
Triumph 1500
1493 cc inline 4
19701973
Triumph 1500 TC
1493 cc inline 4
19731976
Triumph Stag
2997 cc V8
19711977
Triumph Toledo
1296 cc inline 4
19701978
Triumph Dolomite 1300
1296 cc inline 4
19761981
Triumph Dolomite 1500
1493 cc inline 4
19761981
Triumph Dolomite 1500 HL
1493 cc inline 4
19761981
Triumph Dolomite 1850
1850 cc inline 4
19721976
Triumph Dolomite 1850 HL
1850 cc inline 4
19761981
Triumph Dolomite Sprint
1998 cc inline 4
19731981
Triumph 2000 Mk1, Mk2, TC
1998 cc inline 6
19631977
Triumph 2.5 PI Mk1, Mk2
2498 cc inline 6
19681975
Triumph 2500 TC & S
2498 cc inline 6
19741977
Triumph Acclaim
1335 cc inline 4
19811984
133,625
Triumph-based models
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Vale Special
(19321936) very low built two-seater based on Super 8 and Gloria
Swallow Doretti
(19541955)
Amphicar
(19611968) used a Triumph Herald engine
Bond Equipe GT
(19641967)
Fairthorpe Cars
Saab 99
used Triumph engines when the supply of German Ford V-4s ended.
Lotus Seven
(19601968) the Series 2 had many Standard Triumph parts.
Daimler SP250
used many Standard Triumph running gear and suspension parts[citation needed]
Jensen-Healey
Mk. I used TR-6 front brakes.
MG Midget 1500
(19751979) Rubber-bumpered Midgets used the 1493cc L-4 and gearbox borrowed from the Triumph Spitfire.
References
^ a b c Robson, Graham (1972). The Story of Triumph Sports Cars. Croydon: MRP. ISBN 0-900549-23-8.
^ a b Georgano, N. (2000). Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. London: HMSO. ISBN 1-57958-293-1.
^ "Alfa Romeo 8C 2300". rickcarey.com. http://www.rickcarey.com/Catalog%20Descriptions/RM_Amelia_02_%20Monza_2211125.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
^ Robson, Graham (1982). Triumph Spitfire and GT6. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. 8. ISBN 0-85045-452-2.
^ Robson, Graham (1982). Triumph Spitfire and GT6. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. 187. ISBN 0-85045-452-2.
^ Robson, Graham (1982). Triumph Spitfire and GT6. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. 187. ISBN 0-85045-452-2.
^ Robson, Graham (1982). Triumph Spitfire and GT6. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. 187. ISBN 0-85045-452-2.
^ Robson, Graham (1982). Triumph Spitfire and GT6. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. 187. ISBN 0-85045-452-2.
^ Robson, Graham (1982). Triumph Spitfire and GT6. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd. pp. 187. ISBN 0-85045-452-2.
^ "The Unofficial Austin-Rover Web Resource". http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?productionf.htm.
External links
The Pre-1940 Triumph Owners Club For all pre-1940 cars
VINTAGE TRIUMPH REGISTER North American Triumph Club
Triumph paint codes and colour examples
International Triumph TR Registry free database with Commission numbers and photographs of TR2-TR6s
Triumph Motor Company at the Open Directory Project
British Motor Heritage Ltd - British Motor Heritage Ltd
Club Triumph - The original British Triumph club
Triumph Car Club - Community For Triumph Car Owners & Enthusiasts
Triumph Sports Car Club of South Africa - Cape Town branch - A South African club for Triumph owners & enthusiasts
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Categories: British brands | BMW | Companies established in 1885 | Coventry motor companies | Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom | TriumphHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2009 | All articles needing additional references | Incomplete lists | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007
Tuesday, April 20, 2010
European Union Microsoft competition case
China Product
Initial complaints
In 1993, Novell said that Microsoft was blocking its competitors out of the market through anti-competitive practices. The complaint centered on the license practices at the time which required royalties from each computer sold by a supplier of Microsoft's operating system, whether or not the unit actually contained the Windows operating system. Microsoft reached a settlement in 1994, ending some of its license practices.
Sun Microsystems joined the fray in 1998 when it complained about the lack of disclosure of some of the interfaces to Windows NT. The case widened even more when the EU started to look into how streaming media technologies were integrated with Windows. mini vga to dvi adapter
Judgment video grabber usb
Citing ongoing abuse by Microsoft, the EU reached a preliminary decision in the case in 2003 and ordered the company to offer both a version of Windows without Windows Media Player and the information necessary for competing networking software to interact fully with Windows desktops and servers. In March 2004, the EU ordered Microsoft to pay 497 million ($794 million or 381 million), the largest fine ever handed out by the EU at the time, in addition to the previous penalties, which included 120 days to divulge the server information and 90 days to produce a version of Windows without Windows Media Player. rj45 to db9
The next month Microsoft released a paper containing scathing commentary on the ruling including: "The commission is seeking to make new law that will have an adverse impact on intellectual property rights and the ability of dominant firms to innovate." Microsoft paid the fine in full in July 2004.
In 2004, Neelie Kroes was appointed the European Commissioner for Competition; one of her first tasks was to oversee the fining brought onto Microsoft by the European Commission, known as the European Union Microsoft competition case. This case resulted in the requirement to release documents to aid commercial interoperability and included a 497 million fine for Microsoft. Kroes has stated she believes open standards and open source are preferable to anything proprietary:
The Commission must do its part.....It must not rely on one vendor, it must not accept closed standards, and it must refuse to become locked into a particular technology jeopardizing maintenance of full control over the information in its possession
Follow-up
Microsoft has a compliant version of its flagship operating system without Windows Media Player available under the negotiated name "Windows XP N." In response to the server information requirement, Microsoft released the source code, but not the specifications, to Windows Server 2003 service pack 1 to members of its Work Group Server Protocol Program (WSPP) on the day of the original deadline. Microsoft also appealed the case, and the EU had a week-long hearing over the appeal which ended in April 2006.
In December 2005 the EU announced that it believed Microsoft did not comply fully with the ruling, stating that the company did not disclose appropriate information about its server programs. The EU said that it would begin to fine Microsoft 2 million (US$3.20 million or 1.53 million) a day until it did so.
Neelie Kroes stated:
Microsoft has claimed that its obligations in the decision are not clear, or that the obligations have changed. I cannot accept this characterization--Microsoft's obligations are clearly outlined in the 2004 decision and have remained constant since then.
Indeed, the monitoring trustee appointed in October 2005, from a shortlist put forward by Microsoft, believes that the decision clearly outlines what Microsoft is required to do. I must say that I find it difficult to imagine that a company like Microsoft does not understand the principles of how to document protocols in order to achieve interoperability.
Microsoft stated in June 2006 that it had begun to provide the EU with the requested information, but according to the BBC the EU stated that it was too late.
On 12 July 2006, the EU fined Microsoft for an additional 280.5 million (US$448.58 million), 1.5 million (US$2.39 million) per day from 16 December 2005 to 20 June 2006. The EU threatened to increase the fine to 3 million ($4.80 million) per day on 31 July 2006 if Microsoft did not comply by then.
On 17 September 2007, Microsoft lost their appeal against the European Commission's case. The 497 million fine was upheld, as were the requirements regarding server interoperability information and bundling of Media Player. In addition, Microsoft has to pay 80% of the legal costs of the Commission, while the Commission has to pay 20% of the legal costs by Microsoft. However, the appeal court rejected the Commission ruling that an independent monitoring trustee should have unlimited access to internal company organization in the future. On 22 October 2007, Microsoft announced that it would comply and not appeal the decision any more, and Microsoft did not appeal within the required two months as of 17 November 2007.
Microsoft announced that it will demand 0.4% of the revenue (rather than 5.95%) in patent-licensing royalties, only from commercial vendors of interoperable software and promised not to seek patent royalties from individual open source developers. The interoperability information alone is available for a one-time fee of 10,000 (US$15,992).
On 27 February 2008, the EU fined Microsoft an additional 899 million (US$1.44 billion) for failure to comply with the March 2004 antitrust decision. This represents the largest penalty ever imposed in 50 years of EU competition policy. This latest decision follows a prior 280.5 million fine for non-compliance, covering the period from June 21, 2006 until October 21, 2007. On 9 May 2008, Microsoft lodged an appeal in the European Court of First Instance seeking to overturn the 899 million fine, officially stating that it intended to use the action as a "constructive effort to seek clarity from the court".
In its 2008 Annual Report Microsoft stated:
The European Commission closely scrutinizes the design of high-volume Microsoft products and the terms on which we make certain technologies used in these products, such as file formats, programming interfaces, and protocols, available to other companies. In 2004, the Commission ordered us to create new versions of Windows that do not include certain multimedia technologies and to provide our competitors with specifications for how to implement certain proprietary Windows communications protocols in their own products. The Commission impact on product design may limit our ability to innovate in Windows or other products in the future, diminish the developer appeal of the Windows platform, and increase our product development costs. The availability of licenses related to protocols and file formats may enable competitors to develop software products that better mimic the functionality of our own products which could result in decreased sales of our products.
Related investigations
In May 2008, the EU announced it is going to investigate Microsoft Office OpenDocument Format support.
In January 2009, the European Commission announced it would investigate the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows operating systems from Microsoft, saying "Microsoft's tying of Internet Explorer to the Windows operating system harms competition between web browsers, undermines product innovation and ultimately reduces consumer choice." In response, Microsoft announced that it would not bundle Internet Explorer with Windows 7 E, the version of Windows 7 to be sold in Europe.
On December 16, 2009, the European Union agreed to allow competing browsers, with Microsoft providing a "ballot box" screen letting users choose one of twelve popular products listed in random order. The twelve browsers were Avant, Chrome, Firefox, Flock GreenBrowser, Internet Explorer, K-Meleon, Maxthon, Opera, Safari, Sleipnir, and Slim. which are accessible via BrowserChoice.eu.
See also
United States Microsoft antitrust case
Criticism of Microsoft
Microsoft litigation
References
^ Abu-Haidar, Lamia (1997-10-16). "Microsoft investigated in Europe". CNET News.com. http://www.news.com/2100-1023_3-204317.html. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
^ McCullagh, Declan (2002-07-01). "EU looks to wrap up Microsoft probe". CNET News.com. http://www.news.com/2100-1001_3-941090.html. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
^ Fried, Ina (2003-08-06). "EU closes in on Microsoft penalty". CNET News.com. http://www.news.com/2100-1016_3-5060463.html. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
^ Commission Decision of 24.03.2004 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/C-3/37.792 Microsoft). Commission of the European Communities. Brussels, 21 April 2004.
^ "Microsoft hit by record EU fine". CNN. 2004-03-24. http://www.cnn.com/2004/BUSINESS/03/24/microsoft.eu/. Retrieved 2006-05-19.
^ Parsons, Michael; Best, Jo (2004-03-24). "EU slaps record fine on Microsoft". CNET News.com. http://www.news.com/EU+slaps+record+fine+on+Microsoft/2100-1001_3-5178281.html. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
^ Fried, Ina (2004-04-21). "Microsoft commentary slams EU ruling". CNET News.com. http://www.news.com/2100-1016_3-5197390.html. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
^ Hines, Matt (2004-07-02). "Microsoft pays EU in full". CNET News.com. http://www.news.com/2100-1014_3-5255715.html. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
^ Open source as industrial policy
^ Marson, Ingrid (2005-11-18). "Still 'no demand' for media-player-free Windows". CNET News.com. http://www.news.com/2100-1016_3-5960750.html. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
^ Macehiter, Neil (2006-01-25). "Microsoft ups the ante with the E.C.". ITworld.com. http://open.itworld.com/4914/060125ms_ups_ante/page_1.html. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
^ "Microsoft's EU appeal case ends". BBC. 2006-04-28. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4953682.stm. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
^ "Microsoft may face daily EU fine". BBC. 2005-12-22. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4552214.stm. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
^ Kawamoto, Dawn (2006-07-12). "'No alternative' to Microsoft fine". CNET News.com. http://news.cnet.com/No-alternative-to-Microsoft-fine/2008-1014_3-6093104.html. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
^ "Brussels poised to fine Microsoft". BBC. 2006-06-27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5120536.stm. Retrieved 2006-07-01.
^ Lawsky, David; Zawadzki, Sabina (2006-07-12). "EU fines Microsoft $357.3 million for defiance". Reuters. http://www.zeropaid.com/bbs/archive/index.php/t-38334.html. Retrieved 2006-07-12.
^ Microsoft loses anti-trust appeal. BBC News, 17 September 2007
^ Judgment of the court of first instance (Grand Chamber), Case T-201/04. 17 september 2007, Luxembourg.
^ Microsoft finally bows to EU antitrust measures. Reuters. 22 October 2007.
^ Appeal deadline is over
^ EU forces Microsoft to cage open source patent dogs. itNews, 24 October 2007.
^ EU fines Microsoft 899 million
^ Update: Microsoft to appeal $1.3B EU fine
^ http://news.cnet.com/8301-13505_3-10005379-16.html
^ EU says to study Microsoft's open-source step
^ Microsoft is accused by EU again
^ original EC statement
^ "Working to Fulfill our Legal Obligations in Europe for Windows 7". Microsoft Corporation. 2009-06-11. http://microsoftontheissues.com/cs/blogs/mscorp/archive/2009/06/11/working-to-fulfill-our-legal-obligations-in-europe-for-windows-7.aspx. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ "Windows 7 Pre-Order Offer". Microsoft Corporation. http://www.microsoft.com/uk/windows/buy/offers/pre-order.aspx. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ "No IE onboard Windows 7 in Europe". BBC. 2009-06-12. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8096701.stm. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ "Windows 7 to be shipped in Europe without Internet Explorer". Ars Technica. http://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2009/06/windows-7-to-be-shipped-in-europe-sans-internet-explorer.ars. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ John, Bobbie (2009-06-12). "European version of Windows 7 will not include browser". guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2009/jun/12/windows-7-internet-explorer. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ Fiveash, Kelly (2009-07-14). "Windows 7 still baking in oven, insists Microsoft". The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/07/14/windows_7_leak_ie8/. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
^ Chan, Sharon (2009-12-17). "Microsoft, EU settle browser uproar". Seattle Times. http://www.thesunnews.com/business/story/1219411.html. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
^ BBC, Microsoft offers browser choices to Europeans, 1 March 2010
External links
Wikinews has related news: Microsoft and EU face off in Luxembourg court
European Committee for Interoperable Systems (ECIS) The Court of First Instance's judgment in case T-201/04 Microsoft v Commission & background documents. Accessed 2007-09-21
Microsoft Microsoft's implementation of the EU ruling
European Union Text of the European Union ruling against Microsoft
List of press releases by the European Union about the Microsoft case
FSFE's case project page, FSFE have been third-party in the case since 2001
Groklaw interview Georg Greve (FSFE), Jeremy Allison and Volker Lendecke (Samba developers), and Carlo Piana (their lawyer), these people participated in the case
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Further information: List of assets owned by Microsoft Corporation
Categories: Computer law | European Union legal cases | Microsoft criticisms and controversies | Competition law | 2007 in case law
Footstool
China Product
An Ottoman footstool antique dressing table
A footstool is a piece of furniture, the purpose of which is to support one's feet. There are two main types of footstools, which can be loosely categorized into two categories, those designed for comfort and those designed for function. dressing table antique
Footstools for comfort 5 drawer dresser
This type of footstool is used to provide comfort to a person seated, for example, in a chair or sofa. It is typically a short, wide, four-legged stool with a padded top, upholstered in a fabric or animal hide, such as leather. This type of footstool is also a type of Ottoman and it often referred to simply as an Ottoman. It allows the seated person to rest their feet upon it, supporting their legs at a mostly horizontal level, thus giving rise to use of the term footrest, for this item.
Footstools for function
This type of footstool, also known simply as a stool, is used as a short stepladder or to support a person's (usually a child's) feet that do not reach the floor when seated. In the former case, the footstool is used by placing it on a flat surface and standing on it to extend one's reach. In the latter case, the footstool is placed under the feet of a sitting person so that the person's feet may rest comfortably on it. An example of the latter is the type of piano footstool used in conjunction with a piano bench. It is also used to make the blood circulation of your body flow more freely than sitting down.
See also
Tuffet
Categories: Furniture
