Sunday, April 18, 2010

Hopper car


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Two-bay hopper cars of the Reading Railroad. rigid heddle looms

New hopper cars outside the Trinity Industries plant where they were manufactured in Winder, Georgia. water jet looms

A hopper car is a type of railroad freight car used to transport loose bulk commodities such as coal, ore, grain, track ballast, and the like. The name originated from the coke manufacturing industry which is part of the steel industry (see Etymology below). burner propane

This type of car is distinguished from a gondola car in that it has opening doors on the underside or on the sides to discharge its cargo. The development of the hopper car went along with the development of automated handling of such commodities, with automated loading and unloading facilities. There are two main types of hopper car: open and covered.

Covered hopper cars are used for bulk cargo that must be protected from the elements (chiefly rain) such as grain, sugar, and fertilizer. Open cars are used for commodities such as coal, which can get wet and dry out with less harmful effect. Hopper cars have been used by railways worldwide whenever automated cargo handling has been desired. "Ore jennies" is predominately a term for shorter open hopper cars hauling taconite by the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway on Minnesota's Iron Range.

Recently in North America the open hopper car has been in a terminal decline due to the advent of the rotary car dumper (which simply inverts the car to unload it, and has become the preferred unloading technology). A rotary dumper permits the use of simpler, tougher, more compact (because sloping ends are not required) gondola cars instead of hoppers. Covered hoppers, though, are still in widespread use. For loads that are less dense (such as grains) or susceptible to damage in the weather (such as unmixed cement), covered hoppers are normally used.

Special hopper trains

The Coke Express, a unit train of hopper cars loaded with Coke (fuel), with the words "Coke Express" painted on the sides of the hoppers.

External links

Union Pacific #7801 photos and short history of an example of a typical self-clearing, open-top triple hopper.

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Rail transport freight equipment

Enclosed equipment

Autorack  Boxcar (US)  Coil car  Container   Covered hopper  Covered wagon  Refrigerator car (US)  Refrigerated van (EU)  Roadrailer  Stock car  Tank car

Open equipment

Flatcar  Gondola (US)  Hopper car  Open wagon (EU)  Schnabel car  Double-stack car

Non-revenue equipment

Caboose (US)  Brake van (EU)   Maintenance of way cars  Scale test car  Clearance car  Crane (railroad)

Categories: Freight equipment

Friday, April 16, 2010

Tralfamadore


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China Product



The Tralfamadorians are a fictional alien race mentioned in several novels by Kurt Vonnegut. Tralfamadore is their home planet. Details on the inhabitants of the planet vary from novel to novel:

In The Sirens of Titan, Tralfamadore is a planet in the Small Magellanic Cloud and the home of a civilization of machines, which dispatches Salo to a distant galaxy with a message for its inhabitants. After a part in his ship breaks, however, Salo is forced to land on Titan, a moon of Saturn, where he befriends Winston Niles Rumfoord. Rumfoord exists in much the same way as the Tralfamadorians of Slaughterhouse-Five, while Salo appears to move in a linear fashion. The translation of Tralfamadore is given by Salo as both all of us and the number 541. fallen timbers

In The Sirens of Titan, Vonnegut wrote that the Tralfamadorians are a race of intelligent machines, originally developed by super-beings who built them to give meaning to their own lives. Unable to achieve this task, the precursor race used the Tralfamadorians instead to extinguish themselves. walnut engineered flooring

In God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, Tralfamadore is a hypothetical foreign planet, used in a purely rhetorical sense as part of a thought exercise. teak decking

In Slaughterhouse-Five, Tralfamadore is the home to beings who exist in all times simultaneously, and are thus privy to knowledge of future events, including the destruction of the universe at the hands of a Tralfamadorian test pilot. They kidnap Billy Pilgrim, the protagonist of the novel, and place him in a zoo on Tralfamadore with Montana Wildhack, an actress in pornographic films.

In Hocus Pocus, Tralfamadore is the planet nearest to where ancient multi-dimensional beings meet that supposedly control all aspects of human life including social affairs and politics. The actual Tralfamadorians are said to have too much of a sense of humor to be affected by the beings, unlike humans. Their exploits are chronicled in The Protocols of the Elders of Tralfamadore (an overt reference to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion), which is published serially in a pornographic magazine called Black Garterbelt. Though the author is never specified, the media in which it is published suggests that it may be Kilgore Trout.

In Timequake, Tralfamadore is mentioned offhand as a fantastical meeting place of anthropomorphized chemical elements.

Slaughterhouse-Five

In the novel Slaughterhouse-Five, protagonist Billy Pilgrim reports that the Tralfamadorians look like upright toilet plungers with a hand on top, into which is set a single green eye:

...they were two feet high, and green, and shaped like plumber's friends. Their suction cups were on the ground, and their shafts, which were extremely flexible, usually pointed to the sky. At the top of each shaft was a little hand with a green eye in its palm. The creatures were friendly, and they could see in four dimensions. They pitied Earthlings for being able to see only three. They had many wonderful things to teach Earthlings about time.

Tralfamadorians have the ability to experience reality in four dimensions; meaning, roughly, that they have total access to past, present, and future; they are able to perceive any point in time at will. Able to see along the timeline of the universe, they know the exact time and place of its accidental annihilation as the result of a Tralfamadorian experiment, but are powerless to prevent it. Because they believe that when a being dies, it continues to live in other times and places, their response to death is, "So it goes." They are placid in their fatalism, and patiently explain their philosophy to Pilgrim during the interval he spends caged in a Tralfamadorian zoo. Eventually Pilgrim adopts their attitude, is returned to Earth, and tries to spread their philosophy.

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Thursday, April 15, 2010

Capsule hotel


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China Product

Description

View in a capsule, with TV in the upper left corner

The guest space is reduced in size to a modular plastic or fiberglass block roughly 2 m by 1 m by 1.25 m, providing room to sleep. Facilities range in entertainment offerings (most include a television, an electronic console, and wireless internet connection). These capsules are stacked side by side and two units top to bottom, with steps providing access to the second level rooms. Luggage is stored in a locker, usually somewhere outside of the hotel. Privacy is ensured by a curtain or a fibreglass door at the open end of the capsule. Washrooms are communal and most hotels include restaurants (or at least vending machines), pools, and other entertainment facilities. diving fins

This style of hotel accommodation was developed in Japan and has not gained popularity outside of the country, although Western variants with larger accommodations and often private baths are being developed. Guests are asked not to smoke or eat in the capsules. full wetsuit

These capsule hotels vary widely in size, some having only fifty or so capsules and others over 700. Many are used primarily by men. There are also capsule hotels with separate male and female sleeping quarters. Clothes and shoes are sometimes exchanged for a yukata and slippers on entry. A towel may also be provided. The benefit of these hotels is convenience and price, usually around 2000-4000 a night ($21-42, 16-31, 15-29). diving masks

Most people who stay are businessmen too tired or far away to make the trip home.

History

The first capsule hotel was the Capsule Inn Osaka, designed by Kisho Kurokawa and located in the Umeda district of Osaka. It opened on February 1, 1979, and the initial room rate was 1,600.[citation needed]

References

^ Solomon, Leonard (1997). Japan in a Nutshell. Top Hat Press, 115-166. ISBN 0912509066.

^ Accommodation in Japan

External links

Staying in a Japanese capsule hotel.

All about capsule hotels

Categories: Hotel types | Hotels in JapanHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008

Cable modem termination system


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Connections

In order to provide these high speed data services, a cable company will connect its headend to the Internet via very high capacity data links to a network service provider. On the subscriber side of the headend, the CMTS enables the communication with subscribers' cable modems. Different CMTSs are capable of serving different cable modem population sizesanging from 4,000 cable modems to 150,000 or more, depending in part on traffic. A given headend may have between half a dozen to a dozen or more CMTSs to service the cable modem population served by that headend or HFC hub.

One way to think of a CMTS is to imagine a router with Ethernet interfaces (connections) on one side and coax RF interfaces on the other side. The RF/coax interfaces carry RF signals to and from the subscriber's cable modem. nikon coolpix s1

In fact, most CMTSs have both Ethernet interfaces (or other more traditional high-speed data interfaces) as well as RF interfaces. In this way, traffic that is coming from the Internet can be routed (or bridged) through the Ethernet interface, through the CMTS and then onto the RF interfaces that are connected to the cable company's hybrid fiber coax (HFC). The traffic winds its way through the HFC to end up at the cable modem in the subscriber's home. Traffic going from a subscriber's home systems go through the cable modem and out to the Internet in the opposite direction. lumix fz5

CMTSs typically carry only IP traffic. Traffic destined for the cable modem from the Internet, known as downstream traffic, is carried in IP packets encapsulated in MPEG transport stream packets. These MPEG packets are carried on data streams that are typically modulated onto a TV channel using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. canon battery 511

Upstream data (data from cable modems to the headend or Internet) is carried in Ethernet frames modulated with QPSK, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM, or S-CDMA. This is done at the "subband" portion of the cable TV spectrum (also known as the "T" channels), a much lower part of the frequency spectrum than the downstream signal.

A typical CMTS allows a subscriber's computer to obtain an IP address by forwarding DHCP requests to the relevant servers. This DHCP server returns, for the most part, what looks like a typical response including an assigned IP address for the computer, gateway/router addresses to use, DNS servers, etc.

The CMTS may also implement some basic filtering to protect against unauthorized users and various attacks. Traffic shaping is sometimes performed to prioritize application traffic, perhaps based upon subscribed plan or download usage. However, the function of traffic shaping is more likely done by a Policy Traffic Switch. A CMTS may also act as a bridge or router.

A customer's cable modem cannot communicate directly with other modems on the line. In general, cable modem traffic is routed to other cable modems or to the Internet through a series of CMTSs and traditional routers. A route could conceivably pass through a single CMTS.

CMTS Manufacturers

Current CMTS Manufacturers

ARRIS

Casa Systems

Cisco Systems

Motorola

Historical CMTS Manufacturers

Broadband Access Systems (Acquired by ADC Telecommunications)

ADC Telecommunications (CMTS business acquired by BigBand Networks)

BigBand Networks (Exited CMTS business)

Cadant (Acquired by ARRIS)

Com21 (CMTS business acquired by ARRIS)

RiverDelta (Acquired by Motorola)

Terayon (Exited CMTS business)

Pacific Broadband Communications (Acquired by Juniper Networks)

Juniper Networks (Exited CMTS business)

External links

TechWeb: CMTS - explanation and diagram.

dslreports.com: Cable Users FAQ - Upstream modulation source

DOCSISHelp.com CMTS & DOCSIS Support Community

Categories: Digital cable | Internet access

Tuesday, April 13, 2010

Todd Lowber


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China Product

College career

Lowber played basketball for two seasons at Ramapo College in Mahwah, New Jersey as a guard and won the 2006 NCAA Division III men's high jump. Prior to transferring to Ramapo, Lowber played two seasons for Richard Stockton College of New Jersey.

Professional football career rolling craft tote

Minnesota Vikings waist pack leather

On April 18, 2007, Lowber signed a three-year contract with the Minnesota Vikings. They signed Lowber after their scout attended a combine that was set up by New Jersey sports attorney Jim Ulrich. Prior to signing with the Vikings, Lowber had no previous football experience. Lowber was waived on August 27, 2007. waist pouch

New York Giants

He was signed to the New York Giants practice squad in September 2007. He was released by the team on June 23, 2008.

First stint with Argonauts

Lowber was signed to the practice roster of the CFL's Toronto Argonauts on July 22, 2008.

Dallas Cowboys

Shortly after signing with the Argonauts, Lowber was signed by the Dallas Cowboys on July 28, 2008. His attempt to make the Cowboys was chronicled on the HBO series Hard Knocks: Training Camp with the Dallas Cowboys. On August 30, Lowber was waived from the Cowboys during final cuts.

Miami Dolphins

Lowber was signed to the practice squad of the Miami Dolphins on November 10, 2008. After finishing the season on the practice squad, he was re-signed by the Dolphins on January 5, 2009. He was waived on June 1, 2009.

Second stint with Argonauts

Lowber re-signed with the Toronto Argonauts on June 7, 2009. On June 14, 2009, Lowber suffered a concussion after being hit by Chris Jennings and Doug Goldsby of the Montreal Alouettes while returning a kick in the team's first pre-season game. Lowber lay on the field for 15 minutes before getting carted away. He was released on June 23, 2009.

References

^ Hard Knocks, Aired on the NFL Network on 30 April 2009

^ http://www.torontosun.com/sports/football/2009/06/19/9848021-sun.html

External links

Miami Dolphins bio

New York Giants bio

v  d  e

New York Giants Super Bowl XLII Champions

2 Anthony Wright | 9 Lawrence Tynes | 10 Eli Manning (MVP) | 12 Steve Smith | 13 Jared Lorenzen | 15 Michael Jennings | 17 Plaxico Burress | 18 Jeff Feagles | 20 Jim Finn | 22 Reuben Droughns | 23 Corey Webster | 24 Robert Douglas | 25 R. W. McQuarters | 26 Danny Ware | 27 Brandon Jacobs | 28 Gibril Wilson | 29 Sam Madison | 30 Craig Dahl | 31 Aaron Ross | 33 Geoff Pope | 34 Derrick Ward | 35 Kevin Dockery | 37 James Butler | 39 Madison Hedgecock | 43 Michael Johnson | 44 Ahmad Bradshaw | 51 Zak DeOssie | 52 Tank Daniels | 53 Reggie Torbor | 55 Kawika Mitchell | 57 Chase Blackburn | 58 Antonio Pierce | 59 Gerris Wilkinson | 60 Shaun O'Hara | 61 Adam Koets | 65 Grey Ruegamer | 66 David Diehl | 67 Kareem McKenzie | 69 Rich Seubert | 71 Dave Tollefson | 72 Osi Umenyiora | 75 Manuel Wright | 76 Chris Snee | 77 Kevin Boothe | 77 Dek Bake | 79 Guy Whimper | 80 Jeremy Shockey | 81 Amani Toomer | 82 Brandon London | 83 Sinorice Moss | 84 Darcy Johnson | 85 David Tyree | 86 Jerome Collins | 87 Domenik Hixon | 88 Michael Mathews | 89 Kevin Boss | 90 Ryan Kuehl | 91 Justin Tuck | 92 Michael Strahan | 93 Jay Alford | 94 William Joseph | 95 Adrian Awasom | 96 Barry Cofield | 97 Mathias Kiwanuka | 98 Fred Robbins | 99 Russell Davis

Head Coach: Tom Coughlin

Coaches: Andre Curtis | Dave DeGuglielmo | Pat Flaherty | Kevin Gilbride | Peter Giunta | Jerald Ingram | David Merritt | Chris Palmer | Mike Pope | Tom Quinn | Sean Ryan | Bill Sheridan | Steve Spagnuolo | Mike Sullivan | Mike Waufle

Categories: 1982 births | Living people | American basketball players | Point guards | Shooting guards | Players of American football from New Jersey | Richard Stockton College of New Jersey alumni | American football wide receivers | American players of Canadian football | Canadian football wide receivers | Undrafted National Football League players | Minnesota Vikings players | New York Giants players | Toronto Argonauts players | Dallas Cowboys players | Miami Dolphins players

Monday, April 12, 2010

Chinese sausage


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China Product

Varieties

There is a choice of fatty or skimmed sausages. There are different kinds ranging from those made using fresh pork to those made using pig livers, duck livers and even turkey livers. Usually a livery sausage will be darker in colour than one made without liver. Recently, there have even been countries producing chicken Chinese sausages. Traditionally they are classified into two main types. It is sometimes rolled and steamed in dim sum.

La Chang () is a dried, hard sausage usually made from pork and a high content of fat. It is normally smoked, sweetened, and seasoned. fruit freeze dried

Run Chang () is made using duck liver. mangosteen fruit

Xiang Chang () is a fresh and plump sausage consisting of coarsely chopped pieces of pork and un-rendered pork fat. The sausage is rather sweet in taste. chinese lucky bamboo

Regional

Short Cantonese dried sausages

Hong Kong and Southern Chinese Provinces

Chinese sausage is used as an ingredient in quite a number of dishes in Hong Kong and southern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi and Hunan. Two common examples of such dishes include fried rice and lo mai gai. Many other examples include popiah and char kway teow in Fujian, Malaysia and Singapore. The traditional unpackaged forms are usually found in street market or wet markets.

Wing Wah is a famous Hongkongese company that produces Chinese sausages.

Northern China

Smoked Sausages from Harbin

In Northeast China, a popular regional specialty is smoked savory hong chang (ed sausage) similar to Polish sausages. It was introduced to Harbin by a German sausage maker in 1931. The sweeter dried version similar to southern Chinese sausages are also produced.

Myanmar

In Burmese, the sausage is called either "Kyet-ou-gyaung" (chicken intestine stick) or "Wet-ou-gyaung" (Pork intestine stick). The sausages made in Myanmar are more meaty and compact compared to the ones in Singapore or China. They are usually used in fried rice and along with fried vegetables, mostly cabbage.

Malaysia

In Malaysia. the sausage is halal and used in traditional Malay dishes. it consisted of chicken. beef. turkey. mutton and fish.

the Philippines

In the Philippines, Chinese sausage is more popularly known as Chorizo(ng) Macau - with the the Spanish-influenced one called Chorizo(ng) Bilbao. It is used in Chinese-derived dishes such as pancit Canton and Siopao Bola-bola, among others.

Singapore

Singapore has been coming up with many innovative Chinese sausages that are healthy.[citation needed] Examples that are created in Singapore are Chinese sausages with low fat, low sodium content and even a high fibre version.

Taiwan

Taiwan also produces a similar form of sausage, however they are rarely dried in the manner of Cantonese sausages. As well, the fat and meat may be emulsified and they contain a larger amount of sugar and are thus sweeter in taste. These sausages are usually produced by local butchers and sold at the markets or made directly at home. This variant of Chinese Sausage is known as xiangchang () in Mandarin Chinese, literally meaning fragrant sausage.

Thailand

In Thai, the Chinese sausage is called "Koon Chiang" or "". There is also Chinese sausage made with Snake-headed Fish () meat.

Vietnam

In Vietnamese, the Chinese sausage is called "lp xg" or "lp xg".

Outside Asia

It is available in Asian supermarkets overseas mostly in the vacuum-packaged form, although some Chinese groceries sell the unpackaged varieties as well. These tend to be made locally, for example much of the Chinese sausage sold in Canada is produced by a number of manufacturers based in Vancouver and Toronto.

See also

Curing (food preservation)

Sausage

References

^ Low Fat Sausages - Singapore Polytechnic.

^ Shitake Sausages - Singapore Polytechnic.

v  d  e

Hong Kong cuisine

Cuisine of Hong Kong  Almond biscuit  Almond jelly  Bakkwa  Banana roll  The Banquet (1991 film)  Bao yu  Beef ball  Beef bun  Beef chow fun  Bird's nest soup  Biscuit roll  Buddha's delight  Caffeine culture in Hong Kong  Cantonese cuisine  Cantonese restaurant  Cart noodle  Cha chaan teng  Cha siu baau  Char kway teow  Char siu  The Chinese Feast  Chinese herb tea  Chinese sausage  Coca-Cola chicken wings  Cocktail bun  Coconut bar  Congee  Cream bun  Crispy fried chicken  Dai pai dong  Deuk Deuk Tong  Dim sum  Douhua  Dried shredded squid  Egg tart  Fish ball  Fish slice  Flame on the iceberg  Garland chrysanthemum  The God of Cookery  Got fan  Ham and egg bun  Haw flakes  Hawker centre  Hong Kong-style milk tea  Hot pot  Jerky (food)  Jin deui  Kai-lan  Lai fun  Mango pudding  Mister Softee  Nuomici  One bowl with two pieces  Paper wrapped cake  Peanut butter bun  Pineapple bun  Poon choi  Put chai ko  Rapeseed  Red bean ice  Rice noodle roll  Rice roll  Roast goose  Roasted pig  Rousong  Saang mein  Sausage bun  Sea cucumber (food)  Seafood birdsnest  Shahe fen  Singapore style noodles  Siu yeh  Siu mei  Speakeasy (Hong Kong)  Steamed meatball  Steamed rice roll  Stinky tofu  Sweetheart cake  Swiss Wing  Table sharing  Taro cake  Taro dumpling  Tea egg  Tofu skin roll  Water caltrop  Water chestnut cake  White boiled shrimp  White cut chicken  White sugar sponge cake  Wonton  Wonton noodle  XO sauce  Yeung Chow fried rice  Yi mein  Yuanyang (drink)  Yum cha  Zha cai

Chinese cuisine   History of Chinese cuisine

Categories: Dried meat | Chinese sausages | Hong Kong cuisine | Malaysian cuisine | Singaporean cuisine | Taiwanese cuisineHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from August 2009 | All articles lacking sources | Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text | Articles containing Vietnamese language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009

Newcastle


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China Product

Places

Australia

Newcastle, New South Wales, the second most populated area in the state of New South Wales bath thermometer

City of Newcastle, a Local Government Area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia baby bath thermometer

Newcastle East, New South Wales, an inner city suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales toilet plunger

Newcastle West, New South Wales, an inner city suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales

Division of Newcastle, an Australian electoral division centred around the city

Electoral district of Newcastle, an electoral district of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, also centred around the city

Newcastle Waters, Northern Territory, a small settlement on the Stuart Highway in the Northern Territory

Toodyay, Western Australia, formerly called Newcastle

Canada

Newcastle, New Brunswick, a Canadian urban neighbourhood in the city of Miramichi

Newcastle, Ontario, a community in the Municipality of Clarington in Durham Region

Newcastle (electoral district), a provincial electoral district in the Canadian province of British Columbia

Newcastle District, a historic district in Upper Canada which existed until 1849

Republic of Ireland

Newcastle, County Dublin, a village in South County Dublin

Newcastle, County Tipperary, a census town in County Tipperary, Ireland

Newcastle, County Wicklow, a village in County Wicklow

Newcastle West, a town in west County Limerick

Jamaica

Newcastle, Jamaica, a town in Jamaica

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Newcastle, Saint Kitts and Nevis, a village on the northern coast of the island of Nevis

South Africa

Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal, a city in north-west KwaZulu-Natal.It is the third largest City in KwaZulu Natal after Durban and Pietermaritzburg.

United Kingdom

England

Newcastle, Shropshire (Newcastle on Clun), a village in the rural South Shropshire district

Newcastle-under-Lyme, the principal town of the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire

Newcastle-under-Lyme (borough), a local government district with borough status in Staffordshire

Newcastle-under-Lyme (UK Parliament constituency), a constituency represented in the House of Commons

Newcastle-under-Lyme Rural District, a rural district in the county of Staffordshire

Newcastle upon Tyne, a city in Tyne and Wear

Newcastle upon Tyne City Centre, the central business district of Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle upon Tyne Central (UK Parliament constituency), a constituency represented in the House of Commons

Newcastle-upon-Tyne (UK Parliament constituency), a former Borough constituency in the county of Northumberland

Northern Ireland

Newcastle, County Down, a small town in County Down

Wales

Newcastle, Bridgend, an electoral district of Bridgend County Borough Council, Glamorgan

Newcastle, Monmouthshire, a village in Monmouthshire

Newcastle Emlyn, a town, straddling Ceredigion (Cardiganshire) and Carmarthenshire

United States

Newcastle, California, an unincorporated town in Placer County

New Castle, Colorado, a Home Rule Municipality in Garfield County

New Castle County, Delaware, the northernmost of the three counties

New Castle Hundred, an unincorporated subdivision of New Castle County, Delaware

New Castle, Delaware, a city in New Castle County

New Castle, Indiana, a city in Henry County

New Castle, Kentucky, a city in Henry County

Damariscotta-Newcastle, Maine, a census-designated place in Lincoln County

Newcastle, Maine, a town in Lincoln County

Newcastle, Nebraska, a village in Dixon County

New Castle, New Hampshire, a town in Rockingham County

New Castle, New York, a town in Westchester County

Newcastle Township, Coshocton County, Ohio, one of the twenty-two townships of Coshocton County

Newcastle, Oklahoma, the largest city in McClain County

New Castle Northwest, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place in Lawrence County

New Castle Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, a township in Schuylkill County

New Castle, Pennsylvania, a city in Lawrence County

South New Castle, Pennsylvania, a borough in Lawrence County

Newcastle, Texas, a city in Young County

Newcastle, Utah, an unincorporated community in southwestern Iron County

New Castle, Virginia, the only town in Craig County

Newcastle, Washington, a city in King County

Newcastle, Wyoming, a city located in Weston County

Sports

Newcastle Croatia, a now defunct Australian football (soccer) team from the regional city of Newcastle, New South Wales

Newcastle Diamonds, a motorcycle speedway currently competing in the British Premier League

Newcastle Eagles, an English basketball team based in Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle Emlyn RFC, a team in the Welsh Rugby Union

Newcastle F.C., a Northern Irish football club playing in the NAFL Division 1A

Newcastle Falcons, an English rugby union team based in Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle Falcons (Australia), a former Australian basketball team

Newcastle Jesters, an ice hockey franchise based in Newcastle Upon Tyne

Newcastle KB United, a member of the former Australian National Soccer League

Newcastle Knights, an Australian rugby league team

Newcastle North Stars, a semi-professional ice hockey team in the Australian Ice Hockey League

Newcastle Raiders, one of the original four British Universities American Football League members

Newcastle Ravens, a rugby union team located in Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle Rebels, an Australian former rugby league team

Newcastle United F.C., an English Football League club based in Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle United Jets FC, an association football (soccer) club based in Newcastle, Australia

Newcastle United W.F.C., an English women's football club, affiliated with Newcastle United F.C.

Newcastle Vipers, an English Ice Hockey team members of the Elite Ice Hockey League based in Newcastle upon Tyne

Titles

Duke of Newcastle, a title which has been awarded three times in British history

Earl of Newcastle, a title that has been awarded two times, including once to the Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Transportation

New Castle Airport, a public airport located in unincorporated New Castle County, Delaware

New Castle District, a railroad line owned and operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway in the U.S. states of Ohio and Indiana

Entertainment

Newcastle (film) a 2007 Australian film

Newcastle Publishing Company, a Southern California-based small trade paperback publisher

Other

HMAS Newcastle, an Adelaide class frigate of the Royal Australian Navy

HMS Newcastle, a name given to eight ships of the British Royal Navy

New Castle (Stuttgart), a palace in Stuttgart, Germany

New Castle Correctional Facility, a prison located in New Castle, Indiana

New Castle School of Trades, a technical trades school in Pulaski, Pennsylvania

Newcastle disease, a highly contagious bird disease

Newcastle, an Athlon 64 processor core revision

See also

Akhaltsikhe, Georgia

Castelnuovo (disambiguation)

Herceg Novi, Montenegro

Kota Bharu, Malaysia

Neuchtel (disambiguation)

Newport, Wales (Welsh Casnewydd-ar-Wysg)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.

If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Categories: Disambiguation pages | Place name disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All article disambiguation pages | All disambiguation pages

Thursday, July 30, 2009

Single-phase electric power for Single Phase Generator

I want to introduct something about Flash margrita glass. Flash margrita glass 1) Flash with red, blue, green or seven colors in turn after shaking 2) Waterproof 3) With custom logo in four colors
(Redirected from Single phase electric power)
In electrical engineering, single-phase electric power refers to the distribution of alternating current electric power using a system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in unison. Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors. A single-phase supply connected to an alternating current electric motor does not produce a revolving magnetic field; single-phase motors need additional circuits for starting, and such motors are uncommon above 10 or 20 kW in rating.
In contrast, in a three-phase system, the currents in each conductor reach their peak instantaneous values sequentially, not simultaneously; in each cycle of the power frequency, first one, then the second, then the third current reaches its maximum value. The waveforms of the three supply conductors are offset from one another in time (delayed in phase) by one-third of their period.
Standard frequencies of single-phase power systems are either 50 or 60 Hz. Special single-phase traction power networks may operate at 16.67 Hz or other frequencies to power electric railways.
Contents
1 Splitting out
2 Applications
3 Grounding
4 References
5 See also
//
Splitting out

Single phase polemount Canadian stepdown transformer.
No arrangement of transformers can convert a single-phase load into a balanced load on a polyphase system. A single-phase load may be powered from a three-phase distribution system either by connection between a phase and neutral or by connecting the load between two phases. The load device must be designed for the voltage in each case. The neutral point in a three phase system exists at the mathematical center of an equilateral triangle formed by the three phase points, and the phase-to-phase voltage is accordingly times the phase-to-neutral voltage. For example, in places using a 415 volt 3 phase system, the phase-to-neutral voltage is 240 volts, allowing single-phase lighting to be connected phase-to-neutral and three-phase motors to be connected to all three phases.
In North America, a typical three-phase system will have 208 volts between the phases and 120 volts between phase and neutral. If heating equipment designed for the 240-volt three-wire single phase system is connected to two phases of a 208 volt supply, it will only produce 75% of its rated heating effect. Single-phase motors may have taps to allow their use on either 208 V or 240 V supplies.
On higher voltage systems (kilovolts) where a single phase transformer is in use to supply a low voltage system the method of splitting varies. In North America utility distribution practice, the primary of the step-down transformer is wired across a single high voltage feed wire and neutral, at least for smaller supplies (see photo of transformer on right). Rural distribution may be a single phase at a medium voltage; in some areas single wire earth return distribution is used when customers are very far apart. In Britain the step-down primary is wired phase-phase.
Applications
Single-phase power distribution is widely used especially in rural areas, where the cost of a three-phase distribution network is high and motor loads are small and uncommon.
High power systems, say, hundreds of kVA or larger, are nearly always three phase. The largest supply normally available as single phase varies according to the standards of the electrical utility. In the UK a single-phase household supply may be rated 100A or even 125A, meaning that there is little need for 3 phase in a domestic or small commercial environment. Much of the rest of Europe has traditionally had much smaller limits on the size of single phase supplies resulting in even houses being supplied with 3 phase (in urban areas with three-phase supply networks).
In North America, individual residences and small commercial buildings with services up to about 100 kV (417 amperes at 240 volts) will usually have three-wire single-phase distribution, often with only one customer per distribution transformer. In exceptional cases larger single-phase three-wire services can be provided, usually only in remote areas where polyphase distribution is not available. In rural areas farmers who wish to use three-phase motors may install a phase converter if only a single-phase supply is available. Larger consumers such as large buildings, shopping centres, factories, office blocks, and multiple-unit apartment blocks will have three-phase service. In densely-populated areas of cities, network power distribution is used with many customers and many supply transformers connected to provide hundreds or thousands of kV load concentrated over a few hundred square metres.
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